HATCHERY PROGRAMS IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0228509
• Project No.: FLA-FOR-005153
• Project Start Date: Nov 15, 2011
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2017

Project Director
Lorenzen, K.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611

Performing Department
Forest Resources and Conservation

Non Technical Summary
Florida fisheries generate an annual economic impact of over $6 billion, largely in the recreational fishing sector. The fisheries resources upon which this major economic activity depends are under increasing pressure from fishing itself and from habitat degradation due to a variety of human activities. The importance of Florida's fisheries and the unprecedented pressures they face force the state's management agencies and stakeholders to search for new, creative and sound fisheries management approaches. Effective technical solutions are likely to combine the regulation of fishing with habitat conservation and restoration and the judicious use of hatchery-based enhancements. At the same time, constructive engagement with diverse and powerful stakeholders is required in order to find, and establish support for, integrated solutions to move towards achieving the social/economic and ecological goals of fisheries management. Hatchery production and releases in Florida are likely to expand substantially over the coming years. There is thus an urgent need to develop a better understanding of when and how hatchery enhancements can effectively contribute to fisheries management goals. Despite the need for innovative, integrated fisheries management approaches and the expansion of hatchery capacity, there had been as yet little consideration of when and how hatchery enhancements can actually contribute to the achievement of fisheries management goals. Hatchery enhancements can, at least in principle, be used effectively to (a) increase stock abundance over and above the levels supported by natural recruitment (particularly where juvenile habitat has been reduced or degraded); (b) rebuild populations quickly after catastrophic mortality events (e.g. due to low temperatures, red tides, or oxygen depletion); or (c) foster technical and/or institutional change that may lead to better conservation of wild stocks. However, enhancements can also be technically ineffective, have undesirable ecological or genetic impacts on wild stocks, or help to perpetuate or promote unsustainable management practices. It is therefore important to plan and evaluate enhancements from a fisheries management perspective. This involves evaluating the role of enhancements in fisheries management systems in terms of their contribution to multi-dimensional management goals, and their effectiveness in relation to alternative or additional measures such as effort and habitat management. The proposed project will conduct such an evaluation.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

50%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
135	0599	1060	10%
135	0599	1070	10%
135	0599	3010	10%
135	0599	3100	10%
135	3799	1060	20%
605	3799	3010	20%
608	0599	3100	20%

Knowledge Area
135 - Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife; 605 - Natural Resource and Environmental Economics; 608 - Community Resource Planning and Development;

Subject Of Investigation
0599 - Recreational resources, general/other; 3799 - Cultured aquatic animals, general/other;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology; 3100 - Management; 1060 - Biology (whole systems); 3010 - Economics;

Keywords

fisheries management

fisheries enhancment

hatcheries

fisheries assessment

aquaculture

human dimensions

Goals / Objectives
Objectives: 1) Develop an integrative understanding of Florida enhancement fisheries systems 2) Quantitative biological-technical assessment 3) Evaluate economic and social benefit 4) Establish development plans 5) Provide decision making frameworks and tools 6) Synthesize results in an enhancement policy Milestones and deliverables Year 1 a) Initial enhancement systems analysis completed for three case study fisheries b) Research plan reviewed in the light of initial fisheries systems analysis c) Interim policy defined Year 2 a) Stakeholder consultations initiated b) Screening of non-case study fisheries completed c) Quantitative assessment of snook enhancements completed Year 3 a) Quantitative assessment of red drum enhancements completed b) Quantitative assessment of largemouth bass enhancements completed c) Social and economic surveys completed and analyzed d) Bio-economic analyses of case study enhancements completed Year 4 a) Enhancement systems analysis reviewed and revised in light of detailed research b) Medium-term development plans defined and evaluated Year 5 a) Enhancement strategy defined b) Decision frameworks and tools for implementation of enhancement strategy available c) Stakeholder consultations completed

Project Methods
Activity 1: Initial appraisal of enhancement fisheries systems Enhancement fisheries system analysis aims to provide a broad-based, integrated understanding of the role of enhancements within their fisheries management context. Activity 2: Review of research plan and definition of interim policy The project research plan will be reviewed and modified as necessary based on the initial enhancement fisheries systems appraisal. This review will be carried out in consultation with project participants and partners. Activity 3: Population dynamics modeling and quantitative fisheries assessment Population dynamics modeling and quantitative fisheries assessment serve three purposes: (1) to assess whether releases can increase abundance, given our knowledge of population regulation and exploitation status; (2) to explore synergies and tradeoffs of releases with effort and habitat management; and (3) assess ecological and genetic interactions between released organisms and their wild conspecifics. Activity 4: Social and economic surveys Questionnaire surveys of key stakeholders will be used to establish attitudes to fisheries enhancement and willingness to pay for enhancement operations or to agree to additional and possibly restrictive management measures that may be implemented in association with enhancements. Activity 5: Bio-economic analysis Bio-economic modeling of the three case study enhancements will be conducted to assess the potential of stock enhancements to contribute to economic fisheries management goals. The population dynamics models developed Activity 3 will be combined with cost and revenue functions to develop bio-economic models. Activity 6: Screening of fisheries to identify those with enhancement potential Screening of other fisheries for the potential to benefit from enhancements will be based on life history and ecological characteristics, exploitation status, economic attributes, and institutional arrangements. Activity 7: Medium-term development planning Medium-term development planning will be undertaken for the three case study enhancements. A systematic, stakeholder participatory planning process will be followed in order to define development plans. Activity 8: Stakeholder consultations A series of stakeholder consultations will be held throughout the project. Consultations serve a combination of three functions: (1) research, (2) dissemination of results and (3) participatory decision making. Activity 9: Decision making frameworks and tools Decision making frameworks and tools will be provided to support the implementation of development plans. This will include explicit rules for decision making in the light of new information, and tools such as an extended version of the EnhanceFish package. Activity 10: Drafting of enhancement policy The Florida Fisheries Enhancement Policy will define the role of hatchery enhancements in the management of Florida's marine and freshwater fisheries and set out specific criteria, decision frameworks and tools for assessing where and when enhancement approaches can make effective contributions to the achievement of fisheries management goals.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Fisheries scientists and fisherues management agencies. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through scientific and technical publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We used an integrated bio-economic model to explore the nature of tradeoffs between conservation offisheries resources and their use for socioeconomic benefit, as realized through the stock enhancementof recreational fisheries. The model explicitly accounted for the dynamics of wild, stocked, and naturallyrecruited hatchery-type fish population components, angler responses to stocking, and alternative func-tional relationships that defined conservation and socioeconomic objectives. The model was set up torepresent Florida's red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fishery as a case study. Stock enhancement producedstrong trade-offs characterized by frontiers indicating that maximizing socioeconomic objectives couldonly be achieved at great losses to conservation objectives when the latter were based exclusively onabundance of wild-type fish. When naturally recruited hatchery-type fish were considered equivalent towild fish in conservation value, this tradeoff was alleviated. Frontier shapes were sensitive to alternativeassumptions regarding how conservation objectives were formulated, differential harvesting of stockedand wild-type fish, and potential inherent stakeholder satisfaction from the act of stocking. These find-ings make more explicit the likely opportunity costs associated with recreational stock enhancement andhighlight the utility of trade-off frontiers for evaluating management actions. tSelecting target species or stocks in which releases of hatchery fish can contribute effectively to fisheriesmanagement goals is a key challenge in many fisheries enhancement programs. Here we show how fish-eries modeling informed by stock assessments can be used to evaluate contributions of stocked fish tofisheries and how these contributions are influenced by life history and fishery attributes including reg-ulatory policies and angler effort. We built an age-structured population model to quantitatively assessenhancement contributions to multiple fisheries management objectives: predicted catch, predicted har-vest, abundance of catchable fish, abundance of harvestable fish and total spawning biomass. We usedthis model to evaluate candidate species for marine fisheries enhancement in Florida, where hatcheryproduction capacity is scheduled to expand over the next decade yet it is unclear how fisheries man-agers can best use this capacity to achieve management objectives. We evaluated five candidate marinefishes in Florida: red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, common snook Cen-tropomus undecimalis, southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma and red snapper Lutjanus campechanus.Comparative analysis shows that contribution of released fish to fisheries outcomes tend to decline withincreasing time between release and capture or harvest. Enhancement of red drum, a species targetedby anglers during sub-adult life stages, is predicted to yield lower numbers of stocked fish entering therecruited population compared to alternative species but to contribute more to catch and harvest objec-tives. Our results demonstrate how commonly available biological information can be integrated withquantitative modeling approaches to provide useful information to managers tasked with identifyingbest uses of increasing enhancement capacity. Fisheries stock enhancement, the release of hatchery-reared fish into wild fish populations with the aim of improving fisheries, is a common management strategy of variable success that also involves substantial tradeoffs between fisheries management objectives. We conducted an internet-based survey to assess attitudes towards fisheries stock enhancement and other management measures among marine inshore anglers in Florida. A random sample of 200,000 fishing license holders was selected from Florida's recreational saltwater license holders. The survey received a response rate of 5.2%. The survey was designed to collect information on angler participation, fishing experience, catch preferences and motivations in addition to attitudes toward management options including fisheries stock enhancement. The concepts of recreation specialization and consumptive orientation were used to explore diversity in management perspectives and attitudes towards fish stocking. Hierarchical cluster analysis of five specialization variables was used to identify three groups of inshore anglers. Angler groups had different levels of participation, skill, fishing-related expenditures and management preferences including support for fisheries stock enhancement. Inshore anglers were generally supportive of fisheries stock enhancement, but less so than many alternative management strategies including habitat restoration and traditional bag and minimum size limits. The most specialized anglers showed significantly higher levels of support for stock enhancement and most other management measures than less specialized anglers. Regardless of specialization, anglers were largely unaware of the risks and tradeoffs inherent to stock enhancement.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Taylor, M.D., Chick, R.D., Lorenzen, K., Agnalt, A.L., Leber, K.M., Blankenship, H.L., Vander Haegen, G.L. & Loneragan, N.R. (2017). Fisheries enhancement and restoration in a changing world. Fisheries Research 186: 407-412.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Garlock, T.M., Camp, E.V., & Lorenzen, K. (2017). Using fisheries modeling to assess candidate species for marine fisheries enhancement. Fisheries Research 186: 460-467.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Garlock, T.M. & Lorenzen, K. (2017). Marine angler characteristics and attitudes toward stock enhancement in Florida. Fisheries Research 186: 439-445.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Camp, E.V., Larkin, S.L., Ahrens, R.M.N. & Lorenzen, K. (2017). Trade-offs between socioeconomic and conservation management objectives in stock enhancement of marine recreational fisheries. Fisheries Research 186: 446-459.

Progress 11/15/11 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Fisheries scientists, fisheries management agencies and fisheries stakeholders. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A new graduate course in Fisheries Enhancement was designed and delivered for the first time. Aninternet survey of fishing license holders was carried out to characterize motivations and attitudes of Florida largemouth bass anglers, including those pertaining to hatchery programs. Training courses in fisheries enhancement were held as part of the United Nations University Fisheries Training Program in Iceland and at three Australian state fisheries departments (Western Australia, Northern Territory and Tasmania) as part of an Australian Seafood CRC program. Presentations on ongoing work were given at the 6th World Fisheries Congress (Edinburgh, UK) and at several state and regional meetings. The Australian state fisheries departments of Western Australia and the Northern Territory consulted the PI during their development of fisheries enhancement policies. The PI served on the Science and Statistical Committee of the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council, providing advice on a wide range fisheries management an enhancement issues in the Gulf. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through scientific and technical publications and presentations at conferences and workshops. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We studied density dependence in body growth and mortality through the life-cycle of laboratory populations of zebrafish Danio rerio. When feed input was held constant at population-level (leading to resource limitation), body growth was strongly density-dependent in the late juvenile and adult phases of the life-cycle. Density dependence in mortality was strong during the early juvenile phase but declined thereafter and virtually ceased prior to maturation. Both growth and mortality played an important role in population regulation.The patterns are consistent with those distilled from studies on wild fish populations, indicating the presence of broad ontogenic patterns in density-dependent processes that are invariant to maximum body size and hold in homogeneous laboratory, as well as complex natural environments. A new conceptual framework for understanding fish domestication has been developed and applied to provide a major synthesis of domestication processes and their implications for the assessment and management of cultured-wild fish interactions. The framework sets out how management practices in culture and for cultured fish in natural environments affect domestication processes, interactions between cultured and wild fish, and outcomes in terms of commodity production, fisheries yield, and conservation. We also develop a typology of management systems (specific combinations of management practices in culture and in natural environments) that are likely to provide positive outcomes for particular management objectives and situations. A comprehensive review of quantitative fisheries assessment and management approaches was completed. This review provides a critical synthesis of assessment and management approaches for fisheries. Rigorous assessment of species and ecosystem biology underpins responsible marine stock enhancement. Estimation of limits to stocking density, based on ecosystem productivity and energetic requirements of stocked species, can be used to gauge the appropriate magnitude of release densities, minimizing waste of resources, and the possibility for adverse stocking effects. A generalized mass-balance model (generalized predatory impact model) for stocking density estimation has been developed. The model was applied for stocking juveniles of snook (Centropomus undecimalis) in Sarasota, FL, USA, and mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) in Georges River, NSW, Australia. The model is useful for estimating an appropriate stocking density when planning pilot-scale fish releases. Such releases should be carefully monitored to validate model assumptions and determine density-dependent and other environmental effects. An integrative review of the potential for stock enhancement is conducted to support desirable management outcomes in marine recreational fisheries, focusing on the Florida, USA, red drum fishery as a case study. The review suggests that a fundamental tradeoff remains between these objectives in the short-term because stocking of hatchery fish is likely to result in at least partial displacement of wild fish through biological interactions as well as increased fishing pressure. Contrary to the perception of enhancement as a "quick fix," successful use of the approach in the marine recreational fishery is likely to require sophisticated stock management and some adaptation in governance. An integrated socioecological model was developed to evaluate the potential for stock enhancement with hatchery fishes to achieve socioeconomic and conservation objectives in recreational fisheries. The model was applied to the red drumrecreational fishery in the Tampa Bay estuary, Florida. The results suggest that stocking of juvenile fish larger than the size at which the strongest density dependence in mortality occurs can help increase angler satisfaction and total fishing effort (socioeconomic objectives) but are likely to result in decreases to the abundance of wild fish (a conservation objective). The global status of fisheries enhancements and the use of scientific guidance in developing and reforming enhancements has been synthesized and critically reviewed for the UN Oceans Assessment. This output represents the highest level global synthesis of this fisheries management approach. We used an integrated bio-economic model to explore the nature of tradeoffs between conservation offisheries resources and their use for socioeconomic benefit, as realized through the stock enhancementof recreational fisheries. Stock enhancement producedstrong trade-offs characterized by frontiers indicating that maximizing socioeconomic objectives couldonly be achieved at great losses to conservation objectives when the latter were based exclusively onabundance of wild-type fish. When naturally recruited hatchery-type fish were considered equivalent towild fish in conservation value, this tradeoff was alleviated. Frontier shapes were sensitive to alternativeassumptions regarding how conservation objectives were formulated, differential harvesting of stockedand wild-type fish, and potential inherent stakeholder satisfaction from the act of stocking. Selecting target species or stocks in which releases of hatchery fish can contribute effectively to fisheriesmanagement goals is a key challenge in many fisheries enhancement programs. We built an age-structured population model to quantitatively assessenhancement contributions to multiple fisheries management objectives: predicted catch, predicted har-vest, abundance of catchable fish, abundance of harvestable fish and total spawning biomass. We conducted an internet-based survey to assess attitudes towards fisheries stock enhancement and other management measures among marine inshore anglers in Florida. A random sample of 200,000 fishing license holders was selected from Florida's recreational saltwater license holders. The survey received a response rate of 5.2%. The survey was designed to collect information on angler participation, fishing experience, catch preferences and motivations in addition to attitudes toward management options including fisheries stock enhancement. Inshore anglers were generally supportive of fisheries stock enhancement, but less so than many alternative management strategies including habitat restoration and traditional bag and minimum size limits. The most specialized anglers showed significantly higher levels of support for stock enhancement and most other management measures than less specialized anglers. Regardless of specialization, anglers were largely unaware of the risks and tradeoffs inherent to stock enhancement. Aquaculture-based enhancement of marine fisheries includes sea ranching, stock enhancement, and restocking. A rapidly evolving context and maturing science base have effectively put these approaches into the fisheries management toolbox. Among the contextual factors are (1) a rapid expansion of captive breeding and domestication to new marine species, (2) fisheries governance systems that address the common dilemma, and (3) global environmental change impacts on coastal fisheries that increasingly call for active approaches to maintaining or increasing fisheries yields and ecosystem services. The science base of marine restocking, stock enhancement, and sea ranching continues to advance rapidly and has now reached a point where it is becoming possible to assess the likely contribution of such approaches to fisheries management goals prior to major investments being undertaken and to design enhancement programs effectively and responsibly where good potential is judged to exist. This signifies an important transition of marine fisheries enhancement from an exploratory, research-oriented endeavor to a tool in the fisheries management tool box.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Camp, E.V., Larkin, S.L., Ahrens, R.M.N. & Lorenzen, K. (2017). Trade-offs between socioeconomic and conservation management objectives in stock enhancement of marine recreational fisheries. Fisheries Research 186: 446-459.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Garlock, T.M. & Lorenzen, K. (2017). Marine angler characteristics and attitudes toward stock enhancement in Florida. Fisheries Research 186: 439-445.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Garlock, T.M., Camp, E.V., & Lorenzen, K. (2017). Using fisheries modeling to assess candidate species for marine fisheries enhancement. Fisheries Research 186: 460-467.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Taylor, M.D., Chick, R.D., Lorenzen, K., Agnalt, A.L., Leber, K.M., Blankenship, H.L., Vander Haegen, G.L. & Loneragan, N.R. (2017). Fisheries enhancement and restoration in a changing world. Fisheries Research 186: 407-412.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Smith, S., Banks, M., Zhang, C., Sohou, Z., Sanjeevan, V.N. & Rosenberg, A. (2016) Fish stock propagation. In: The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment (World Ocean Assessment I). Chapter 13. United Nations  Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (http://www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Chapter_13.pdf ).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lorenzen, K. (2016) Toward a new paradigm for growth modeling in fisheries stock assessment: embracing plasticity and its consequences. Fisheries Research 180: 4-22.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Rogers, A., & Lorenzen, K. (2016) Does slow and variable recovery of Diadema antillarum on Caribbean fore-reefs reflect density-dependent habitat selection? Frontiers in Marine Science 3: 63.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Cowx, I.G., Entsua-Mensah, R.E.M., Lester, N.P., Koehn, J.D., Randall, R.G., Nam, S., Bonar, S.A., Bunnell, D.B., Venturelli, P., Bower, S.D. & Cooke, S. (2016). Stock assessment in inland fisheries: a foundation for sustainable use and conservation. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 26: 405-440.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Arlinghaus, R., Lorenzen, K., Johnson, B.M., Cooke, S.J. & Cowx, I.G. (2015) Management of freshwater fisheries: addressing habitat, people and fishes. In: Craig, J.F. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology. Pp. 557-579. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lorenzen, K. Understanding and managing enhancements: why fisheries scientists should care. Journal of Fish Biology 85: 1807-1829.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Camp, E.V., Lorenzen, K., Ahrens, R.N.M. & Allen, M.S. Stock enhancement to address multiple recreational fisheries objectives: an integrated model applied to red drum Sciaenops occelatus in Florida. Journal of Fish Biology 85: 1868- 1889.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Garlock, T. M., Monk, C. T., Lorenzen, K., Matthews, M.D., St. Mary, C.M. Effects of hatchery rearing on Florida largemouth bass resource allocation and survival under semi-natural conditions. Journal of Fish Biology 85: 1830-1842.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lorenzen, K. (2014) Managing fisheries enhancements. In: Sass, G.G. & Allen, M.S. Foundations of Fisheries Science. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. pp. 649-657.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Camp, E.V., Lorenzen, K., Ahrens, R.N.M., Barbieri, L. & Leber, K.M. (2013) Potentials and limitations of stock enhancement in marine recreational fisheries systems: an integrative review of Floridas red drum enhancement. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21: 388-402.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Beveridge, M.C.M. & Mangel, M. (2012) Cultured fish: integrative biology and management of domestication and interactions with wild fish. Biological Reviews 87: 639-660.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Edwards C. T. T., Hillary R. M., Levontin P., Blanchard J. & Lorenzen K. (2012) Fisheries assessment and management: a synthesis of common approaches with special reference to deepwater and data-poor stocks. Reviews in Fisheries Science 20: 126-153.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Hazlerigg, C.R.E., Lorenzen, K., Thorbek, P., Wheeler, J.R. & Tyler, C.R. (2012) Density-dependent processes in the life history of fishes: evidence from laboratory populations of zebrafish Danio rerio. PLOS One 7(5): e37550.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Agnalt, A.L. Blankenship, H.L. Hines, A.H., Leber, L.M., Loneragan, N.R. & Taylor, M.D. (2013) Evolving context and maturing science: aquaculture-based enhancement and restoration enter the marine fisheries management toolbox. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21: 213-221.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Taylor, M.D., Brennan, N.P., Lorenzen, K. & Leber, K.M. (2013) Generalized Predatory Impact Model: A numerical approach for assessing trophic limits to hatchery releases and controlling related ecological risks. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21: 341-353

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:State, national and international fisheries and quaculture scientists, professinals and stakeholders Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Focus on tradeoffs between socio-economic benefits and conservation costs of intensive stocking programs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Global synthesis of the status of fisheries enhancements for the UN Oceans Assessment The global status of fisheries enhancements and the use of scientific guidance in developing and reforming enhancements has been synthesized and critically reviewed for the UN Oceans Assessment. This output represents the highest level global synthesis of this fisheries management approach. Assessment of recovery dynamics of Diadema antillarum with respect to the potential for active restoration measures The Caribbean long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum was an important grazer on coral reefs, including those in the Florida Keys, until 1983 when the population was decimeated by a pathogen-induced mass mortality event. Recovery of the population and its grazing function has been slow and variable. Multiple studies indicate that post-mortality population densities are greatest in sheltered lagoon and back reef habitats, and that recovery is limited on forereefs where pre-mortality densities were also high. We carried out detailed surveys of a recovering population of D. antillarum in Curacao to document an ongoing influence of habitat type on population density, and to explore what ecosystem characteristics might drive observed recovery patterns. We quantified D. antillarum population density, larval settlement rates, herbivorous fish biomass, algal turfs, macroalgae, and predatory fish biomass in sites with and without structural complexity on reefs in sheltered lagoon and backreef locations, and on the forereef, using an orthogonal survey design. D. antillarum densities were greatest in sheltered lagoon and backreef locations, with high structural complexity. However, densities were significantly lower than those reported prior to the mass mortality event. Larval settlement rates were greater in sheltered lagoon and backreef locations but did not fully account for observed patterns in urchin density. Sheltered lagoon and backreef habitats had more turf algae and fewer herbivorous fish than forereef habitats. Predator abundance was generally low and did not differ significantly among habitat types. In light of our results, we hypothesize that patterns of D. antillarum recovery in Curacao are consistent with dynamics expected in the presence of density-dependent habitat selection. More algal resources and fewer herbivorous fish provide a mechanism for increased fitness and habitat suitability in sheltered, lagoon, and backreef habitats. Forereefs, by contrast, offer reduced habitat suitability and, we hypothesize, will only be re-colonized once the carrying capacity of more favorable habitats is exceeded. We propose a number of testable predictions to explore this theory further, and advocate for including sheltered lagoon and backreef habitats in D. antillarum population surveys to monitor recovery, as well as protecting populations found in these habitats where necessary. We predict that when current populations return to pre-mortality densities, range expansion may allow for a return of D. antillarum to Caribbean forereefs. Given the poor conditions for D. antillarum on forereefs,it appears unlikely that high population abundance in these habitats can be restored by active rebuilding measures such as restocking with hatchery urchins. Stock assessment methods for inland fisheries with reference to assessment of enhanced fisheries Fisheries stock assessments are essential for science-based fisheries management. Inland fisheries pose challenges, but also provide opportunities for biological assessments that differ from those encountered in large marine fisheries for which many of our assessment methods have been developed. These include the number and diversity of fisheries, high levels of ecological and environmental variation, and relative lack of institutional capacity for assessment. In addition, anthropogenic impacts on habitats, widespread presence of non-native species and the frequent use of enhancement and restoration measures such as stocking affect stock dynamics. This paper outlines various stock assessment and data collection approaches that can be adapted to a wide range of different inland fisheries and management challenges. Although this paper identifies challenges in assessment, it focuses on solutions that are practical, scalable and transferrable. A path forward is suggested in which biological assessment generates some of the critical information needed by fisheries managers to make effective decisions that benefit the resource and stakeholders.

Publications

• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Smith, S., Banks, M., Zhang, C., Sohou, Z., Sanjeevan, V.N. & Rosenberg, A. (2016) Fish stock propagation. In: The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment (World Ocean Assessment I). Chapter 13. United Nations  Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (http://www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Chapter_13.pdf ).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lorenzen, K. (2016) Toward a new paradigm for growth modeling in fisheries stock assessment: embracing plasticity and its consequences. Fisheries Research 180: 4-22.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Cowx, I.G., Entsua-Mensah, R.E.M., Lester, N.P., Koehn, J.D., Randall, R.G., Nam, S., Bonar, S.A., Bunnell, D.B., Venturelli, P., Bower, S.D. & Cooke, S. (2016). Stock assessment in inland fisheries: a foundation for sustainable use and conservation. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 26: 405-440.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Rogers, A., & Lorenzen, K. (2016) Does slow and variable recovery of Diadema antillarum on Caribbean fore-reefs reflect density-dependent habitat selection? Frontiers in Marine Science 3: 63.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Fisheries and aquaculture scientists, professionals and stakeholders. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training of one graduate student and one postdoc. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through th stakeholder workshops and through scientific publictaions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Finalize Florida fisheries enhancement strategy.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Screening of non-case studystocks for enhancement potential Five candidate stocks were assessed: red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, common snook Centropomus undecimalis, southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, and red snapper Lutjanus campechanus. The objectives were 1) to comparatively assessed how hatchery releases of the five marine species affected five fisheries metrics that represent important management objectives: catchable numbers, harvestable numbers, catch, harvest and total spawning biomass and 2) to explore factors (e.g., exploitation rates and regulatory policies) that influence biological enhancement potential. The life histories of the candidate species and the regulatory policies applied to these fisheries are dissimilar and have produced a range of contrasting capture and harvest vulnerabilities-at-age. Spotted seatrout, common snook, southern flounder and red snapper become vulnerable to capture at small sizes and remain vulnerable to capture throughout life. Red drum outperformed other candidate stocks according to all evaluated metrics. Red drum provided the greatest improvement in abundance of catchable and harvestable fish and the effects of stocking on abundance of catchable fish was greater than on abundance of harvestable fish. We also found released red drum may largely outperform enhancements of the other species in terms of improving relative spawning biomass. Released red drum provided increasing benefits to spawner biomass as the length at stocking increased. The high potential for red drum releases to contribute to spawner biomass is likely a function of an early harvest window and their ability to rapidly outgrow the harvest window. Enhancement potential of the other candidate species was dependent on the specific management objectives considered. Releases of spotted seatrout performed similarly to red drum releases and better than southern flounder releases in providing potential numbers of catchable fish, however releases of seatrout were outperformed by flounder releases in improving the abundance of harvestable fish . Releases of common snook performed comparatively well, if not better than southern flounder in improving the abundance of catchable fish, however the effects of snook stocking on the abundance of harvestable fish was marginal. Releases of snook also performed poorly when accounting for the capture rate of snook. The lower fishing effort of the snook fishery yielded lower catch of stocked snook than southern flounder even though stocking large snook contributed more to the abundance of catchable fish. Red snapper releases provided trivial benefits. ? Stakeholder survey The purpose of this survey was to describe the characteristics of Florida's saltwater license holders, their fishing trips, attitudes, motivations, management preferences and opinions on stock enhancement. The survey provided insight into stakeholder perceptions of the importance of stock enhancement activities and stakeholder knowledge of the scientific basis of enhancements. Only survey results directly relevant to the potential of enhancements to strengthen co-operative management of near-shore recreational fisheries are presented here. Of the 12,535 respondents, a total of 5949 targeted red drum (3100), snook (856) or both (1993). A substantial overlap between the red drum and snook anglers is not surprising given that with the range of snook, both species occur in the same habitats. Fishing motivations were overall very similar among red drum and snook anglers and varied only slightly geographically. Red drum anglers in south Florida (i.e., Keys, SW, and SE Florida) are satisfied with releasing the fish they catch, whereas anglers in north Florida appear to be more harvest oriented. This trend did not exist for snook anglers, although snook anglers in the Keys were also more satisfied with releasing the fish they catch relative to snook anglers in other regions of the state. Red drum and snook angler motivations, perspectives on the importance of management objectives and the performance of management in meeting objectives were also fairly consistent. It is noteworthy that for both groups, experiencing nature, relaxation and challenge/sport are the predominant motivations, far ahead of catch-related or harvest motivations (trophy fish, fish for eating). In terms of management objectives, protecting habitat, threatened and declining species and ensuring fishing opportunities for future generations are scored most highly, well above the provision of high quality fishing opportunities. This suggests that on average, anglers will be less supportive of enhancement measures than of primarily conservation or restoration-oriented measures. Sixty-six percent of red drum anglers agreed or strongly agreed that Florida should have a marine stocking program. Fifty-one percent of red drum anglers agreed or strongly agreed that they were willing to pay an increase in their fishing license to support a stocking program. However, the large number of respondents replying neutral to the various statements regarding some costs and benefits of stocking suggests anglers are unsure about the effectiveness of stocking and the potential negative implications of stocking. The snook results are very similar. Angler perspectives on situations in which stocking may be indicated emphasize sustaining high levels of exploitation and restocking after fish kills as the most important uses. Interestingly, differentiation in support is limited between the situations: anglers on average agree very moderately (3.2-3.6 on a scale where 3 is neutral and 4 indicates agreement) with a role for stocking in various situations and moderately disagree that stocking has little benefit when stocks are well managed. Stakeholder workshops Two stakeholder workshops were organized in order to test whether (1) fisheries enhancement initiatives can strengthen stakeholder engagement with fisheries management issues; and (2) provision of science-based information helps stakeholders develop a more informed and differentiated perspective on enhancements. The workshops were designed to provide participants with science-based information on the potentials and risks of enhancing their local fisheries, focusing on red drum in Charlotte Harbor and on snook in Sarasota Bay. Aiming to provide stakeholders with multiple perspectives rather than a unified view, the workshops involved multiple subject experts who made brief presentations and then participated in a panel discussion a and questions and answers session. Topics covered in the initial presentations included an overview enhancement systems, ecology and status of the target stocks, status of hatchery technology, modeling results on the likely effectiveness and impacts of stocking, and a summary of the stakeholder survey. For the panel discussion, subject experts were joined by local professionals (Sea Grant agents, charter captains). Judging from the results of pre- and post-workshop surveys, participation in the workshop significantly increased stakeholders' perceived knowledge of various aspects of fish stocking programs. It also significantly increased participants' appreciation of potential negative impacts of stocking on the wild stock but did not affect other attitudes to stocking, indicating that the workshops succeeded in helping stakeholders develop a more informed and differentiated perspective on enhancements.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fish stock propagation (in press) (Writing team: Lorenzen, K., Smith, S., Banks, M., Zhang, C., Sohou, Z., Sanjeevan, V.N. & Rosenberg, A.) In: UN World Ocean Assessment. Chapter 13. (http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/).
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Arlinghaus, R., Lorenzen, K., Johnson, B.M., Cooke, S.J. & Cowx, I.G. (2015) Management of freshwater fisheries: addressing habitat, people and fishes. In: Craig, J.F. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology. Pp. 557-579. Oxford, UK: Wiley.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Fisheries Managers, Fisheries Scientists, Fisheries Stakeholders Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A combined graduate and professional development course on fisheries enhancement has been offered. The cousre is avaialble to professionals nationwide. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Scientific publications, professional articles, presentations at scientific and professional meetings.S What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Completion of social and economic surveys, drafting of fisheries enhancement policy for Florida.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Develop an integrative understanding of Florida enhancement fisheries systems n integrated socioecological model was developed to evaluate the potential for stock enhancement with hatchery fishes to achieve socioeconomic and conservation objectives in recreational fisheries. The model was applied to the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus recreational fishery in the Tampa Bay estuary, Florida, U.S.A. The results suggest that stocking of juvenile fish larger than the size at which the strongest density dependence in mortality occurs can help increase angler satisfaction and total fishing effort (socioeconomic objectives) but are likely to result in decreases to the abundance of wild fishes (a conservation objective). Stocking of small juveniles that are susceptible to density-dependent mortality after release does not achieve socioeconomic objectives (or only at excessive cost) but still leads to a reduction of wild fish abundance. 2) Quantitative biological-technical assessment Astudy examined the growth, activity, metabolism and post-release survival of three groups of Florida largemouth bass Micropterus floridanus: wild-caught fish, hatchery fish reared according to standard practice (hatchery standard) and hatchery fish reared under reduced and unpredictable food provisioning (hatchery manipulated). Hatchery-standard fish differed from wild-caught fish in all measured variables, including survival in semi-natural ponds. Hatchery-standard and hatchery-manipulated fish showed higher activity levels, faster growth and lower standard metabolic rates than wild-caught fish in the hatchery. Fish reared under the manipulated feeding regime showed increased metabolic rates and increased post-release growth, similar to wild-caught fish. Their activity levels and post-release survival, however, remained similar to those of hatchery-standard fish. Activity was negatively correlated with post-release survival and failure of the feed manipulation to reduce activity may have contributed to its failure to improve post-release survival. Activity and post-release survival may be influenced by characteristics of the rearing environment other than the feeding regime, such as stock density or water flow rates. 3) Evaluate economic and social benefit In the integrated model (see above), the intensity and type of socioeconomic gains depended on assumptions of dynamic angler-effort responses and importance of catch-related satisfaction, with greatest gains possible if aggregate effort is responsive to increases in abundance and satisfaction that are greatly related to catch rates. These results emphasize the view of stock enhancement, not as a panacea but rather as a management tool with inherent costs that is best applied to recreational fisheries under certain conditions.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lorenzen, K. Understanding and managing enhancements: why fisheries scientists should care. Journal of Fish Biology 85: 1807-1829.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Camp, E.V., Lorenzen, K., Ahrens, R.N.M. & Allen, M.S. Stock enhancement to address multiple recreational fisheries objectives: an integrated model applied to red drum Sciaenops occelatus in Florida. Journal of Fish Biology 85: 1868-1889.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Garlock, T. M., Monk, C. T., Lorenzen, K., Matthews, M.D., St. Mary, C.M. Effects of hatchery rearing on Florida largemouth bass resource allocation and survival under semi-natural conditions. Journal of Fish Biology 85: 1830-1842.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lorenzen, K. (2014) Managing fisheries enhancements. In: Sass, G.G. & Allen, M.S. Foundations of Fisheries Science. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. pp. 649-657.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Academics and research scientists Staff of state, federal and international fisheries management agencies Fishing and aquaculture industry stakeholders Changes/Problems: n/a What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training course in fisheries enhancementavailable on-campus and on-line How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Scientific publications (listed separately), conferenec and workshop presentations What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Survey of marine fsiheries enhancment stakeholders, statewide participatory planning process for marine hatchery programs

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Integrativeanalysius of Florida enhancement fisheries systems competed and published 2&3) Bio-economic analysis of red drum fisheries enhancement potential completed

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lorenzen, K., Agnalt, A.L. Blankenship, H.L. Hines, A.H., Leber, L.M., Loneragan, N.R. & Taylor, M.D. (2013) Evolving context and maturing science: aquaculture-based enhancement and restoration enter the marine fisheries management toolbox. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21: 213-221.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Taylor, M.D., Brennan, N.P., Lorenzen, K. & Leber, K.M. (2013) Generalized Predatory Impact Model: A numerical approach for assessing trophic limits to hatchery releases and controlling related ecological risks. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21: 341-353
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Camp, E.V., Lorenzen, K., Ahrens, R.N.M., Barbieri, L. & Leber, K.M. (2013) Potentials and limitations of stock enhancement in marine recreational fisheries systems: an integrative review of Floridas red drum enhancement. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21: 388-402.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities 1) Laboratory experiments on fish population dynamics have been analyzed to provide detailed information on the lifetime patterns of density dependence in survival and growth of fish 2) A new conceptual framework for understanding fish domestication has been developed and applied to provide a major synthesis of domestication processes and their implications for the assessment and management of cultured-wild fish interactions 3) A comprehensive review of quantitative fisheries assessment and management approaches was completed 4) A new graduate course in Fisheries Enhancement was designed and delivered for the first time 5) An internet survey of fishing license holders was carried out to characterize motivations and attitudes of Florida largemouth bass anglers, including those pertaining to hatchery programs Events 1) Training courses in fisheries enhancement were held as part of the United Nations University Fisheries Training Program in Iceland and at three Australian state fisheries departments (Western Australia, Northern Territory and Tasmania) as part of an Australian Seafood CRC program. 2) Presentations on ongoing work were given at the 6th World Fisheries Congress (Edinburgh, UK) and at several state and regional meetings. Services 1) The Australian state fisheries departments of Western Australia and the Northern Territory consulted the PI during their development of fisheries enhancement policies. 2) The PI served on the Science and Statistical Committee of the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council, providing advice on a wide range fisheries management an enhancement issues in the Gulf. PARTICIPANTS: UF: Kai Lorenzen, Edward Camp, Taryn Gainer, Christopher Monk, Michael Matthews Partner organizations: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Mote Marine Laboratory WorldFish Center United Nations University-Fisheries Training Program TARGET AUDIENCES: Academics and research scientists Staff of state, federal and international fisheries management agencies Fishing and aquaculture industry stakeholders PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Changes in knowledge 1) Laboratory experiments on fish population dynamics have allowed tracing changes in the level of density-dependence of life history traits over the lifecycle in far greater detail than has been logistically possible in the wild. Results show a clear pattern of density-dependence in survival peaking in the early juvenile stage, while density-dependence in body growth is strongest in late juvenile and adult fish. Having quantified the ontogeny of density-dependent processes in such detail will support the design of release strategies for hatchery fish that maximize survival while minimizing adverse effects on wild components of the target stock. 2) The new conceptual framework for analyzing domestication processes and wild-cultured fish interactions provides a first, truly integrated synthesis of the subject and related guidance for the design of fisheries enhancements and aquaculture systems. Results show that different, production- or conservation-oriented applications of hatchery programs require different domestication, release and fisheries management strategies. 3) The internet survey of Florida largemouth bass anglers has shown that anglers overestimate the extent of hatchery releases in Florida and their importance to achieving current fisheries management outcomes. Bass anglers showed no preference for wild over stocked fish. Their support for stocking was undifferentiated with respect to management scenarios. These results show that stakeholder participation in the development and management of hatchery programs is currently constrained by limited information about benefits, risks and management principles of such programs, among other factors. Change in actions 1) The state governments of Western Australia and the Northern Territory have drafted, and are about to enact Fisheries Enhancement Policies that draw heavily on results from, and consultations with our project. The policies establish clear guidelines for the evaluation of hatchery programs as fisheries management tools.

Publications

• Lorenzen, K., Beveridge, M.C.M. & Mangel, M. (2012) Cultured fish: integrative biology and management of domestication and interactions with wild fish. Biological Reviews 87: 639-660. Hazlerigg, C.R.E., Lorenzen, K., Thorbek, P., Wheeler, J.R. & Tyler, C.R. (2012) Density-dependent processes in the life history of fishes: evidence from laboratory populations of zebrafish Danio rerio. PLOS One 7(5): e37550. Edwards C. T. T., Hillary R. M., Levontin P., Blanchard J. & Lorenzen K. (2012) Fisheries assessment and management: a synthesis of common approaches with special reference to deepwater and data-poor stocks. Reviews in Fisheries Science 20: 126-153.