Progress 08/15/11 to 08/14/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Targeted audiences reached included conventional and organic fruit and vegetable producers in North Carolina and Virginia, extension agents, the crop protection industry, and the scientific community attending stink bug working group meetings and Entomological Socient of America National Meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Components of the project provided research training for three MS graduate students, including participation in a professional meeting to present results for one graduate student. Funds from the project also partially supported the training of a post-doctoral research associate, and providing mentoring opportunities for four undergraduate students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to targeted audiences via oral presentations at commodity and scientific meetings, presentations at field days, extension publications on the biology and management of BMSB, and through websites targeting both the agricultural community and the general public. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Non-managed forested areas are a key habitat for the early season buildup of BMSB populations and also serve as a season-long reservoir for dispersal to agricultural crops. To understand the role of different plant species in BMSB population dynamics, plants in forest hotspots were surveyed over a 3-year period from 2011 to 2013 in the southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. The most common hosts on which BMSB were observed included was most commonly found on tree of heaven, paulownia, catalpa, yellowwood, cherry, walnut, redbud, and grape. In addition to the above species, in southwestern VA, BMSB was also found at a relatively high frequency on southern magnolia, crepe myrtle, and mimosa. Considering the important role that forest hosts play in BMSB ecology, this information will be useful in helping to define the risk of certain fields and/or crops to BMSB infestation. Female BMSB were dissected weekly to determine the timing of mature ovarian development and diapause induction. In western NC, two generations were completed in 2012, but only a small partial second generation was completed in 2011, 2013 and 2014. In all years, first eggs were observed in late May, and first generation adults emerged between mid July (2012) and early August (2013), with the timing of emergence corresponding to the accumulation of approximately 540 DD (base of 15°C) beginning on May 25. Agricultural crops were also sampled to monitor the seasonal abundance of BMSB among different habitats. Movement of BMSB into peaches, vegetables (peppers and tomatoes), apples, and soybeans was observed in June, early July, early August, and early September, respectively. The distribution of BMSB in NC and VA was estimated by monitoring populations across both states in soybean fields during September, a preferred host at this time. Results showed that high populations are widely distributed across the piedmont and mountain regions of both states, but occur at extremely low numbers in the coast plain region. The reason for the low BMSB establishment rate in the coastal plain is unknown, but host plant availability will be investigated. Sentinel egg masses were used to assess the impact of natural enemies of native stink bugs on BMSB biological control in different habitats. In 2013, a total of 30,423 egg masses were deployed in commercial vegetable fields (tomato and pepper) and apple orchards, and predators accounted for only 4.0% mortality and parasites emerged from only 0.06%. Telenomus podisi and Anastatus reduvii were the two most common parasitoid species emerging from eggs. In addition, 24% of eggs failed to hatch, and many of these were later found to be parasitized, but wasps did not complete development. Laboratory studies confirmed underdeveloped parasites. In 2014, 14,053 sentinel eggs were deployed in vegetable fields, apple orchards, and BMSB host trees in forests. Across all habitats, approximately 60% of eggs hatched, with predation accounting for 22% mortality and parasites emerging from <0.5%. 12% of eggs failed to hatch and were suspected of being parasitized. In contrast, almost 70% of native stink bug species (brown and green stink bug) eggs were parasitized. Greenhouse studies were conducted to assess damage symptoms of BMSB to pepper and tomatoes. Damage symptoms occurred only on fruit, and was indistinguishable from native brown and green stink bug damage. Abundance and severity of BMSB damage to apples was assessed by caging BMSB adults on fruit at three wk intervals from mid June through late September. While damage inflicted earlier in the season was more severe (i.e., corking of fruit at feeding sites was wider and deeper into the fruit) than late season damage, damage at all time periods resulted in the fruit being unmarketable. In addition, stink bugs caged on fruit in late September failed to cause damage, suggesting they were no longer feeding. Surveys of vegetable, apples and peaches in western NC in 2012-04 found very little damage to conventional commercial fields, but organic farms had severe injury to vegetables. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of various insecticides for control of BMSB on fruit and vegetable crops. The most efficacious products belonged to the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid class of chemistry, but there was variation within these classes. Among the neonticotinoids, the most effective were dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, while bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, lamda-cyhalothrin and zeta cypermethrin. Neonicotinoids were also tested for their efficacy against BMSB on vegetables when applied through drip irrigation systems. Dinotefuran was most effective, but only provided about 3-wk residual control.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Bickerton, M.W. 2012 Wild host utilization of halymorpha halys and implications for its establishment in the southeaster US. Annual Meeting of Enotmological Society of America. Nov 12, 2012.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Suits, R. and J. Walgenbach. 2013. Impact of natural enemy popualtions on Halymorpha halys in organic and conventional
vegetables in western North Carolina. Ent. Soc. Am. Annual Meeting. Austin, TX, November 2013.
Bakken, A.J., and J. Walgenbach. 2013. BMSB damage to apples at different growth stages. BMSB IPM Working Group
Meeting. December 2013..
Walgenbach, J.F. 2013. Fate of BMSB sentinel egg masses in NC agroecosystems. BMSB IPM Working Group Meeting.
December 2013.
Walgenbach, J.F. 2013. Update on brown marmorated stink bug in the southern US region. BMSB IPM Summer Working Group Meeting, Bridgeton, NJ. June 11, 2013.
Kuhar, T.P. 2013. Efficacy of insecticides for controlling tomato pests including brown marmorated stink bug. Tomato Session - 2013 New Jersey Agriculture Convention and Trade Show, Feb 4-6; Atlantic City, NJ.
Aigner J.D., T.P Kuhar, and K.L. Kamminga. 2013. Do soil applied neonicotinoids provide control of brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) in vegetables? 2013. Entomological Society of America, Eastern Branch Annual Meeting 2013, March 16 19; Lancaster, PA.
Aigner, J.D. and T.P. Kuhar. 2013. The potential of systemic neonicotinoids in controlling BMSB in vegetables. Oral Presentation: Georgia Entomological Society Annual Meeting 2013, April 10 12; Dawsonville, GA.
Kuhar, T.P, J.D. Aigner, and C.R. Philips. 2013. Management of brown marmorated stink bug in vegetable crops. Oral presentation: Georgia Entomological Society Annual Meeting, April 10-12; Dawsonville, GA.
Lohr, A.K., T.P. Kuhar, B.L. Aigner, J.D. Aigner and C.R. Philips. 2013. Maximum lethal temperature and its potential use in predicting the distribution of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) in the US. Entomological Society of America, Eastern Branch Annual Meeting 2013, March 16 19; Lancaster, PA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Basnet, S., L.M. Maxey, C. Laub, T.P. Kuhar, and D.G. Pfeiffer. 2014. The stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) community in primocane-bearing raspberries in southwestern Virginia. J. Entomol. Sci.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Aigner, J.D. and T.P. Kuhar. Relative toxicity and field efficacy of soil-applied neonicotinoids for control of Halyomorpha halys (St�l) in fruiting vegetables. In Review Florida Entomologist
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bakken, A.J. 2014. The Biology and Ecology of Stink Bugs and Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, in North Carolina Tree Fruit Orchards. M.S. Thesis, NC State University, Raleigh, NC
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Walgenbach, J.F., S.C. Schoof and D.A. Tussey. 2014. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in NC. NC Coop. Ext. Service Fact
Sheet.
http://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/brown-marmorated-stink-bug-in-north-carolina-3/
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kuhar, T., J. Whalen, G. Dively, J. Walgenbach, and S. Fleischer. 2014. Chemical Control Guidelines for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Sweet Corn. Technical bulletin publication of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug IPM Working Group in conjunction with the Northeastern IPM Center posted Online http://www.StopBMSB.ORG , March 10, 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kuhar, T.P., J. Hogue, D.A. Herbert, C. Blank, J.D. Aigner. 2014. Population dynamics of brown marmorated stink bugs on wooded borders and their movement into soybean fields in Virginia. The 85th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, March 15-18, 2014, Williamsburg, VA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Kamminga, K., T. Kuhar, A. Wimer and D. A. Herbert. 2012. Effects of the insect growth regulators novaluron and diflubenzuron on the brown marmorated stink bug. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2012-1212-01-RS.
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Progress 08/15/13 to 08/14/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience reached included conventional and organic fruit and vegetable growers in North Carolina and Virginia, extension agents, the crop protection industr, and the scientific community attending attending Stink Bug Working Group Meetings and Entomological Society of America meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This project provided training experience for two undergraduate biology majors graduate, and helped support research of graduate student working in the area of insecticidal control of BMSB, and who presented papers at two professional meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Information generated from this project was presented at several professional scientific and stakeholder extension meetings. Two presentations were made at the BMSB Working Group Meeting in December 2013, two were also made at the Entomological Society of American Annual Meeting in November 2013, one at the Eastern Branch ESA meeting in March 2014, and four extension presentations to commodity groups (NC Tomato Growers, WNC Organic School, Annual Winter Vegetable Conference, and Southeatern Apple Meeting). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Surveys of host plant utilization by BMSB were continued in western regions of NC and VA throughout 2013. As in previous years, all life stages were commonly found on Paulownia, Catalpa and Tree of Heaven in both states. Additional hosts on which relatively high numbers of bugs were detected in NC included yellowwood, black walnut, wild grape. In VA, high numbers were also detected on chokehcherry, and mimosa. These hosts are all important sources of BMSB in non-managed wooded habits NC and VA, and are important early season hosts for buildup of populations and dispersal to other crops. Sentinel egg masses were used to assess the impact of natural enemies of native stink bugs on BMSB biological control in different habitats. A total of 30,423 egg masses were deployed in commercial vegetable fields (tomato and pepper) and apple orchards, and predators accounted for only 4.0% mortality and parasites emerged from only 0.06%. Anastatus reduvii and Telenomus podisi were the two most common parasitoid species emerging from eggs. In addition, 24% of eggs failed to hatch, and many of these were later found to be parasitized, but wasps did not complete development. Laboratory studies confirmed underdeveloped parasites. Studies also continued on evaluating insecticides for control of BMSB. Dose-response studies were completed for four neonicotinoids and ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 ppm, and field experiments demonstrated that drip-irrigation applied imidacloprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and chlothianidin all significantly reduced damage below the control in tomatoes and peppers. Finally surveys were conducted in fall 2013 and summer 2014 in commercial vegetable fields and apple and peach orchards in the mountain and piedmont regions of NC to assess the economic impact of BMSB on these crops. The frequency with which BMSB has been detected in commercial operations has increased each year, and was detected in almost 30% of fields sampled. However, the incidence of damage fruit was low in all fields except for organic vegetables, which damage levels of >50% were commonly observed. The greatest incidence of infestation among orchard crops was in the Brushy Mountain production region.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Suits, R. and J. Walgenbach. 2013. Impact of natural enemy popualtions on Halymorpha halys in organic and conventional vegetables in western North Carolina. Ent. Soc. Am. Annual Meeting. Austin, TX, November 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bakken, A.J., and J. Walgenbach. 2013. BMSB damage to apples at different growth stages. BMSB IPM Working Group Meeting. December 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Walgenbach, J.F. 2013. Fate of BMSB sentinel egg masses in NC agroecosystems. BMSB IPM Working Group Meeting. December 2013.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Walgenbach, J.F., S.C. Schoof and D.A. Tussey. 2014. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in NC. NC Coop. Ext. Service Fact Sheet.
http://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/brown-marmorated-stink-bug-in-north-carolina-3/
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kuhar, T., J. Whalen, G. Dively, J. Walgenbach, and S. Fleisher. 2014. Chemical Control Guidelines for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Sweet Corn. Technical Bulletin publication of the BMSB Stink Bug IPM Working Group in conjunction with the NE IPM Center posted online. http://www.stopbmsb.org/?LinkServID=BAB4153C-0806-6F1B-8CA453567C19406A&showMeta=0
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Aigner, J.D., and T.P. Kuhar. Relative toxicity and field efficacy of soil-applied neonicotinoids for control of Halyomorpha halys (Stal) in fruiting vegetables. Florida Entomologist.
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Progress 08/15/12 to 08/14/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Audience includes fruit and vegetable growers, county extension personnel, the crop protection industry, scientific community, and the general public in NC and VA. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Several undergraduate biology majors were supported by this project during the summer months, which provided them research training in applied ecology. The project also supported a graduate student who worked in the area BMSB host plant utilization, and presented a paper at the ESA Annual Meeting. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Information generated from this project was presented at several conferences and field days during the past year. Conferences included the Winter Vegetable Conference in Asheville, NC, Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Meeting in Hershey, PA, and the Southeastern Apple Growers Meeting in Asheville, NC. A workshop on BMSB geared towards small vegetable growers and home gardeners was also conducted in Hickory, NC. Finally, information on BMSB research was presented at NC State’s Apple and Peach Field Day (August 2012) Tomato Field Day (Aug 2013) held at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Mills River, NC. Finally, a BMSB website to provide background information on BMSB in NC and it’s distribution with the state is maintained by J. Walgenbach’s program at the Mtn. Hort. Crops Res. & Ext. Ctr., Mills River, NC. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/apple/entomology/BMSB/index.html What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Due to extensive crop loss in the 2012 peach and apple crop in NC, there is a need to repeat studies on orchard crops to assess the efficacy of different insecticide programs against BMSB and effects on secondary pests. Work will also continue on characterizing damage caused by different life stages to different phenological growth stages of tomatoes and peppers. Additional surveys of host plants utlized by BMSB will be conducted, as will surveys of BMSB damage to vegetables and orchard crops to assess damage.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Surveys of host plant utilization by BMSB revealed similar preference for host plants in both states. In 2012 and during surveys early in 2013, plants on which BMSB were most commonly found in VA included Paulownia, magnolia, jimson weed, fig tree and catalpa. In NC, the most common hosts during this time were tree of heaven, yellowwood, catalpa, paulownia, cherry and locust. Interestingly, the top 10 hosts on which BMSB were detected were also the top 10 hosts for the native green stink bug and rough stink bug, but the host range of the native brown stink bug and BMSB did not overlap. The abundance of BMSB was also limited by geographic distribution, with BMSB highly abundant in central and western NC and VA, but present in extremely low numbers in the coastal plains areas; in fact, no BMSB were detected in surveys in the coastal plains of eastern NC. The reason for the relative absence of BMSB in the coastal plains area is unknown, although higher temperatures and absence of key wild hosts are suspected to playing a role. Studies to determine the number of generations completed by BMSB showed that two generations were completed: first eggs by overwintering adults were observed in mid May, and first and second generation adults emerged in mid-July and mid to late August, respectively. Dispersion of second generation adults to overwintering sites started during the third week of September, and was 90% complete by early October. Studies to assess the impact of native natural enemies on BMSB eggs in non-managed habitats and in cropping systems have shown that parasitism by parasitoids of native stink bug eggs (primarily Trissolcus spp.) is extremely low, with less than 1% of BMSB eggs parasitized, while almost 75% of brown and green stink bug eggs are parasitized. Predation by native predators was also very low, with only 5 to 10% of BMSB eggs preyed upon. Surveys of BMSB in 2012 showed that BMSB had a negligible impact on the production or economics of commercial vegetable or tree fruit production. Surveys of fields in the piedmont and mountains of NC found that BMSB was detected in less than 5% of sample fields, and in those fields where it was detected it was present in very low numbers. To date in 2013, BMSB have been detected with greater frequency – almost 30% of fields. Damage assessments will be conducted later in the season. Studies in 2011 identified several neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides effective against BMSB. In 2012 and 2013, studies focused on evaluating materials with other insecticides to develop programs that manage the range of pests in fruiting vegetables and apples. In vegetables, drip applications of dinotefuran and clothianidin provided a minimum of 3 weeks residual activity and were superior to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. In apples bifenthrin and dinotefuran, both previously shown to effectively control BMSB, did not flare European red mite populations.
Publications
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in North Carolina
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/apple/entomology/BMSB/index.html
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Bickerton, M.W. 2012. Wild host utilization of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and implications for its establishment in the southern United States. 10-min paper, ESA Annual Meeting, Nov. 12, 2012. Knoxville, TN.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Walgenbach, J. 2013. Update on the brown marmorated stink bug in the southern region. BMST IPM Working Group Meeting. June 11, 2013. Bridgeton, N.J.
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Progress 08/15/11 to 08/14/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overarching goals of this project are to determine the role of various managed and non-managed habitats on the population ecology of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), and to develop management strategies to minimize crop losses in tree fruits and vegetables. Specific objectives include: 1) Quantify stink bug species richness and abundance, and the phenology, and natural enemy complex of BMSB in different habitats in NC and VA; 2) Determine incidence and severity of BMSB damage in tree fruit and vegetable crops in NC to quantify the economic impact of the insect and determine its spread/abundance in the state; and 3) Determine effects of different insecticides on BMSB, and develop use guidelines for tree fruits and vegetable crops. A diversity of habitats, including trees and shrubs in non-managed woods and crops were sampled for stink bugs throughout the year at three locations each in NC and VA - eastern shore, piedmont and mountain areas. This sampling provided information on the temporal importance of different hosts for BMSB and native stink bug species, and the vulnerability of different crops for attack by BMSB. Crops were also systematically sampled at regular intervals to determine the incidence and severity of stink bug damage to BMSB versus native stink bug species. Finally, a diversity of insecticides were screened in laboratory bioassays for toxicity to BMSB to help provide guidance in selecting effective insecticides in different cropping systems. PARTICIPANTS: James F. Walgenbach - principal investigator responsible for all aspects of project. Mark Abney - co-PI responsible for research in eastern NC. Thomas Kuhar - co-PI responsible for research in VA Kathy Kamminga - Post-doc responsible for coordination or research in VA Matt Bickerton - Ph.D. graduate student working on research in NC. Sarah Hinshaw - undergraduate student working as assistant in NC TARGET AUDIENCES: Included fruit and vegetable growers, county extension personnel, the crop protection industry, scientific community, and the general public in NC and VA. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
In 2011 and 2012, a total of 9,145 stink bugs were collected from 89 differ plant species in NC and VA. BMSB was the key species occurring in the mountains of both VA and NC, accounting for greater than 90% of all stink bug species in the mountain regions. The abundance of BMSB declined from the western to eastern VA and NC, with BMSB accounting for greater than 90% of all stink bug species in the mountain regions, about 50% in the central piedmont region, and less than 1% in eastern VA and NC, the latter typically referred to as the coastal plain region. The most common plants on which BMSB were sampled included catalpa, tree of heaven, paulownia, yellowwood, mimosa, cherry and walnut. The top 10 tree species on which stink bugs were collected were the same for BMSB (85 and 97% in VA and NC, respectively) and the native green stink bug and rough stink bug (72 and 100%, respectively), indicating these three species may share a similar ecological niche. Very few native brown stink bugs were observed on trees, because it is not an arboreal species. Samples in commercial apple orchards, vegetable fields and soybean fields found very low numbers of BMS in these habitats in the western regions, with late-season soybean being the most commonly infested crop. Sentinel BMSB egg masses placed in a non-sprayed apple orchard detected no parasitism on any of the 10 sample dates from May through August. Of a total of 2839 BMS egg masses discovered in non-managed habitats, only 4.7% were parasitized. Insecticide screening results revealed that several neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to BMSB. Nymphs were generally more susceptible than adults, and among the neonicotinoids the most toxic were dinotefuran, chlothianidin, and thiamethoxam, which had average nymphal/adult mortality rates of 90, 72, and 75%, respectively. Several pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to both BMSB adults and nymphs, with beta cyfluthrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and etofenprox all having greater than 90% mortality averaged across adult and nymphal bioassays. Endosulfan was the only older-chemistry insecticide with greater than 80% mortality against both nymphs and adults.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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