Progress 01/01/11 to 10/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In a 2015 field study at the Horticultural Field Lab at NC State University, zinnia cultivars representing six species were evaluated in plastic mulch with or without irrigation, and leaf mulch with irrigation. Plant height, stem length, flower diameter, plant dry weight, and powdery mildew and bacterial leaf and flower spot (BLFS) disease ratings were evaluated. Few differences were found in plant growth and flower quality of zinnias grown in plastic mulch with or without irrigation, and between plastic and leaf mulch plantings. However, plastic mulch slowed and reduced the development of BLFS, while leaf mulch favored continued BLFS development. Powdery mildew developed over time in both mulch treatments, but reached the highest severity ratings in the plastic mulch. Significant differences were found among cultivars and species for plant growth, flower quality, and disease severity ratings which could be used in a breeding program. Growers may benefit by using plastic mulch for BLFS control. In the 2015, commercial cultivars of zinnia representing four species were evaluated in two greenhouse trials (five and seven weeks after establishment) for water stress tolerance. Three irrigation treatments based on soil water content (SWC) were imposed for eight days: 80% SWC (control), 60% SWC (mild stress), and 30% SWC (severe stress). After rehydration, the plants were then subjected to one of three wilt levels: W1 (initial flagging of leaves), W2 (leaves resting towards the stem of the plant), and W3 (complete reduction of leaf surface area as leaves lost turgidity). Evaluations included baseline and posttreatment stomatal conductance, hours to wilt, soil water loss, soil water potential, hours to recovery from wilt, and plant dry weight. All zinnia cultivars and species exhibited very high levels of water stress tolerance. No cultivar in the SWC pretreatments or at W3 reached wilt permanently, even with extremely low soil water potential. SWC pretreatment had little effect on evaluations, cultivars, and trials. However, increasing levels of wilt, in general, resulted in increased hours to wilt, greater soil water loss, lower soil water potential, longer hours to recovery, and smaller plant dry weight. Plant age also affected zinnia cultivar response and recovery from water stress. Hours to wilt and plant dry weight appeared to be the more reliable measurement of water stress tolerance. In 2016, diallel crosses (including self-pollinations) were made among Z. violacea 'Orange King' and 'Oklahoma Pink', Z. haageana 'Aztec Sunset', and Z. peruviana 'Red Spider' in the greenhouse to determine interspecific cross compatibility. Embryo fertilization was studied by excising pollinated floret ovaries at 14 and 28 days after pollination. Embryo sacs were stained with 2% acetocarmine and evaluated under the microscope to determine if successful fertilization had occurred. The number of pollinated florets was compared to fertilized ovules within a cross. Pollen viability tests were also made. Overall, there were very few stained embryos observed in any of the crossed or self-pollinated cultivars. Although the plants grew normally, produced numerous flowers, and viable pollen, it is not known whether greenhouse environmental factors or pollination method may have affected fertilization or embryo development. Crosses between the two Z. violacea cultivars had the largest number of embryos. No embryos were found in the crosses 'Orange King' x 'Aztec Sunset', 'Orange King' x 'Red Spider', and 'Aztec Sunset' x 'Oklahoma Pink'. Only the crosses 'Oklahoma Pink' x 'Aztec Sunset' and 'Aztec Sunset' x 'Orange King' at 28 DAP produced five and four embryos, respectively, indicating that this interspecific cross may be possible.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Ms. Alexa Wright completed her MS degree in the Department of Horticultural Science at NCSU on July 12, 2016. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Write up results from Alexa Wright's thesis for publication.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In a 2015 field study at the Horticultural Field Lab at NC State University, zinnia cultivars representing six species were evaluated in plastic mulch with or without irrigation, and leaf mulch with irrigation. Plant height, stem length, flower diameter, plant dry weight, and powdery mildew and bacterial leaf and flower spot (BLFS) disease ratings were evaluated. Few differences were found in plant growth and flower quality of zinnias grown in plastic mulch with or without irrigation, and between plastic and leaf mulch plantings. However, plastic mulch slowed and reduced the development of BLFS, while leaf mulch favored continued BLFS development. Powdery mildew developed over time in both mulch treatments, but reached the highest severity ratings in the plastic mulch. Significant differences were found among cultivars and species for plant growth, flower quality, and disease severity ratings which could be used in a breeding program. Growers may benefit by using plastic mulch for BLFS control. In the 2015, commercial cultivars of zinnia representing four species were evaluated in two greenhouse trials (five and seven weeks after establishment) for water stress tolerance. Three irrigation treatments based on soil water content (SWC) were imposed for eight days: 80% SWC (control), 60% SWC (mild stress), and 30% SWC (severe stress). After rehydration, the plants were then subjected to one of three wilt levels: W1 (initial flagging of leaves), W2 (leaves resting towards the stem of the plant), and W3 (complete reduction of leaf surface area as leaves lost turgidity). Evaluations included baseline and post-treatment stomatal conductance, hours to wilt, soil water loss, soil water potential, hours to recovery from wilt, and plant dry weight. All zinnia cultivars and species exhibited very high levels of water stress tolerance. No cultivar in the SWC pretreatments or at W3 reached wilt permanently, even with extremely low soil water potential. SWC pretreatment had little effect on evaluations, cultivars, and trials. However, increasing levels of wilt, in general, resulted in increased hours to wilt, greater soil water loss, lower soil water potential, longer hours to recovery, and smaller plant dry weight. Plant age also affected zinnia cultivar response and recovery from water stress. Hours to wilt and plant dry weight appeared to be the more reliable measurement of water stress tolerance. In 2016, diallel crosses (including self-pollinations) were made among Z. violacea 'Orange King' and 'Oklahoma Pink', Z. haageana 'Aztec Sunset', and Z. peruviana 'Red Spider' in the greenhouse to determine interspecific cross compatibility. Embryo fertilization was studied by excising pollinated floret ovaries at 14 and 28 days after pollination. Embryo sacs were stained with 2% acetocarmine and evaluated under the microscope to determine if successful fertilization had occurred. The number of pollinated florets was compared to fertilized ovules within a cross. Pollen viability tests were also made. Overall, there were very few stained embryos observed in any of the crossed or self-pollinated cultivars. Although the plants grew normally, produced numerous flowers, and viable pollen, it is not known whether greenhouse environmental factors or pollination method may have affected fertilization or embryo development. Crosses between the two Z. violacea cultivars had the largest number of embryos. No embryos were found in the crosses 'Orange King' x 'Aztec Sunset', 'Orange King' x 'Red Spider', and 'Aztec Sunset' x 'Oklahoma Pink'. Only the crosses 'Oklahoma Pink' x 'Aztec Sunset' and 'Aztec Sunset' x 'Orange King' at 28 DAP produced five and four embryos, respectively, indicating that this interspecific cross may be possible.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Wright, A. 2016. Effect of plastic and leaf mulch and irrigation production practices, water stress tolerance, and interspecific cross compatibility in zinnia cultivars and species. MS thesis. NC State University
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Two presentations of research results were made at the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers annual conference during March 2-3, 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two presentations were made at the Association of Cut Flower Growers Annual Meeting in Atlanta during 2015. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Nine zinnia species that are current available as commercial varieties will be evaluated and compared for plant growith and development and disease response under three field plantings. Zinnia species will be evaluated for water stress tolerance and recovery in two greenhouse trials at NSCU. Interspecific matings and interspecific incompatilitly evaluations will be made among crosses will be made among five species of zinnia.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Growers use a wide variety of field production practices to produce field grown cut flowers. Limited research has been done to determine the effect of these practices on stem yield, stem length, flower diameter, and other traits, as well as the cost of different production practices. We conducted two field studies to compare planting methods and plant densities and season-long vs. succession plantings of cut flower crops that are commonly grown in North Carolina, with the aim of providing growers with information that may be used to increase the productivity and lower the costs of their farming practices. Zinnias are an important cut flower crop in many areas, but the cut flower species, Z. violacea, is susceptible to disease. We believe that resistant cut flower zinnias are achievable through interspecific breeding methods, as resistance to the primary diseases is available in other zinnias species. The purpose of our research was to evaluate zinnia species to determine their pollination mechanisms and DNA content using flow cytometry. We also evaluated different solutions and applications of oryzalin as a means to obtain a safer method for chromosome doubling in interspecific zinnia hybrids. Two field studies were conducted in 2014 and 2015. Study one compared two cut flowers varieties, zinnia 'Benary Giant Scarlet' and sunflower 'Pro Cut', using two planting methods and two planting densities. No significant differences were observed in 'Scarlet' stem length and flower diameter in direct-seeded vs. transplanted, but higher stem yields were obtained at the higher plant density. However, at the higher plant density, greater disease severity of powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) was observed. Direct-seeded 'Pro Cut' had significant longer stem length and larger flower diameter compared to the transplanted plots. In study two, season-long vs succession plantings were compared in two cut flower zinnias, 'Scarlet' and 'Zowie Yellow Flame'. 'Scarlet' had the longest average stem length and largest flower diameter with two succession plantings. No differences in stem length and flower diameter were found in 'Zowie'. Season long plantings produced more total stem yield for both 'Scarlet' and 'Zowie'. Lower levels diseases were observed in the later succession plantings. The fixed costs of the direct-seeded cut flower crops were less than those of transplanted crops. Fixed costs increased consistently with succession plantings. Tetraploids were induced in seedlings of Z. violacea 'Oklahoma White' and Z. angustifolia 'Crystal Orange' using three concentrations of oryzalin solution. Oryzalin was an effective mitotic inducer in 'Oklahoma White' when double application were applied at higher concentrations. Oryzalin was less effective in inducing polyploids in 'Crystal Orange'. No correlations were found between the leaf stomata guard cell lengths and 2C DNA values for treated seedlings. Pollination mechanisms (self-incompatible, partially incompatible, and compatible) were evaluated for 16 varieties of Zinnia from two subgenera, Diplothrix and Zinnia, and two sections, Mendezia and Zinnia, in the subgenus Zinnia. Five or more flowers per plant were self-pollinated using insect exclusion bags to prevent outcrossing in the greenhouse. For cross-pollination, a mixture of pollen from flowers of other plants of the same variety was applied to five or more flowers per plant. The flowers were harvested at approximately 28 days after pollination and the seed were sown in the greenhouse under a mist system. 'Scarlet' was planted as a control for germination. All species from subgenus Diplothrix were self-incompatible, although the results were not conclusive as greenhouse environmental conditions at that time impacted overall germination rates of this group. In section Mendezia, Z. greggii and Z. maritima also did not produced fertile seeds from self-pollination. Other species from section Zinnia were partially incompatible, with the exception of Z. peruviana, which was confirmed as a compatible species. The genome size (2C DNA) of varieties in Sections Mendezia and Zinnia, as measured by flow cytometry analysis, were significantly different. Section Mendezia had comparatively smaller and consistent genome size (1.9 to 2.5 pg), while the DNA content in section Zinnia varied from 3.3 to 4.8 pg depending on the species and variety. Zinnia tenuifolia 'Red Spider' had very similar pg values to that of Z. peruviana. As the DNA content and other morphological traits of 'Red Spider' were nearly identical those of Z. peruviana, we believe that 'Red Spider' is not a separate species, but is Z. peruviana. In a breeding program, the removal of male disk florets will be required for partially incompatible and compatible species to prevent the development of self-pollinated seed during hybridization.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Gu, Yu. 2015. Cut flower production and economic analysis, polyploid induction in two zinnia cultivars, zinnia pollination mechanisms, and DNA content of zinnia species. MS thesis. NC State University. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/10506
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Carlson, A.S., J.M. Dole, A.G. Matthysse, W.A. Hoffman, and J.L. Kornegay. 2015. Bacteria species and solution pH effect postharvest quality of cut Zinnia elegans. Scientia Hort. 194: 71-78.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Dole, J.M., A.S. Carlson, H.M. Granitz, I.F. McCall, and J.L. Kornegay, 2015. Vase life of new cut flowers. Proc. VIIIth IS on New Ornamental Crops & XIIth Intl. Protea Research Symp. Eds.: B. Gollnow and R. McConchie. Acta Hortic. 1097, ISHS 2015
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The NC cut flower growers are the primary target audience for this project, but this research may be relevant to cut flower growers throughout the Southeast United States. Changes/Problems: After some initial studies with Eucomis pineapple lilies, we decided not to continue with this species as it was not a cut flower crop of importance to NC cut flower growers. We continue to work on production research with a number of annual cut flower crops including zinnia, celosia, sunflower, and cosmos. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of the cut flower production and postharvest evaluation trials were published in the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers trade journal, The Cut Flower Quarterly 26(1): 28-30. The new NC State Cooperative Extension Service Cut Flower website (http://cutflowers.ces.ncsu.edu) was open to the public in July 2013. The main menu categories include: Welcome, Cultivar Trials, Postharvest Trials, Production, NC Cut Flowers, and Publications. Within each main menu there are various submenus. The site also features cultivar fact sheets, weed management recommendations, and pest and disease management guides. Dr. Kornegay gave a lecture titled 'Zinnias!' to the Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum . What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Production studies will be conducted to 1) evaluate planting density and planting method in annual cut flower crops, and 2) evaluate season long vs succession plantings of annual crops. Flower quality traits, stem yield and disease response under the different production methods will be measured. Approximately 17 species and varieties of Zinnia will be evaluated in the field at the Horticultural Field Lab for resistance to two major diseases (powdery mildew and bacterial leaf and flower spot). We will also determine the DNA content in eight zinnia species using flow cytometry methods. Studies will be undertaken to use oryzalin and cochicine to induce ploidy formation in several zinnias speices to aid in interspecific crosses.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In 2012 and 2013, a survey was conducted among NC cut flower growers to determine their production and marketing practices, and to identify their biggest concerns. Forty-five responses were received from a representative sample of growers from different areas of the state. Results were analyzed to obtain a current portrait of the growing industry. Over 70% of farms have been growing cut flowers commercially for less than 10 years. The majority of farms are small with an acre or less in flowers; many also produce other agricultural commodities. Most of the farms are organic (75%), but only 14% are certified organic or certified naturally grown. By far, most cut flower production (81%) is field grown in open ground. The crops are highly diverse with producers growing up to 40 varieties of flowers from over 75 different species. Annuals comprise over half of all crops grown, followed by bulbs (20%), herbaceous perennials (14%), and woody perennials (8%). Most farms trial new varieties yearly, but only 25% make significant changes to what they grow on a yearly basis. Most farms have cold storage facilities (71%) and use commercial floral preservatives (56%), although only 37% use hydrating solutions. Approximately 79% of farm sales are retail, and 66% of retail sales are made at farmers markets. Most farms (80%) utilize social media or an online farm blog to promote their flowers. Of the 75 different species of cut flowers identified in the survey, many of which are old favorite varieties, 31 varieties, which had not been previously tested, were selected for field performance and production studies at the Horticultural Field Lab in Raleigh, NC and stage one postharvest studies. A subset of these varieties was also evaluated at the Mountain Horticultural Research and Extension Center in Mills River, NC. The results of these studies benefit NC cut flower growers by helping them select the most productive and longest lasting cut flower varieties for their farms. Survey respondents also noted that weed control is one of their biggest production challenges. Research was conducted to expand the weed control options for cut flower growers by 1) increasing the number of preemergence herbicides labeled for specific cut flower species, 2) documenting the effects of weed competition on cut flower production, and 3) comparing the safety and efficacy of a herbicide-impregnated mulch with other weed control treatments. Weed competition in weedy check plots greatly impacted plant quality and marketable stem production. Weed control provided by hardwood mulch was comparable to that of the least effective herbicide tested. Herbicide-impregnated Preen Mulch Plus provided over 90% weed control both years and was among the top performing treatments in the study. Pendulum 2 GR, Snapshot 2.5 G, Freehand 1.75 GR, Preen Southern Gardens 0.27 GR, Barricade 4 L, Pennant Magnum 7.62 EC, and Preen Mulch Plus (trifluralin 0.0032% and isoxaben 0.0008%) did not injure Ammi, Platycodon and Eryngium. Freehand 1.75 G and Pennant Magnum 7.62 EC were safe on Ammi and Platycodon but caused injury to Eryngium and Amaranthus. Amaranthus was also injured by Barricade 4 L. Nigella was injured by Snapshot 2.5 G, Freehand 1.75 G, and Barricade 4 L. All treatments appeared safe on Solidago. Having current knowledge of the diversity of cut flower species/varieties and production units in the state allows researchers to concentrate their efforts on relevant crops and production practices. This benefits growers by helping them tailor production to best management recommendations for each species or variety grown, saving them time and money, and improving the quality of their product. With reliable and up-to-date information and new research-based information and technologies from the NC State Floriculture Program, we expect that both new and established growers will be able to able to improve their production practices and expand cut flower sales and markets.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Granitz H. M., 2014. Improving the North Carolina cut flower industry: A production and marketing survey, field and postharvest cut flower variety evaluations, preemergence herbicide trials on unlabeled cut flower crops (http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/9708/1/etd.pdf)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Granitz, H., J. Kornegay, C. Safely, J. Dole, and J. Neal. 2013. The North Carolina cut flower industry: Results of a production and marketing survey. HortSci. 48(9)S: 228
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Granitz, H.M., J.M. Dole, J. Kornegay, A.S. Carlson, and I.F. McCall. 2014. Postharvest treatment of specialty cut flowers. NC State University Report for 2013. The Cut Flower Quarterly 26(1):28-30.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Out of 174 North Carolina cut flower growers contacted, 45 completed a 55 questions production and marketing survey. This information is part of a MS thesis by Halley Granitz under the direction of Dr. Julia Kornegay. Approximately 35 growers, landscapers and garden center employees attending the the Landscape Color Field day t the Horticultural Field Lab at NC State University and toured the cut flower trials with my two graduate students. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Two MS graduate students are being trained on this project: How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The postharvest evaluation of the cut flower trials has been published and the results posted on the newly created cut flower website (cutflowers.ces.ncsu.edu) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? A third graduate student will begin controlled innoculation studies of 30 zinnia germplasm lines representing seven species for resistance to bacterial leaf and flower spot in greenhouse trials. These same materials will also be evaluated in the field for bacterial leaf and flower spot and powdery mildew resistance. Lines showing high levels of resistance will be intercrossed and crossed to cut flower types to determine the inheritance of resistance and general combining ability. Other field trials will be conducted to evaluate the effect of planting density, planting method (transplant or direct seeded), and successional plantings on zinnia yield, flower quality , and disease response throughout the growing season.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1) To better understand the production and marketign practices and constraints of the NC cut flower industry, a survey of 45 cut flower growers was conducted.. 2) Approximately 40 cutflower crops and cultivars identified in the NC grower survey were field tested for flower yield, flower quality, plant vigor, and postharvest vase life, and the best performers identified 3) Thirty zinnia cultivars encompasing four species were field tested for disease resistance to powdery mildew and bacterial leaf and flower spot at the Horticulture Field Lab at NC State University. Cultivars with high to medium levels of resistance were identifed in Zinnia angustifolia, Z. haageana, and Z. peruviana, but not in Z. violacea, the primary cut flower species, which were susceptible.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Granitz, H.M., J.M. Dole, J. Kornegay, Carlson, A.S., and I.F. McCall. 2013. Postharvest treatment of specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 24(1):26-29.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project was initiated in January 2011. In January, 2012, I was awarded a NCDA/USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant to 1) conduct a production and marketing survey of NC's cut flower industry; 2) evaluate the major cut flower crops and cultivars grown in NC for yield, flower quality, pest and disease constraints, and vase life; 3) evaluate and update weed management recommendations and practices; and 4) establish a Cut Flower Information Portal website for information developed by the NC State Floriculture Program and others. Based on the cut flower industry survey, 40 commonly grown cuts flower crops were evaluated at the NCSU Horticulture Field Lab in a RCB design for adaptation, flower yield, and postharvest vase life during the 2012 summer. A second field study evaluated 30 zinnia cultivars (encompassing four species) for adaptation, vigor, and disease resistance, primarily powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum DC) and bacterial leaf and flower spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Zinnia). Several species and cultivars showed high levels of resistance to one or more of the diseases and these materials will be used as parents in a breeding program. A third field trial evaluated 13 weed control practices on cut flower crops with very few labeled herbicide options. These trials included mulches and herbicide-impregnated mulch comparisons, as well as 9 herbicide treatments. These trials will be repeated in 2013. Interviews with two NC cut flower growers were videoed, as well as the field trials. These videos will be posted on a new cut flower website being developed as part of this program. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals who have worked on this project include: Dr. John Dole, Professor, Dept. of Horticultural Science, NCSU Dr. Joe Neal, Professor, Dept. of Horticultural Science, NCSU Dr. Charles Safley, Professor, Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, NCSU Training: Ms. Halley Granitz, MS student, Dept. of Horticultural Science TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
As this is a new project, there are no outcomes/impacts to report as of yet.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This is a new project that was initiated in January 2011. To better understand the cut flower industry in NC, I developed and was awarded a NCDA/USDA Specialty Crops Grant for $91,682 to start on January 1,2012. The purpose of the grant is to 1) conduct a production and marketing survey of NC's cut flower industry; 2) evaluate major cut flower corps and cultivars grown in NC for yield, flower quality, pest and disease constraints, and vase life; 3) evaluate and update weed management recommendations and practices; and 4) establish a Cut Flower Information Portal to serve as a clearinghouse of information, fact sheets and guides developed by the NC State Floriculture Program and others. Breeding was initiated with Zinnia and Eucomis species. Zinnia germplasm was obtained from the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center and commercial seed companies and planted in the greenhouse. Intra- and inter-specific crosses were made among zinnias species and hybrid F1s were obtain. Three species of Eucomis were obtained from a commercial bulb grower and grown in the greenhouse and field. Intra- and inter-specific crosses were made among the greenhouse grown plants and hybrid seed obtained. PARTICIPANTS: The participants in the project contributed to the development of the NCDA/USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant which was awarded in 2011 to begin in 2012. The majority of the participants are members of the NC State University floriculture program. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
As this is a newly initiated project, there were no outcomes or impacts to describe within this reporting period.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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