Source: SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CONTROL OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASES (NC-1027)
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0227439
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NC-_OLD1192
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2011
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2016
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
PO BOX 2275A
BROOKINGS,SD 57007
Performing Department
Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality for all classes of cattle and calves in the United States (USDA, 2006). In 2006, respiratory disease accounted for 28.7% of all deaths, with losses due to animal death alone costing producers over $692 million annually (USDA, 2006). This estimate does not include cost of medication, labor, and production losses associated with respiratory disease; those costs, which have not been well estimated, likely increase all BRD-related losses to over $1 billion per year. Thus BRD has a significant impact on profitability of U.S. cattle operations, as well as a significant impact on well being of U.S. cattle. NAHMS surveys also confirm that BRD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in U.S. feedlots (USDA, 2000), the second most common cause of nursing dairy calf mortality, and the leading cause of weaned dairy heifer mortality (USDA, 2002). The importance of this project is that the combined effort of members of NC-1192 is the most broad, collaborative, and multidisciplinary effort to reduce BRD in North America. If this research is not undertaken, it will not be possible for veterinarians and producers to develop science-based approaches to minimize or prevent BRD in cattle managed under modern U.S. husbandry practices. While the project is technically and logistically challenging, scientists at the participating stations have the necessary experience and skills to carry out the proposed research. Participating researchers possess the necessary contemporary skills in molecular biology, immunology, virology, bacteriology, and animal management to carry out research and to develop science-based integrated diagnostic and preventative strategies. Ongoing progress of useful research by NC-1192 can be improved by interaction with researchers outside NC-1192, including those in government laboratories and in the pharmacological/biologics industry, and with veterinary practitioners, cattle producers, and other stakeholders. Members of NC-1192 have worked hard to develop relationships with national organizations to allow for substantial dialog to occur regarding the unanswered questions and persistent problems related to BRD. This two-way street has helped researchers understand ongoing and new challenges that the industry faces while at the same time allowing us to articulate challenges that researchers face in conducting relevant research that meets the industry s needs. Ultimately, the value of the research proposed here is most significant only if it is translated from research discovery to field application. NC-1192 prides itself in being a primary source of information about BRD for veterinarians and producers. Its research effort helps to provide better surveillance of the causes of BRD, improves understanding of the complex molecular events involved in BRD polymicrobial infections, visualizes and tests new management strategies, and articulates a cutting-edge team approach that coordinates new knowledge with validated practices.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3113310109020%
3113310110130%
3113410109020%
3113410110130%
Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases;

Subject Of Investigation
3310 - Beef cattle, live animal; 3410 - Dairy cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1090 - Immunology; 1101 - Virology;
Goals / Objectives
To aid the rapid identification and subsequent management of BRD by developing, validating and guiding the application of new state-of-the-art diagnostic tools. To elucidate key steps in the dynamic interactions between pathogens, host immunity and the environment, and to determine how manipulation of these factors can reduce the risk of BRD. To investigate the mechanisms by which infectious agents work singly or in combination to evade, suppress, or misdirect the host immune response, or to directly induce cellular or molecular pathology, in BRD. To develop management practices, including rationally applied therapeutic and preventative interventions, that minimize the impact of BRD on cattle health, welfare and productivity. To promote open scientific exchange and dialogue among scientists, veterinarians, allied industry professionals and cattlemen to advance BRD research initiatives. To facilitate the translation of research findings to practical field application by developing and integrating BRD educational programming for national veterinary and producer organizations focused on cattle health and management.
Project Methods
Objective 1: WI and SD will continue to work in developing new state-of-the-art diagnostic tools for BRD agents; participants in the Wisconsin and South Dakota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories will head this effort. WI, OK and SD will collect and summarize BRD pathogen data. SD will work with OK on genomic characterization of BCV. Objective 2: SD will continue to work with NADC, AL, TX and CO in determining the role of white-tailed deer as a reservoir for BVDV infection. This will be done through prevalence studies of BVDV persistently infected deer from regional stratified populations of white-tailed deer. SD in cooperation with NADC will investigate the role of elk and BVDV. Objective 3 MS, NADC and SD will continue studies on the effect of BVDV infection on innate immunity phagocytic cells. SD in collaboration with TX will examine BVDV strain effect on dendritic cell (DC) function and co-stimulation. DC function will be tested with various strains of BVDV. The DCs will be examined for their functional characteristics to produce Th-1 and/or Th2 cytokines, expression of co-stimulatory molecule and ability to activate T cells. SD in collaboration with NADC will determine the genetic changes in cp BVDV isolates from 11 animals that died from mucosal disease who were persistently infected with the same strain of BVDV. SD will compare the sequences of the original ncp strain to the isolated cp viruses. SD in collaboration with CO and NADC will evaluate the role of the fetal liver in immune tolerance. The tissues will be analyzed using immunohistochemistry for BVDV virus and quantitative PCR for cytokine mRNA. Additional sequential samples from the time points above will be sequenced for BVDV genetic changes. Objective 5 NC-1192 will capitalize on already developed relationships with national organizations (American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP), Academy of Veterinary Consultants (AVC), Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD) by seeking opportunities to integrate and participate in their annual meetings with the specific goal of promoting interactions and dialog between researchers and veterinarians. Through collaborative efforts with USDA AFRI Program leaders, NC-1192 will seek to integrate the annual meeting of BRD AFRI awardees and the BRD CAP with our annual meeting and the AABP meeting. This meeting will be organized and led by NC-1192 members. NC-1192 members will actively engage in committees of national organizations that have relevance to BRD. Objective 6 Capitalizing on the success of the national BRD Symposium that NC-1027 (the predecessor of NC-1192) organized and presented in 2009, we will organize a similar event during the 5-year project. The specific goal of this symposium is to place a spotlight on BRD while focusing on what has been accomplished and what needs to be done. An organizing committee led by NC-1192 members will be formed to plan the event with the goal to hold the symposium in the 3rd or 4th year of the new project.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included dairyman, dairy calf raisers, feedlot and stocker operators, cow-calf producers, nutritionists and veterinarians. In these subject areas 105 seminars were given to dairyman, feedlot operators, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US, England, Italy, Germany, Costa Rica and Ireland to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Twenty-one (21) undergraduate students, 4 graduate students (2 PhD and 2 MS) and 3 visiting scientists were involved in this project. This provided training opportunities in virology, immunology, cell biology and molecular biology. The following meetings were also attended to increase professional development: 92nd annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 4-6, 2011; 27th annual Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference, Tempe AZ, February 23-24, 2012; Farm Animal Integrated Research (FAIR) 2012, Arlington, VA, March 4-6, 2012; Oregon Veterinary Conference, Corvallis OR, March 16-18, 2012; 2012 Plains Nutrition Council Spring Conference, San Antonio, TX, April 12, 2012; 23rd Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture-Bovine Immunology: The Intersection of Innate and Acquired Immunity, Itasca IL, May 29-31, 2012; Symposium on Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, June 23, 2012; 31st annual meeting of the American Society of Virology, Madison, WI, July 21-25, 2012; NC-1192 An Integrated Approach to Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease Technical Committee Meeting, Kansas City, MO, August 1, 2012; 149th American Veterinary Medical Convention, San Diego, CA, August 2-4, 2012; 121st annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Rapid City, SD, August 15-18, 2012; 45th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Montreal QUE, September 20-22, 2012; 2012 Elanco Dairy Science Symposium. Chicago, IL, October 1-2, 2012; Bayer Animal Health Immunology Expert Meeting, Atlanta, GA, November 26-27, 2012; 93rd annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 2-4, 2012; Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle Conference, Sioux Falls, SD December 3- 4, 2012; 25thDiscover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture- New Developments in Immunity, Nutrition, and Management of the Preruminant Calf, May 28-30, 2013; 2013 Joint Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) and America Society of Animal Science (ASAS), Indianapolis, IN, July 8-12, 2013; 150th American Veterinary Medical Convention, Chicago, IL, July18-22, 2013;NC-1192 An Integrated Approach to Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease Technical Committee Meeting, Milwaukee WI, September 18, 2013. 46thannual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Milwaukee, WI, September 19-22, 2013. 94thannual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 8-10, 2013; 122nd annual convention of the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association, Lake Ozark, MO, January 30-February 1, 2014; James Bailey Herd Health Conference, Brookings, SD, February 8, 2014; Vermont Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Burlington VT, June 19-21, 2014; NC-1192 An Integrated Approach to Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease Technical Committee Meeting, Denver, CO, July 29, 2014 BRD Symposium, Denver CO, July 30-31, 2014; AVC Summer Meeting, Denver CO, July 31-August 2, 2014; 124th annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Sioux Falls, SD, August 10-13, 2014; 47th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Albuquerque, NM, September 16-20, 2014; 95th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 7-9, 2014; 2015 Keystone Symposia Conference- Immunity to Pathogens: Informing Vaccine Development, Keystone CO, January 20-25, 2015; James Bailey Herd Health Conference, Brookings, SD, February 14, 2015; 17th Sivar International Conference, Cremona, Italy, May 13-15, 2015; 10th Total Dairy Seminar, Gloucestershire, England, June 10-12, 2015; Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Valentine NE, June 16-17, 2015; 124th annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Sioux Falls, SD, August 9-12, 2015; NC-1192 An Integrated Approach to Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease Technical Committee Meeting, New Orleans, LA, September 16, 2015; 48th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, New Orleans LA, September 17-19, 2015. 96th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 6-8, 2015; 2016 Georgia Food Animal Veterinary Conference, Tifton GA, March 18-20, 2016; International Bayer Beef Symposium, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 26-28, 2016; World Buiatrics Congress, Dublin July 3-8, 2016; ASN/ASAS Pre-Conference: Gut Microbiota, Diet and Health, Salt Lake City UT, July 19, 2016; ARPAS Symposium: Inflammation alters nutrient metabolism and animal performance, Salt Lake City, UT, July 20, 2016; Joint Annual Meeting (JAM 2016) of the Animal Science and Dairy Science Societies, Salt Lake City UT, July 19-21, 2016; 153rd American Veterinary Medical Convention, San Antonio TX, August 4-7, 2016; 125th annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Rapid City, SD, August 17-20, 2016; 49th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Charlotte NC, September 15-17, 2016 How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In the area of BRD, 105 seminars were given to dairyman, beef cattle producers, nutritionists and veterinarians in the US, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Costa Rica, England and Canada to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices about BRD. Twenty-two proceeding papers and technical summaries were written. Eleven popular press articles and 2 radio interviews were given. The 2014 Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium (BRDS 2014) "New Approaches to Bovine Respiratory Disease Prevention, Management and Diagnosis" was held July 30-31, 2014, in Denver, Colorado and the attendance set a new high with over 325 attendees. This meeting was held in conjunction with the 2014 Summer Academy of Veterinary Consultants (AVC) meeting scheduled for July 31st to August 2nd, 2014. We co-organized the Respiratory Disease section at the Conference of Research Workers in Animal December 2014-2016. A mini-symposium on Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium was held September 2015, in New Orleans LA and again in September 2016 in Charlotte NC in conjunction with the American Association of Bovine Practitioners with 6 speakers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1:To aid the rapid identification and subsequent management of BRD by developing, validating and guiding the application of new state-of-the-art diagnostic tools. Principal respiratory pathogens were isolated and identified. Principal bacterial respiratory pathogens were like preceding years with Pasteurella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni being the most frequently isolated. Over the five-year period the numbers of H somnus increased by 50%. Bovine viral diarrhea virus continued to the major virus isolated from BRD cases over the 5-year period. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) PCR assays were implemented in 2013 and over the last 3 years the numbers of BCV have risen from 132 samples for BCV (18 positive,13.6%) to BCV 345 submissions (90 positive, 26%). The Mycoplasma bovis PCR samples have also risen from 1 positive from 11 samples to 25 positive of 53 (48%). We also had a cooperative project with Oklahoma to determine pathogen prevalence from over 100 cases of BRD using a PCR based assaythat was published in Vaccine. We have also analyzed bovine coronavirus and bovine herpesvirus isolates to determine the genetic variation. Dr. Collin's research published from her dissertation in 2015 characterized a new influenza strain isolated in cattle, influenza D. We have also have established a method that is now being offered by the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory to differentiate BHV-1 vaccine strains. SD also sequenced BHV-1 isolates from IN, MN, ND, NE, and WY and found that all isolates provided from clinical cases were vaccine isolates. We provided BVDV, BHV-1 and BRSV isolates to other Stations. Objective 3. To investigate the mechanisms by which infectious agents work singly or in combination to evade, suppress, or misdirect the host immune response, or to directly induce cellular or molecular pathology, in BRD The effect of BHV-1 on Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation. This is a project we began in 2013 in collaboration with Dr. Alan Young, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at SDSU and Dr. Waithaka Mwangi at Texas A&M. The results showed that the fully differentiated MDDC produced infectious BHV-1 virus while viral RNA increased in MDDC through 144 hr after infection. Interestingly the infection of DC with BHV-1 increased the expression of CD14 and cause the DC to become activated. Objective 4. To develop management practices, including rationally applied therapeutic and preventative interventions, that minimize the impact of BRD on cattle health, welfare and productivity. South Dakota along with Illinois, Kansas, Virginia and Colorado were involved in the Genetics of Feedlot Health Project whichwas performed in 2009 and 2010 and a manuscript was published in 2016. This study established a link between respiratory risk entering the feedlot, cytokine and antibody responses. We also were on a BRD immunology study with Iowa State and Georgia to help determine genetic resistance in the Angus breed. Objective 5. To promote open scientific exchange and dialogue among scientists, veterinarians, allied industry professionals and cattlemen to advance BRD research initiatives The 2014 Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium (BRDS 2014) "New Approaches to Bovine Respiratory Disease Prevention, Management and Diagnosis" was held July 30-31, 2014, in Denver, Colorado and the attendance set a new high with over 325 attendees. This meeting was held in conjunction with the 2014 Summer Academy of Veterinary Consultants (AVC) meeting scheduled for July 31st to August 2nd, 2014. This meeting is held once every five years to discuss strides that have been made in dealing with BRD. The agenda included discussion on current experiences in the beef and dairy industries, subclinical effects of BRD, and new research on identifying genetic markers that will hopefully aid in identifying cattle susceptible to BRD. BRDS 2014 brought together scientists, educators, veterinarians in the field, producers, and policy makers to discuss how the latest BRD research findings and emerging management technologies can be translated into industry practice to improve the health of beef and dairy cattle. The symposium had a balance of presentations by scientists and veterinary consultants working with BRD, and there was ample discussion between the audience and the speakers after each session. A scientific poster session for researchers working on BRD was held the first night of the conference. We co-organized the Respiratory Disease section at the Conference of Research Workers in Animal December 2014-2016. A mini-symposium on Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium was held September 2015, in New Orleans LA and again in September 2016 in Charlotte NC in conjunction with the American Association of Bovine Practitioners with 6 speakers. Objective 6. To facilitate the translation of research findings to practical field application by developing and integrating BRD educational programming for national veterinary and producer organizations focused on cattle health and management. Classes specific for bovine respiratory disease were taught to the advanced group of the US Dairy Consortium-Teaching at Clovis NM in June 2013-2016. A series of 4 video lectures were developed as a module in an on line BRD course at Colorado State. A series of 4 video presentations on practical immunology for veterinary students with an interest in feedlot medicine was developed for Kansas State.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cockrum RR, Speidel SE, Salak-Johnson JL, Chase CCL, Peel RK, Weaber RL, Loneagan GH, Wagner JJ, Boddhireddy P, Thomas MG, Prayaga K, DeNise S, Enns RM. 2016. Genetic parameters estimated at receiving for circulating cortisol, immunoglobulin G, interleukin 8, and incidence of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 2016.94 doi:10.2527/jas2015-0222
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase CCL. Rinehart C, Chevaux E, Barling K. Mucosal immunology: microbial interaction and cytokine production. Abstract 96. 96th annual meeting of the Conference for Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago IL, December 6-8, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kramer L, Mayes MS, Brown J, Braun L, Fritz-Waters E, Williams J, Woolums A, Chase C, Reecy JM. Evaluation of Response to Vaccination for Four Viruses That Contribute to Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Angus Cattle. Abstract P0533. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXIV, San Diego CA, January 9-13, 3016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Collin, E.A., Sheng, Z., Lang, Y., Ma, W., Hause, B.M., Li, F., 2015. Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle. Journal of Virology 89, 10361042. doi:10.1128/JVI.02718-14
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fulton RW, dOffay JM, Landis C., Miles DG, Smith RA, Saliki JT, Ridpath JF, Confer AW, Neil JD, Eberle R, Clement TJ, Chase CCL, Burge LJ, Payton ME. 2016. Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease. Vaccine, 34(30), 34783492. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.020
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chase C. Science and Practice of Innate Immunity. Proceedings of the International Bayer Beef Symposium, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 26-28, 2016, pp. 30-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chase C, Braun L, Clement T, Daly R, Burcham G, OToole D. IBRV reproductive loss- Vaccine or field virus using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) to sort out vaccine-induced reproductive disease. Abstract P02-002-233. 29th World Buiatrics Congress, Dublin July 3-8, 2016, p. 419.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chase C. Usefulness (or not) of inflammatory biomarkers- The good, the bad and ugly. Abstract 0187 American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) Symposium-Inflammation alters nutrient metabolism and animal performance, Salt Lake City Utah July 20, 2016. J. Anim. Sci 94, E-Suppl. 5/J. Dairy Sci. 99, E-Suppl. 1:88.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chase C, Braun L, Clement T, Daly R, Burcham G, O'Toole D. Are All Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Reproductive Disease Events Vaccine-Induced? Proceedings of 488h annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Charlotte NC, September 15-17, 2016, in press.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience was dairyman, feedlot operators, cow-calf producers and veterinarians. In these subject areas over 30 seminars were given to dairyman, feedlot operators, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US and Europe to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. In addition BRD training course was held for veterinary and animal science majors that were in dairy manager training program in New Mexico. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Five undergraduate students, and 4 graduate students were involved in this project. This provided training opportunities in virology, immunology, cell biology and molecular biology. The following meetings were also attended to increaseprofessional development: 95th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 7-9, 2014. 2015 Keystone Symposia Conference- Immunity to Pathogens: Informing Vaccine Development, Keystone CO, January 20-25, 2015. James Bailey Herd Health Conference, Brookings, SD, February 14, 2015. 17th Sivar International Conference, Cremona, Italy, May 13-15, 2015. 10th Total Dairy Seminar, Gloucestershire, England, June 10-12, 2015. Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Valentine NE, June 16-17, 2015.\ 124th annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Sioux Falls, SD, August 9-12, 2015. NC-1192 An Integrated Approach to Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease Technical Committee Meeting, New Orleans, LA, September 16, 2015. 478h annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, New Orleans LA, September 17-19, 2015. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In these subject areas over 30 seminars were given to dairyman, feedlot operators, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US and Europe to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. A respiratory disease section was held in conjunction with the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. A ½ day seminar on BRDC was held in conjunction with the American Association of Bovine Practitioners in New Orleans LA in September 2015. There was one peer-reviewed publication, 8 proceedings papers and 2 abstracts. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Share isolates with collaborating states. 2. Study the effect of BVDV and BHV-1 innate immunity 3. Determine the effect of BHV-1 strain on dendritic cell function and antigen presentation. 4. Study the effect of BHV-1 and BVDV on neutrophil, macrophage and natural killer cell function 5. Study interactions with innate immunity and microbiome 6. Determine the affect of novel anti-inflammatory molecules on BRD

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: Principal respiratory pathogens were isolated and identified. Principal bacterial respiratory pathogens were similar to preceding years with Pasturella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni being the most frequently isolated. This year we had equal numbers of noncytopathic and cytopathic isolates of BVDV and the number of BHV-1 from respiratory cases decreased over last years. We also had a cooperative project with Oklahoma to determine pathogen prevalence from over 100 cases of BRD using a PCR based assays. We have also analyzed bovine coronavirus and bovine herpesvirus isolates to determine the genetic variation. Dr. Collin's research published in her dissertation characterized a new influenza strain isolated in cattle, influenza D. We have also have established a method that is now being offered by the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory to differentiate BHV-1 vaccine strains. We provided BVDV, BHV-1 and BRSV isolates to other Stations. Objective 3. The effect of BHV-1 on Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation. This is a project we began in 2013 in collaboration with Dr. Alan Young Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at SDSU and Dr. Waithaka Mwangi at Texas A&M. The results showed that the fully differentiated MDDC produced infectious BHV-1 virus while viral RNA increased in MDDC through 144 hr after infection. Interestingly the infection of DC with BHV-1 increased the expression of CD14 and cause the DC to become adherent Objective 4. This station along with Illinois, Kansas, Virginia and Colorado continues to be involved in the Genetics of Feedlot Health Project the project was performed in 2009 and 2010 and a manuscript was submitted. This study looked at behavior, genetics, nutrition along with microbiology and immunology on respiratory disease and carcass quality. We also worked on a BRD immunology study with Iowa State and Georgia to help determine genetic resistance in the Angus breed. Objective 5. We co-organized the Respiratory Disease section at the Conference of Research Workers in Animal December 2014. A mini-symposium on Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium was held September 18 2015, in New Orleans LA in conjunction with the American Association of Bovine Practitioners with 6 speakers. SD provided BRSV isolates to CA & GA. SD also sequenced BHV-1 isolates from IN, MN, ND, NE, and WY Objective 6.. Classes specific on bovine respiratory disease were taught to the advanced group of the US Dairy Consortium-Teaching at Clovis NM in June 2015. A series of 4 video lectures were developed as a module in an on line BRD course at Colorado State.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: 2. Cockrum R, Speidel S, Salak-Johnson J, Chase C, Peel R, Weaber R, Loneragan G, Wagner J, Boddhireddy P, Thomas M, Prayaga K, DeNise S, Enns, R. Genetic parameters estimated at receiving for circulating cortisol, immunoglobulin G, interleukin 8, and incidence of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot beef steers. J Ani Sci
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Chase C. The Perfect Storm: Its not just a movie- it can be a day in any calf or cows life. Proceedings of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting, Madison WI, October 9-12, 2014, pp. 1-4, USB Flashdrive.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. Bovine respiratory disease complex and designing effective vaccination programs. Proceedings of 17th Sivar International Conference, Cremona, Italy, May 14-16, 2015. CD-ROM
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. The immune response in newly arrived or weaned cattle: What should we expect from stress and diet? Proceedings of 17th Sivar International Conference, Cremona, Italy, May 14-16, 2015. CD-ROM.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. What does it take to make a vaccine take? Proceedings of 10th Total Dairy Seminar, Gloucestershire, England, June 10-11, 2015, pp. 37-47.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. When is the right time to vaccinate the cow and with what? 10th Total Dairy Seminar, Gloucestershire, England, June 10-11, 2015, pp. 48-58.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. The neonatal calf immune response; When and what should I vaccinate for?. 10th Total Dairy Seminar, Gloucestershire, England, June 10-11, 2015, pp. 91-101.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. Hey Doc the Vaccine Didnt Work!! Understanding the Good, the Bad and the Ugly of the Immune Response. Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, Valentine NE, June 15-17, 2015, pp. 1-6. USB Flashdrive
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase C. Using SNPs to Identify IBR Viruses in Field Investigations- What are they and how de we use them? Proceedings of the 124th annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Sioux Falls, SD, August 9-12, 2015, pp. 69-70.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase CCL. Designing effective calf vaccination programs. Proceedings of 478h annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, New Orleans LA, September 17-19, 3015, pp. 47-50.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chase CCL, Gibbens J, Gourde,R. Tedrow T, Burcham GN, Clement T, Braun L. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) to sort out bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccine-induced reproductive disease. Proceedings of 478h annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, New Orleans LA, September 17-19, 3015, pp. 307-308
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kaci Park, MS 2015, Thesis title-The Effect of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 on Bovine Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Emily Collin, PhD 2015, Influenza D Virus: Investigation Of The Newly Proposed Influenza Genus


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience was dairyman, feedlot operators, cow-calf producers and veterinarians. In these subject areas over 40 seminars were given to dairyman, feedlot operators, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. A 2-day seminar on BRDC was held in conjunction with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants in Denver CO from July 30-31, 2014 and over 325 dairyman, cow-calf producers, researchers and veterinarians attended. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Five undergraduate students, 3 graduate students and one visiting scientists were involved in this project. This provided training opportunities in virology, immunology, cell biology and molecular biology. The following meetings were also attended to increase professional development: 94th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 8-10, 2013; 122nd annual convention of the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association, Lake Ozark, MO, January 30-February 1, 2014; James Bailey Herd Health Conference, Brookings, SD, February 8, 2014; Vermont Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Burlington VT, June 19-21, 2014; 2014 BRD Symposium, Denver CO, July 30-31, 2014; AVC Summer Meeting, Denver CO, July 31-August 2, 2014; 124th annual meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, Sioux Falls, SD, August 10-13, 2014; 47th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Albuquerque, NM, September 16-20, 2014. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? In these subject areas over 40 seminars were given to dairyman, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US and Canads to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. A 2-day seminar on BRDC was held in conjunction with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants in Denver CO in July 2014. There was one peer reviewed publication, 6 proceedings papers and 1 abstract. There were two publications in the popular press. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Share isolates with collaborating states; 2. Study the effect of BVDV and BHV-1 innate immunity; 3. Determine the effect of BHV-1 strain on dendritic cell function and antigen presentation; 4. Study the effect of BHV-1 and BVDV on neutrophil, macrophage and natural killer cell function; 5. Study interactions with innate immunity and microbiome

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Project Summary: Continued monitoring will help track new and emerging diseases. Understanding immune interaction will help improve vaccine development. Improving handling and nutrition in the feedlot will have a positive effect on BRDC. Objective 1:Principal bacterial respiratory pathogens were similar to preceding years with Pasteurella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somnus being the most frequently isolated. We have also continued analyzing bovine coronavirus and bovine herpesvirus isolates to determine the genetic variation. We finished validating a method for characterizing BHV-1 vaccine strains. Objective 3. The effect of BHV-1 on Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation. This is a project we began in 2013 in collaboration with Dr. Alan Young Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at SDSU and Dr. Waithaka Mwangi at Texas A&M. Viruses that infect DC can have a devastating impact on the immune system. In this study we evaluated breed differences in generation of bovine MDDCs (monocyte derived dendritic cells) and the ability of BHV-1 to replicate in bovine MDDCs. Bovine monocytes were cultured with bovine recombinant GM-CSF and IL-4 . Over a period of 5-7 days in culture, the monocytes differentiated into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). The MDDC had morphological and phenotypical characteristics similar to classical dendritic cells. The MDDC were positive for MHCI, MHCII, DEC205 and CD86 while they were negative for CD21 and CD14. The results showed that the fully differentiated MDDC produced infectious BHV-1 virus while viral RNA increased in MDDC through 144 hr after infection. Interestingly the infection of DC with BHV-1 increased the expression of CD14 and cause the DC to become adherent Objective 4. The Genetics of Feedlot Health This station along with Texas, Illinois, Missouri, New York and Colorado are involved in the Genetics of Feedlot Health Project the project was performed in 2009 and 2010. This study looks at behavior, genetics, nutrition along with microbiology and immunology on respiratory disease and carcass quality. We have continued to analyze the immunological data and are analyzing cortisol and it relationship to overall antibody level and proinflammatory responses Objective 5. The 2014 Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium (BRDS 2014) "New Approaches to Bovine Respiratory Disease Prevention, Management and Diagnosis" was held July 30-31, 2014, in Denver, Colorado and the attendance set a new high with over 325 attendees. This meeting was held in conjunction with the 2014 Summer Academy of Veterinary Consultants (AVC) meeting scheduled for July 31st to August 2nd, 2014. This meeting is held once every five years to discuss strides that have been made in dealing with BRD. The agenda included discussion on current experiences in the beef and dairy industries, subclinical effects of BRD, and new research on identifying genetic markers that will hopefully aid in identifying cattle susceptible to BRD. BRDS 2014 brought together scientists, educators, veterinarians in the field, producers, and policy makers to discuss how the latest BRD research findings and emerging management technologies can be translated into industry practice to improve the health of beef and dairy cattle. The symposium had a balance of presentations by scientists and veterinary consultants working with BRD, and there was ample discussion between the audience and the speakers after each session. A scientific poster session for researchers working on BRD was held the first night of the conference. Objective 6. SD provided BRSV isolates to CA & GA. SD also sequenced BHV-1 isolates from MN, ND and WY. Also classes specific on bovine respiratory disease were taught to the advanced group of the US Dairy Consortium-Teaching at Clovis NM in June 2014.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Chase C. The Immune Response in Stressed Cattle and the Fresh Cow: What Should We Expect from Stress and Diet? Proceedings of James Bailey Herd Health Conference, Brookings, SD February 8, 2014, pp. 1-4.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Chase C. Primary Immune Responses to Vaccinations. Proceedings of the Vermont Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Burlington VT, June 19-21, 2014, pp 1-5, USB Flashdrive.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Chase C. When is the Right Time to Vaccinate the Cow? Proceedings of the Vermont Veterinary Medical Association Summer Meeting, Burlington VT, June 19-21, 2014, pp 1-4, USB Flashdrive.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: O'Toole, D, Chase CCL, Miller MM, Campen HV. 2014. Kennedy, the Early Sixties, and Visitation by the Angel of Death. Veterinary Pathology, 51(6), 10511062. doi:10.1177/0300985814548515.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: 2014 Annual Progress Report of the South Dakota Experiment Station to the NC-1192 Technical Committee on Bovine Respiratory Disease, Denver CO, July 29, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Chase, C. Negative Energy Balance, the Microbiome and the Immune System: The Perfect Storm. Proceedings of the Academy of Veterinary Consultants Summer Meeting, Denver CO, July 30-August 2, 2014, pp. 1-19, http://avc-beef.org/proceedings/2014-2/Chase.pdf.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fulton RW, dOffay JM., Eberle, R., Moeller, R. B., Campen, H. V., O'Toole, D., Chase, CCL, Miller, MM, Sprowls R, Nydam DV. Bovine herpesvirus-1: Evaluation of genetic diversity of subtypes derived from field strains of varied clinical syndromes and their relationship to vaccine strains. Vaccine, in press.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Park, K., M. Rajput, L.J. Braun, C.C.L. Chase. Effect of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) on bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells. 94th annual meeting of the Conference for Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago IL, December 8-10, 2013, Abstract 61P.


Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience was dairyman, cow-calf producers and veterinarians. In these subject areas over 30 seminars were given to dairyman, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US and Canada to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. A 2-day seminar on BRDC will be held in conjunction with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants in Colorado Springs CO in August 2014. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Five undergraduate students, 4 graduate students and two visiting scientists were involved in this project. This provided training opportunities in virology, immunology, cell biology and molecular biology. The following meetings were also attended to increase professional development: 25th Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture- New Developments in Immunity, Nutrition, and Management of the Preruminant Calf, May 28-30, 2013; 2013 Joint Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) and America Society of Animal Science (ASAS), Indianapolis, IN, July 8-12, 2013; NC-1192 An Integrated Approach to Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease Technical Committee Meeting, Milwaukee WI, September 18, 2013. 46th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Milwaukee, WI, September 19-22, 2013. 94th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 8-10, 2013. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? In these subject areas over 30 seminars were given to dairyman, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. A 2-day seminar on BRDC will be held in conjunction with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants in Colorado Springs CO in August 2014. There were two publications in the popular press. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Share isolates with collaborating states. 2. Study the effect of BVDV and BHV-1 innate immunity i 3. Determine the effect of BHV-1 strain on dendritic cell function and antigen presentation. 4. Study the effect of BHV-1 and BVDV on neutrophil. monocyte and natural killer cell function 5. Study interactions with innate immunity and microbiome

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Project Summary: Continued monitoring will help track new and emerging diseases. Understanding immune interaction will help improve vaccine development. Improving handling and nutrition in the feedlot will have a positive effect on BRDC. Objective 1:Principal bacterial respiratory pathogens were similar to preceding years with Pasteurella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somnus being the most frequently isolated. This year we had only noncytopathic isolates of BVDV isolates and the number of BHV-1 from respiratory cases decreased over last years. We have also begun analyzing bovine coronavirus and bovine herpesvirus isolates to determine the genetic variation. We have also begun characterizing occurrence of BHV-1 vaccine strains. Objective 2:The effect of BVDV on autophagosome trafficking was studied. Current study using stable expressing MDBK-LC3-GFP cell line and the BVDV virus pair, cp TGAC and ncp TGAN revealed that BVDV infection induced autophagy in MDBK cells. There was no significant difference between cp or ncp strains of BVDV in autophagosomes formation (p <0.05). The autophagy inducing drug, rapamycin enhanced the viral replication while autophagy inhibiting drug, 3MA suppressed the viral replication. The co-localization study using, BVDV NS5A and E1 proteins with LC3 revealed that BVDV does not replicate in autophagosomes. Autophagy does not appear to influence cytopathic effects in in vitro cell culture. Objective 3. The effect of BHV-1 on Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation. This is a project we began in 2013 in collaboration with Dr. Alan Young Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at SDSU and Dr. Waithaka Mwangi at Texas A&M. Viruses that infect DC can have a devastating impact on the immune system. In this study we evaluated breed differences in generation of bovine MDDCs (monocyte derived dendritic cells) and the ability of BHV-1 to replicate in bovine MDDCs. Bovine monocytes were cultured with bovine recombinant GM-CSF (100ng/ml) and IL-4 (200ng/ml). Over a period of 5-7 days in culture, the monocytes differentiated into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). The MDDC had morphological and phenotypical characteristics similar to classical dendritic cells. The MDDC were positive for MHCI, MHCII, DEC205 and CD86 while they were negative for CD21 and CD14. The results showed that the fully differentiated MDDC produced infectious BHV-1 virus while viral RNA increased in MDDC through 144 hr after infection. Objective 4. The Genetics of Feedlot Health This station along with Texas, Illinois, Missouri, New York and Colorado are involved in the Genetics of Feedlot Health Project the project was performed in 2009 and 2010. This study looks at behavior, genetics, nutrition along withmicrobiology and immunology on respiratory disease and carcass quality. We have continued to analyze the immunological data and are analyzing cortisol and it relationship to overall antibody level and proinflammatory responses Objective 5. A USDA conference grant for 2014 BRD symposium was funded and the planning for the 2014 BRD Symposium was finalized. Objective 6. SD provided BRSV isolates toCA & GA. Also classes specific on bovine respiratory disease were taught to the advanced group of the Southern Great Plains Dairy Consortium-Teaching at Clovis NM in June 2013.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Chase C. Overview of IBR and effects on reproduction. 31A. Proceedings of Dr. Jack Walther 85th annual Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas, NV, February 17-21, 2013.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Chase C. Strategic vaccination: Trying to work around the ups and downs of the immune system. Proceedings of 22nd annual Northeast Dairy Production Medicine Symposium, Syracuse NY, March 22-24, 2013
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Chase C. Effective vaccination of the bovine neonate: challenges and opportunities. 25th ADSA Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture-New Developments in Immunity, Nutrition, and Management of the Preruminant Calf, Itasca IL, May 28-30, 2013.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Advantages of injected MLV vaccines. Angus Beef Bulletin Extra, November 20, 2013, Vol. 6:11.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Park, K., M. Rajput, L.J. Braun and CCL Chase. Effect of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells. 73rd annual meeting of the North Central Branch of the American Society for Microbiology, Brookings SD, October 11-12, 2013, Abstract 2-PP6, p. 31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bates KE, Weaber RL, Bormann JM, Moser DW, Salak- Johnson JL, Chase CCL, Peel RK, Van Campen H, Loneragan GH, Wagner JJ, Bodhireddy P, Prayaga K, Enns RM. Relationships among temperament, immune function, carcass merit in beef cattle. Proceedings of the 85th annual meeting of Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, Bozeman MT, June 19-21, 2013, 64:169-173
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Chase CCL. IBRV threatens reproductive performance. Hoards Dairyman, December 2013, p. 793.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: 47. Perry GA, AD Zimmerman, RF Daly, RE Buterbaugh, J Rhoades, D Scholz, A Harmon, CCL Chase. 2013. The effects of vaccination on serum hormone concentrations and conception rates in synchronized naive beef heifers. Theriogenology 79:200-205.


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Principal respiratory pathogens were isolated and identified. This station along with Texas, Illinois, Missouri, New York and Colorado are involved in the Genetics of Feedlot Health Project the project was performed in 2009 and 2010. This study looks at behavior, genetics, nutrition along with microbiology and immunology on respiratory disease and carcass quality. We have continued to analyze the immunological data and are analyzing cortisol and it relationship to overall antibody level and proinflammatory responses. We also have continued to look at the affect of age on vaccine memory responses. We also formed the planning committee for BRDC Symposium in August 2014 in Colorado Springs CO. We provided BVDV isolates for a series of studies to determine variation in genetic response to a monopathogen infection in cattle. These studies also included bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multicida and Histophilus somnus. A presentation was made at the NCBA Cattlemen's College on BRD in Nashville TN in February 2012. Also classes specific on bovine respiratory disease were taught to the advanced group of the Southern Great Plains Dairy Consortium-Teaching at Clovis NM in June 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Christopher Chase, Principal Investigator; Lyle Braun, Senior Microbiologist; Dr. Alan Young, Department of Veterinary Science, SDSU; Dr. Larry Holler, Department of Veterinary Science, SDSU; Dr. Mark Enns, Colorado State University; Dr. Amelia Woolums, University of Georgia; Egyptian Education and Cultural Bureau Training Grant. Opportunities were provided for both undergraduate and graduate training in research methods, scientific writing and data analysis. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience was dairyman, cow-calf producers and veterinarians. In these subject areas over 30 seminars were given to dairyman, cow calf producers and veterinarians in the US to share information to improve productivity in their herds and veterinary practices. A 2-day seminar on BRDC will be held in Colorado Springs CO in August 2014. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Principal bacterial respiratory pathogens were similar to preceding years with Pasteurella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somnus being the most frequently isolated. This year we had more cytopathic BVDV isolates than NCP and the number of BHV-1 was also higher than in past years. Continued monitoring will help track new and emerging diseases. Understanding how to enhance vaccine responses will help improve bovine respiratory disease prevention.

Publications

  • Chase C. The activation of the immune system-it doesnt get a free ride. 27th annual Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference Proceedings, Tempe AZ, February 23-24, 2012, pp. 1-6.
  • Innate immunity in the bovine, Part 1. Bovine Veterinarian, May-June 2012, p. 10-13.
  • Maximizing innate immunity, Part 2. Bovine Veterinarian, July-August 2012, p. 24-27.
  • Chase C. Primary Responses to Vaccinations. Proceedings of the 11th annual Oregon Veterinary Conference, Corvallis OR, March 16-18, 2012, CD-ROM.
  • Chase C. Vaccinate Cows-Why and When Proceedings of the 11th annual Oregon Veterinary Conference, Corvallis OR, March 16-18, 2012, CD-ROM.
  • Rajput MKS, Braun LJ, Ridpath JF, Mwangi W, Darweesh MW, Chase CCL. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects and replicates viral RNA but does not produce infectious virus in bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Abstract P27-8. 31st annual meeting of the American Society of Virology, Madison, WI, July 21-25, 2012.
  • Chase C. How to Get the Most Out of Your Vaccination Program. Proceedings of the Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle Conference, Sioux Falls, SD, December 3-4, 2012, pp. 301-306.
  • Rajput MKS, Braun LJ, Ridpath JF, Mwangi W, Young AJ, Darweesh MW, Chase CCL. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) replication in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and significance of breed difference in its generation. 97th Annual Meeting of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Oacoma, SD, April 8-10, 2012, 91:250.