Progress 07/01/12 to 06/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for our project are producers, animal nutritionists, ingredient suppliers, equipment manufacturers, technical service directors, regulatory directors, and those in research & development programs from industry, academia, and government regulatory bodies. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Team members were responsible for the development of the Preventive Controls for Animal Food rule associated with the Food Safety Modernization Act. Nearly 1,900 professionals have been trained using this curriculum, including FDA inspectors, academics, and industry members. Team members of this project have directly trained over 400. Furthermore, team membrs have presented at numerous regional, national, and international meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer-reviewed manuscripts, popular press articles, extension publications, radio interviews, presentations, book chapters What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A highly effective, cross-disciplinary team involving swine nutritionists, feed scientists, food scientists, and veterinarians has made significant progress in the years of KS485 Hatch fund on Feed and Petfood Safety and Global Competitiveness of U.S. Grain and Feed. Their joint focus on disease transmission in animal feed and ingredients has helped curb the spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, a highly pathogenic and deadly swine disease. The research extends to prevent Salmonella adulteration in pet food and provide solutions to prevent foreign animal disease entry into the US. Together, the team's efforts thus far include: 5 published manuscripts, 22 abstracts presented at regional or national meetings, 2 doctoral scholarships/fellowships, 1 award, 1 patent, 12 books/factsheets/extension publications, and 21 grants totaling $1.93 million to provide research solutions and develop training for federal regulators.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Huss, A.R., R.A. Cochrane, C.R. Stark, and C.K. Jones. 2015. Evaluation of biological pathogen decontamination protocol for animal feed mills. J. Food Protect. 78(9):1682-1688.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., A.R. Huss, G.C. Aldrich, C.R. Stark, and C.K. Jones. 2016. Evaluating chemical mitigation of Salmonella typhimurium in animal feed ingredients. J. Food Protect. 79(4):672-676.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, C.R. Stark, A.R. Huss, and C.K. Jones. 2016. Feed mill biosecurity plans: A systematic approach to prevent biological pathogens in swine feed. J. Swine Health Prod. 26(3):154-164.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Dee, S., C. Neill, T. Clement, E. Nelson, A. Singrey, J. Christopher-Hennings, C.K. Jones, R.A. Cochrane, G. Patterson, and G. Spronk. 2016. Modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients. contaminated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet. Rsrch. 12:51-63.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Schumacher, L.L., J.C. Woodworth, C.K. Jones, Q. Chen, J. Zhang, P.C. Gauger, C.R. Stark, R.G. Main, R.A. Hesse, M.D. Tokach, and S.S. Dritz. 2016. Minimum infectious dose of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a feed matrix. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 77(10):1108-1113.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Huss, A.R., L.L. Schumacher, R.A. Cochrane, E. Poulsen, J. Bai, J.C. Woodworth, S.S. Dritz, C.R. Stark, and C.K. Jones. 2017. Elimination of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in an animal feed manufacturing facility. PLoS ONE. 12(1):e0169612.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., L.L. Schumacher, S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, A.R. Huss, C.R. Stark, J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, J. Bai, Q. Chen, J. Zhang, P.C. Gauger, R.J. Derscheid, D.R. Magstadt, R.G. Main, and C.K. Jones. 2017. Effect of pelleting on survival of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)-contaminated feed. J. Anim. Sci. 95:1170-1178.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Huss, A.R., J.C. Fuller, Jr., W. Centrella, D.L. Marshall, A. Deliphan, and C.K. Jones. 2017. Mitigation of Salmonella on pet food kibbles using liquid and powdered 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid. J. Food Protec. Accepted.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Animal Feed Mill Biosecurity: Prevention of Biological Hazards. Anne R. Huss*, Roger Cochrane, Mary Muckey, and Cassie Jones. In: Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Edited by Steven Ricke.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Physical and Chemical Methods for the Reduction of Biological Hazards in Animal Feeds. Anne R. Huss*, Roger Cochrane, Cassie Jones, and Griffiths G. Atungulu. In: Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Edited by Steven Ricke.
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for our project are animal nutritionists, ingredient suppliers, equipment manufacturers, technical service directors, regulatory directors, and those in research & development programs from industry, academia, and government regulatory bodies. Changes/Problems:We have had a large number of team members who have left the university. However, we have continued to fill their roles and gaps to continue making progress toward accomplishing the goals of this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has established the associated researchers as experts in the field of animal feed safety, which has resulted in their recent awarding of the FDA contract to develop the official FDA curriculum to train inspectors and industry on the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act Animal Food Rule. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated at local, regional, and national conferences, through international peer-reviewed journals and local extension bulletins, and through press releases and video modules. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we plan to continue to write grants and conduct research in the area of animal feed safety. In addition, we anticipate a more concerted effort to push our findings from the previous year into finalized, searchable form.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A highly effective, cross-disciplinary team involving feed scientists, veterinarians, and animal nutritionists has made significant progress in the past year in the Kansas State University Research Strength Area of Animal Feed Safety. Their joint focus on biological pathogen transmission in animal feed and ingredients has helped curb the spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, a highly pathogenic and deadly swine disease, and increased knowledge of the control of bacteria like Salmonella in animal feed manufacturing facilities. The team utilized the new Cargill Feed Safety Research Center in the O.H. Kruse Feed Technology Innovation Center, as well as laboratories in the Departments of Grain Science, Animal Science, and Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology. Together, their efforts from just the past year include: 7 graduate student awards, 1 published and 4 peer-reviewed manuscripts in review, 14 meeting abstracts (poster or oral presentations), 5 extension publications, 1 invention disclosure, and over $640,000 in research funding from private industry, national associations, and USDA. Primary faculty team members include: Drs. Jones and Stark in Grain Science and Industry; Drs. Dritz, Hesse, Bai, Haus, and Anderson in Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology; Drs. DeRouchey, Goodband, Tokach, and Woodworth in Animal Science and Industry; and Drs. Main, Zhang, and Gauger at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Huss, A.R., R.A. Cochrane, A. Deliephan, C.R. Stark, and C.K. Jones. 2015. Evaluation of biological pathogen decontamination protocol for animal feed mills. J. Food Protect. 78(9):1682-1688.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., A.R. Huss, G.C. Aldrich, C.R. Stark, and C.K. Jones. Evaluating chemical mitigation of Salmonella typhimurium in animal feed ingredients. J. Food Protect. Submitted July 2015.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., A.R. Huss, C.R. Stark, C.G. Aldrich, C.J. Knueven, and C.K. Jones. Mitigation of a Salmonella surrogate in poultry feed using a dry acidulant. J. Appl. Poult. Res. Submitted July 2015.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Dee, S., C. Neill, T. Clement, E. Nelson, A. Singrey, J. Christopher-Hennings, C.K. Jones, R.A. Cochrane, G. Patterson, and G. Spronk. Modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients contaminated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Veterinary Research. Submitted October 2015.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, A.R. Huss, and C.K. Jones. Feed mill biosecurity to reduce the risk of microbiological pathogens. J. Swine Health Prod. Submitted October 2015.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Chemical mitigation of microbial pathogens in animal feed and ingredients. 2015. Kansas State University Thesis.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience for our project are animal nutritionists, ingredient suppliers, equipment manufacturers, technical service directors, regulatory directors, and those in research & development programs from industry, academia, and government regulatory bodies. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? VM 101: Grain and Feed Mill Operations: Coordination of a $539,468 grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to develop an integrated online and in-person training on feed mill manufacturing. The material was refined through offerings at North Carolina State University and Kansas State University, and a substantial portion was converted to an online format in the final year of the 3-year grant. More than 70 inspectors were trained as part of these initial offerings, and material was turned over for FDA training in August 2014. AFIA 520: Advanced Feed Safety and Associated Quality Assurance Protocols: This online short course was developed with the American Feed Industry Association to introduce feed mill managers, equipment manufacturers, and others in the animal feed industry to quality assurance and feed safety. The 10-module course was designed and has had two offerings with more than 60 total participants trained. It is offered for 1.0 Continuing Education Unit credit through K-State Global Campus. Co-Instructor for University of Minnesota online short course, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Assessing Biosecurity in the Feed Supply Chain How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Scientific presentations and abstracts, industry meeting speaking engagements, online and in-person short course curriculum development and offerings What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Complete publication of 5 peer-reviewed manuscripts, present 7 presentations in scientific meetings, create additional online and in-person short course curriculum, write and disseminate extension reports.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Post-processing contamination chemical mitigation strategies to control PEDv in feed and feed ingredients: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of various chemicals to mitigate PEDv in swine feed and ingredients. Treatments were arranged in a 7 × 4 factorial with 7 chemical treatments and 4 feed matrices. The chemical treatments included: 1) negative control with no chemical addition, 2) 0.003% commercial formaldehyde, 3) 1% sodium bisulfate, 4) 1% sodium chlorate, 5) 3% organic acid blend 6) 2% essential oil blend, and 7) 2% medium chain fatty acid blend. The 4 matrices included: 1) complete swine diet, 2) blood meal, 3) meat and bone meal, and 4) spray-dried animal plasma. Matrices were first chemically treated, then inoculated with 5.6 x 10^4 TCID50/g PEDv, stored at room temperature, and analyzed by real-time PCR on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42. The analyzed values represent threshold cycle (CT) at which the virus was detected, and thus lower values indicate greater nucleic acid presence, not infectivity. Commercial formaldehyde, medium chain fatty acid, essential oil and organic acid addition each decreased RNA concentration of PEDv compared to the control (P < 0.05), with the commercial formaldehyde treatment being the most effective on d 0 by decreasing the CT by 1.4 to 2.8 CT compared to the control. Feed matrix appears important in retention of PEDv as RNA concentrations were 1.2 to 3.8 CT higher in the complete swine diet and blood meal than meat and bone meal or spray-dried animal plasma on d 0 (P < 0.05). Additionally, PEDv stability over time was influenced by matrix as RNA concentrations only improved 0.7 and 2.9 CT by d 42 for spray-dried animal plasma and meat and bone meal, respectively, compared to 4.1 and 5.6 CT for the complete swine diet and blood meal. In summary, time, commercial formaldehyde, and organic acid treatments all enhance the RNA degradation of PEDv in swine feed and ingredients, but their effectiveness varies within matrix. Effects of dry acidulant coating on Salmonella contamination in commercial kibble: Salmonella is currently a concern in the pet food industry. One potential method of Salmonella mitigation is through the use of acidifiers to reduce pH, mitigating the growth of bacteria. The objective of this experiment was to determine if coating kibble with a dry acidulant, sodium bisulfate (SBS, Jones-Hamilton, Co.,Waldridge, OH ), mitigated Salmonella over time in various products. A total of 10 extruded commercial pet foods were utilized in nested design with two food types: cat vs. dog, and three SBS concentrations within food type: 0, 0.6, or 0.8% SBS for cat and 0, 0.2, and 0.4% for dog foods. Samples were analyzed for surface area, bulk density, and piece density. Samples were inoculated with a dry Salmonella spp. inoculum on d 0 and analyzed for Salmonella concentration on d 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14. Piece density was highly correlated with Salmonella concentration (P = 0.001, correlation coefficient = 0.47), but not bulk density or surface area (P = 0.16 and 0.68, respectively). Food type, SBS concentration, and time, as well as their interactions, all significantly affected Salmonella concentration (P < 0.05). Salmonella concentration in the non-coated control decreased in both cat and dog food over the 14-d period (P < 0.05; 1.0 log reduction in cat food and 1.5 log reduction in dog food). Coating pet foods with SBS further decreased (P < 0.05) Salmonella by d 1 through d 14, but the lowest tested concentration was adequate for most time points. Evaluating the correlation between water activity and percentage moisture in rendered protein meals: The rendering process is highly successful at microbial destruction, but environmental conditions of the products after cooking must be carefully controlled to prevent recontamination. Due to the expense of microbial testing, renderers and ingredient manufacturers often use water activity as an indicator for potential for microbial growth. However, percentage moisture is a variable already commonly measured in rendering facilities, so it would be desirable to utilize it as an indirect measurement of water activity and potential microbial growth. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine if a relationship exists between percentage moisture and water activity for rendered protein meals. As part of a survey to address this objective, both percentage moisture and water activity were measured from 7 different rendered proteins from 4 rendering plants in the southern United States over a 3 month period. Overall, percentage moisture and water activity were highly associated with both a linear (R2 = 0.83) and exponential relationship (R2 = 0.86). Within product, percentage moisture was most predictive of water activity for chicken meal (R2 = 0.91) and feather meal (R2 = 0.90). Poultry byproduct meal was the least predictive overall (R2 = 0.45), with percentage moisture and water activity being least associated in the feed grade, low ash, or regular meals (R2 = 0.31, 0.34, 0.45, respectively). Interestingly, water activity and percentage moisture were highly related for the high protein poultry byproduct meal (R2 = 0.89). Evaluation of common analysis methods for oxidation in rendered protein meals used to produce pet foods: A significant amount of rendered protein meal is used in pet food to meet the pets' dietary protein and fat needs. These protein meals contain approximately 15-20% fat, which can oxidize and lead to unusable material. Peroxide value (PV) is a common method used to evaluate oxidation in commercial proteins, but it has been criticized as inconsistent and imprecise. Therefore, our objectives were to evaluate alternative methods to measure fat quality in rendered protein meals and to compare the results among different animal sources and rendering plants. It was hypothesized that PV was an inconsistent and unrepresentative method of analysis for measuring fat stability for rendered protein meals. In this experiment, samples of five chicken byproduct meals (CBPM) from each of three locations, and five beef meat and bone meals (BMBM) from each of two locations were evaluated. Samples were analyzed for proximate constituents, anisidine value (AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), PV via titration by two laboratories and PV via rapid method (SafTest; peroxysafe). Fat content differed among plants (P< 0.0001; BMBM = 8.44 vs.11.87% and CBPM = 13.24 vs. 15.11 vs. 16.59%) and when aggregated into protein meal type, the ash concentration was greater for BMBM and protein concentration greater for CBPM (P< 0.0001). Again, for compiled least square means between the protein meal types, the peroxide values for the BMBM and CBPM were 10.42 and 58.08 meq/kg, respectively from laboratory 1; 4.65 and 3.01 meq/kg, respectively from laboratory 2; and 11.52 and 42.96 meq/kg, respectively from the rapid method test. There was a direct correlation (r = 0.98) between PV titration results from laboratory 1 data and the rapid method, but not with titration results from laboratory 2 (r = 0.46). This variation among labs is consistent with the anecdotal field evidence and our hypothesis. As expected, the PV from laboratory 1 did not correlate to the AV (r = 0.61); a measure of secondary oxidation products. Oxidation indicated by TBARS differed among both protein meal and plant (P< 0.0001).
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Gray, M., C. G. Aldrich, and C. K. Jones. 2014. Evaluation of common analysis methods for oxidation in rendered protein meals used to produce pet foods. American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting. In Press.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Cochrane, R.A., and C.K. Jones. Effectiveness of various chemical mitigation strategies on post-processing contamination of PEDv in feed and feed components. Kansas State University Grain Science Graduate Student Association. 20 September 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Gray, M. N., C. G. Aldrich, and C. K. Jones. Particle size analysis and evaluation of rendered protein meals used to produce pet foods. Pet Food Forum. Schaumburg, IL. 2 April 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Jones, C.K. The regulatory side of animal feed. How PEDv will change current practices. Carlos Pijoan SDEC Symposium at Leman Swine Conference. Minneapolis, MN. 19 September 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Jones, C. K. Training FDA Inspectors for the Food Safety Modernization Act. Current Research in Grain Handling and Storage: Solving the New Challenges Facing the Grain Industry. Grain Elevator and Processing Society Exchange 2014. Omaha, NE. 24 February 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Jones, C. K. Lets Talk Innovation. American Feed Industry Association Pet Food Conference. Atlanta, GA. 28 January 2013.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
IGP Institute Advanced Pelleting Short Course. Manhattan, KS. 11 February 2014.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Jones, C. K. Implications of the Food Safety Modernization Act for Feed Manufacturers. Elanco Feed Manufacturing Short Course. Manhattan, KS. 4 December 2013.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Jones, C. K. Ingredient Variation in Mixing. Kansas Department of Agriculture Mixing Efficacy Short Course. Manhattan, KS. 5 November 2013.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Jones, C. K. Why Mixing Matters. Kansas Department of Agriculture Mixing Efficacy Short Course. Manhattan, KS. 5 November 2013.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Jones, C. K. Nutritional and Feed Safety Implications of Pelleting Animal Diets. IGP Institute Advanced Pelleting Short Course. Manhattan, KS. 7 October 2013.
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Target Audience: The target audience for our project are animal nutritionists, ingredient suppliers, equipment manufacturers, technical service directors, regulatory directors, and those in research & development programs from industry, academia, and government regulatory bodies. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training activities: additional laboratory training of PCR enumeration and quantification techniques of Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria. Professional development: Project director has become FAMI-QS certified and has been invited to participate on the FDA Food Safety and Preventative Controls Alliance. This group provides feedback to FDA during the drafting of Food Safety Modernization Act regulations and will be charged with interpreting regulations into working inspection protocols. I provide academic input to the committee and a working knowledge of relevant research regarding feed safety. The purpose of serving on this alliance is threefold: 1) Help shape regulations and protocols to be fair and research-based; 2) Understand areas of weakness regarding feed safety research so our program can address those areas; and 3) Be fully engrossed in FSMA status and expectations so I can bring knowledge to industry partners, state constituents, and students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1) Quntify the relationship between bacteria detection in a complete diet and dietary inclusion levels of a bacteria contaminated feedstuff. We have purchased equipment capable of enumeration of pathogenic bacteria, outfitted our laboratory appropriately, and undergone refresher training to proceed with this component of the project in coming months. Up to 20 ingredients common to the United States livestock feed and pet food industry, and all complete feed manufactured during the designated sampling day will be aseptically collected from four livestock feed manufacturing facilities. Efforts will be made to collect multiple samples of the same ingredient across mills to understand ingredient variation. Ingredients will be classified into five primary categories: 1) unprocessed grains, 2) processed grains and vegetable protein concentrates, 3) fats, 4) animal-derived proteins, and 5) microingredients and feed additives. Finished feeds will be classified into species- and phase-specific categories as appropriate. Sterile sealable plastic bags, labeled with sample code and date, will be used to collect a 100 g sample. Additional information including type of ingredient, manufacturer, lot number, date of receipt, step in the process or any other pertinent information about the sample will be recorded in the laboratory notebook. During sample collection, sterile gloves and sanitizing solution or wipes will be used to ensure all samples are collected aseptically as possible. After sample collection, all sample bags will be placed in larger zipper-sealed plastic bags and stored in a sanitized cooler. Samples will be transported back to the lab immediately, either on ice or with dry ice, depending on travel time. Samples will be processed immediately after arrival at the laboratory. Additionally, 20 locations of each of the four livestock feed manufacturing facilities will be aseptically swabbed to determine the distribution of Salmonella contamination throughout production facilities (Table 1). Real-time PCR (RT-PCR), validated with a three-tube most probable number (MPN) assay will be used for quantitative Salmonella determination. 2) Quntify the interactivity between thermal processing and the application of chemicals relative to controlling pathogens in animal feeds. We have found that a chemical acidulant (formic acid, measured as formate) can effectively be incorporated into pelleted livestock feeds in a consistent manner, without destruction of the acidulant from the thermal processing. This has been proven in three different diet matrices and two different pelleting temperatures. We plan to evaluate additional chemicals using a similar testing procedure, but with various diet matrices.The methodologies to complete the project are as follows with sodium bisulfate used as an example: The concentrations of sodium bisulfate to be used in the dose titration trial will be in multiples of the proposed effective dose. A total of six concentrations of sodium bisulfate will be evaluated and include zero, the proposed effective dose, and two each below and above the proposed effective dose (e. g., 0, 0.25X, 0.50X, X, 2.00X, and 4.00X; where X is the proposed effective dose). Dose response curves will be constructed, with the concentration of Salmonella as the dependent variable and concentration of sodium bisulfate is the independent variable.All kibble to be used in the dose titration trial will be Salmonella-negative. Kibble will be tested for native Salmonella using the methods described in the 8th edition of the FDA’s BAM, as previously described. The same method will be used to determine Salmonella levels in artificially inoculated kibble during the dose titration trial.In addition to monitoring the reduction of Salmonella, the general microbial load will be determined, including aerobic plate counts, E. coli counts, and fungal spore counts, using the methods outlined above.To further determine the time-dependency of the sodium bisulfate, a series of dose titration curves will be generated after 1, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours post inoculation of the kibble with Salmonella.To more completely describe the minimum level of sodium bisulfate to reduce the growth of Salmonella on extruded, dry dog food in practical environments, field trials may be conducted. 3) Evaluate the efficacy of post-processing organic acid application for preventing pathogen contamination We have purchased equipment capable of enumeration of pathogenic bacteria, outfitted our laboratory appropriately, and undergone refresher training to proceed with this component of the project in coming months. This will be completed in both ingredients and finished feeds. The procedures for ingredients, using rendered protein meals as an example, follow: Protein meals (poultry meal, feather meal, porcine meat and bone meal, and ruminant meat and bone meal) will be obtained from a third-party commercial source, irradiated to assure sterility, inoculated with Salmonella Seftenberg (102 and 105 cfu/g), and held for 24 hours to equilibrate. Samples will then be chemically treated with one of four chemicals (a formaldehyde positive control, a commercially-available organic acid blend including formic acid, formic acid alone, and a commercially-available dry chemical blend). These four chemical treatments were selected specifically. Although formaldehyde is impractical and unlikely to ever be embraced by renderers or pet food manufacturers as a sterilant, it is currently the only chemical mitigation strategy approved by FDA, and thus serves as a necessary positive control. Formic acid is a key component in many commercially-available blends, and it has been identified as a key organic acid for microbial control. Finally, a dry chemical blend is attractive from a feed manufacturing perspective because it is likely less corrosive on equipment than a liquid form. Samples will be evaluated for Salmonella concentration in triplicate at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 56 days post-inoculation. Inoculation, storage, and analysis of samples will occur in the Kansas State University Grain Science and Industry Microbial Laboratory, which is a biosafety level-2 laboratory complete with appropriate equipment.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Data from this project has immense impact as it is timely for the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act. We are well on our way to meet the major goals of this project, which will aid in controlling microbial contamination in feed and pet food, thus allowing for livestock feed and pet food manufacturers to monitor and control hazards. These efforts will directly impact how manufacturers follow the Food Safety Modernization Act and inherently improve safety of livestock feed and pet foods, and by extension, the human food supply chain. Our progress on objectives include: 1) Quntify the relationship between bacteria detection in a complete diet and dietary inclusion levels of a bacteria contaminated feedstuff. We have purchased equipment capable of enumeration of pathogenic bacteria, outfitted our laboratory appropriately, and undergone refresher training to proceed with this component of the project in coming months. Ingredients such as rendered chicken meals and dried egg represent traditional protein sources in livestock feed and petfood diets. However, there is little data available regarding the proteins. The data that is available focuses solely on proximate nutrient composition, not the protein utilization or pathogen profile of the ingredient (Johnson et al., 1996, Dust et al., 2005, Cramer et al., 2006). Therefore, pilot studies were instigated to determine the nutrient composition, nutrient utilization, protein efficiency ratio, and pathogen concentration of these meals in comparison to other protein sources common in livestock feed and pet food. Diets were prepared in accordance with the dietary composition found a N-free basal diet. Experimental protein sources were added to the N-free diet to contribute 10% CP in place of cornstarch. The protein sources were: 1) chicken byproduct meal, 2) chicken meal, 3) spray-dried chicken, 4) spray-dried egg, 5) spray-dried egg yolk, 6) spray-dried egg white, 7) corn gluten meal, 8) soybean meal, 9) soy protein concentrate, 10) rice protein concentrate. Proximate analysis, amino acids, and mineral composition were analyzed for each diet, and data analysis is underway. Protein efficiency ratio in chicks was determined according to Cramer et al. (2007). Diets containing spray-dried egg products had the greater protein efficiency ratio (P < 0.05) than diets containing corn gluten meal or rice protein concentration. Salmonella-positive samples were identified and concentrations are currently being quantified and serotyped. A total of 18.75% of samples tested positive for Salmonella contamination. These positive samples all originated from diets containing either chicken byproduct meal or chicken meal. Interestingly, initial results do not show an interaction between PER and Salmonella contamination of rendered animal products. 2) Quntify the interactivity between thermal processing and the application of chemicals relative to controlling pathogens in animal feeds. We have found that a chemical acidulant (formic acid, measured as formate) can effectively be incorporated into pelleted livestock feeds in a consistent manner, without destruction of the acidulant from the thermal processing. This has been proven in three different diet matrices and two different pelleting temperatures. Swine Nursery Feed. Formate analysis was not affected (P > 0.33) by pelleting. There were no (P > 0.20) form × inclusion level interactions. Formate levels remained stable over the 90-d test period (P > 0.34). In addition, inclusion of formate decreased (P < 0.0001) pH in both mash and pelleted diets. Pelleted diets had lower (P < 0.0001) pH than mash diets, which in turn caused a significant form × inclusion interaction (P < 0.0001) for pH. These results show that a commercial formic acid successfully mixes into swine nursery feed in a homogenous manner, reduces pH, and remains stable for at least 90 days post-processing. Swine Finishing Feed. Formate analysis was not affected (P > 0.49) by pelleting . There were no (P > 0.40) form × inclusion level interactions. Formate levels remained stable over the 90-d test period (P > 0.07). Pelleted diets had lower (P < 0.0001) pH than mash diets, which in turn caused a significant form × inclusion interaction (P = 0.001) for pH. These results show that commercial formic acid successfully mixes into swine finishing feed in a homogenous manner, reduces pH, and remains stable for at least 90 days post-processing. Poultry Chick Feed. Formate analysis was not affected (P > 0.28) by pelleting . There were no (P > 0.35) form × inclusion level interactions. Formate levels remained stable over the 90-d test period (P > 0.12). In addition, inclusion of formic acid decreased (P < 0.0001) pH in both mash and pelleted diets. Pelleted diets had lower (P < 0.0001) pH than mash diets, which in turn caused a significant form × inclusion interaction (P < 0.0001) for pH. These results show that a commercial formic acid successfully mixes into broiler feed in a homogenous manner, reduces pH, and remains stable for at least 90 days post-processing. 3) Evaluate the efficacy of post-processing organic acid application for preventing pathogen contamination We have purchased equipment capable of enumeration of pathogenic bacteria, outfitted our laboratory appropriately, and undergone refresher training to proceed with this component of the project in coming months.
Publications
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Ingredients such as rendered chicken meals and dried egg represent traditional protein sources in livestock feed and petfood diets. However, there is little data available regarding the proteins. The data that is available focuses solely on proximate nutrient composition, not the protein utilization or pathogen profile of the ingredient (Johnson et al., 1996, Dust et al., 2005, Cramer et al., 2006). Therefore, pilot studies were instigated to determine the nutrient composition, nutrient utilization, protein efficiency ratio, and pathogen concentration of these meals in comparison to other protein sources common in livestock feed and pet food. Diets were prepared in accordance with the dietary composition found a N-free basal diet. Experimental protein sources were added to the N-free diet to contribute 10% CP in place of cornstarch. The protein sources were: 1) chicken byproduct meal, 2) chicken meal, 3) spray-dried chicken, 4) spray-dried egg, 5) spray-dried egg yolk, 6) spray-dried egg white, 7) corn gluten meal, 8) soybean meal, 9) soy protein concentrate, 10) rice protein concentrate. Proximate analysis, amino acids, and mineral composition were analyzed for each diet, and data analysis is underway. Protein efficiency ratio in chicks was determined according to Cramer et al. (2007). Diets containing spray-dried egg products had the greater protein efficiency ratio (P < 0.05) than diets containing corn gluten meal or rice protein concentration. Salmonella-positive samples were identified and concentrations are currently being quantified and serotyped. A total of 18.75% of samples tested positive for Salmonella contamination. These positive samples all originated from diets containing either chicken byproduct meal or chicken meal. Interestingly, initial results do not show an interaction between PER and Salmonella contamination of rendered animal products. PARTICIPANTS: Lakshmikantha Channaiah, KSU Dept. Grain Science & Industry TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Preliminary data demonstrates that 18.75% of rendered protein by-products tested positive for Salmonella. Data suggests this contamination occurs from cross- or recontamination with raw ingredients. Initial results suggest that 7.5% of these Salmonella species were pathogenic and disease-causing
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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