MYCOTOXINS: BIOSECURITY, FOOD SAFETY AND BIOFUELS BYPRODUCTS (NC129, NC1025)

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0223838
• Project No.: KS1183
• Multistate No.: NC-_OLD1183
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2010
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2015

Project Director
Smith, J .

Recipient Organization
KANSAS STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MANHATTAN,KS 66506

Performing Department
Animal Science & Industry

Non Technical Summary
Mycotoxins that associated with crops contamination can adversely affect animal and human health and result in economic losses to multiple sectors of the agriculture community including the producer, handler, processor and potentially end-user. Mycotoxins are also important due to their toxicity that can reduce crop yields and animal-product output. It may also endanger animal and human health and well-being. Mycotoxins play a global role in human and animal health; their effects are well documented such as Fusarium mycotoxins include fumonisins (neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and carcinogenesis), T-2 toxin (hemorrhage, enteritis, and immune suppression), deoxynivalenol (DON; decreased weight gain), zearalenone (estrogenic), and fusarochromanone (bone deformation). Thus, the adverse effects of mycotoxins are usually related to the mycotoxin type. Mycotoxin such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, and ochratoxins are considering carcinogens to human/animal. However, the national toxicology program (National Institutes of Health) and WHO (World Health Organization) lists zearalenone as a carcinogen in mice but not in rats. Currently, there is little data on contamination of grain products and thus exposure and hazard analysis are difficult to determine. New methods to monitor and treat contaminated grain would benefit domestic consumers and provide a safe grain food supply.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
206	2299	1060	33%
712	1520	1060	33%
712	1540	1060	34%

Knowledge Area
206 - Basic Plant Biology; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins;

Subject Of Investigation
2299 - Miscellaneous and new crops, general/other; 1540 - Hard red winter wheat; 1520 - Grain sorghum;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems);

Keywords

animal protection, mycotoxins, food safety, livestock, human health,

toxicity

Goals / Objectives
1. Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health 2. Establish integrated strategies to manage and to reduce mycotoxins contamination in cereal and distiller's grains. 3.Define the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis and the molecular relationships among mycotoxigenic fungi.

Project Methods
Yearly field surveys for mycotoxins will be performed on Kansas grain crops in various areas of the state. This data will give a precise idea about the frequency of mycotoxin occurrence in Kansas and should help determine factors critical to prevent contamination in the future. This will assist to accesses risks associated with mycotoxins and prepare the US agricultural governmental agencies to deal effectively with a mycotoxin outbreak. Identify the environmental factors that effect mycotoxins contamination of cereal and distillers grain, this including studies on the interaction of multiple factors that effect mycotoxins growth and contamination. Survey of current operations will be initiated to better understand the extent of raw grain contamination and how that relates to the finished distiller's grains products. We will explore new sample preparation approaches for analysis of different mycotoxins simultaneously in various types of grain products. Mass spectrometry analytical methods, particularly using liquid chromatography for mycotoxins, will be developed to provide a wider application, easy of sample preperation, and higher sensitivity.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Industry/commodity groups, food processors, and regulatory agencies (FDA, FSIS). Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A survey for mycotoxins in grain storage elevator (Farmers Cooperative Association, 3384 Excel Road, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502) was conducted in September, 2015, and early October, 2015. Eight different corn samples were collected at different dates from Farmers Cooperative Association grain elevator and tested for the presence of aflatoxin, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). The main object of this project was to collect information on the contamination levels of natural toxins in corn storage elevators in central Kansas. ELISA test was used to measure fumonisin, DON, and aflatoxin contamination. Only four samples were contaminated with fumonisin. The fumonisin levels in four samples were 4.55, 3.81, 3.38, and 4.90 ppm which is considered a very low level because the allowable limit of fumonisin in human diet is 2 ppm, in beef and chicken diet is 30 ppm, and swine diet is 20 ppm. All the samples showed a negative result for aflatoxin contamination. In all samples, DON level was also below than the allowable limit and ranged from 0.00 to 0.01 ppm. The allowable levels of DON in human, cattle and chicken, and swine diet are 1, 5, and 1 ppm respectively. This year weather was not extreme therefore, the results were negative and it also showed a proper harvesting and storage of grains.

Publications

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Industry/commodity groups, food processors, and regulatory agencies (FDA, FSIS). Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A survey for mycotoxins in grain storage elevator (Farmers Cooperative Association, 3384 Excel Road, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502) was conducted in late September, 2014, early October, 2014, and early November, 2014. Seven different corn samples were collected at different dates from Farmers Cooperative Association grain elevator and tested for the presence of aflatoxin, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). The main object of this project was to collect information on the contamination levels of natural toxins in corn storage elevators in central Kansas. ELISA test was used to measure fumonisin, DON, and aflatoxin contamination. Only three samples were contaminated with fumonisin. The fumonisin levels in seven samples were very low ranged from 0.01 ppm to 7.71 ppm which is considered a very low level because the allowable limit of fumonisin in human diet is 2 ppm, in beef and chicken diet is 30 ppm, and swine diet is 20 ppm. All the samples showed a negative result for aflatoxin contamination. In all samples, DON level was also below the allowable limit and ranged from 0.00 to 0.01 ppm. The allowable levels of DON in human, cattle and chicken, and swine diets are 1, 5, and 1 ppm respectively. This year's weather was not extreme therefore, the results were negative and it also showed proper harvesting and storage of the grains.

Publications

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Industry/commodity groups, food processors, regulatory agencies Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A survey for mycotoxins in grain storage elevator (Farmers Cooperative Association, 3384 Excel Road, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502) was conducted in late September, 2013 and early October, 2013. Seven different corn samples were collected at different dates from Farmers Cooperative Association grain elevator and tested for the presence of aflatoxin, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). The main object of this project was to collect information on the contamination levels of natural toxins in corn storage elevators in central Kansas. ELISA test was used to measure fumonisin, DON, and aflatoxin contamination. Only three samples were contaminated with fumonisin. The fumonisin levels in three samples were 2.99, 4.54, and 7.79 ppm which is considered a very low level because the allowable limit of fumonisin in human diet is 2 ppm, in beef and chicken diet is 30 ppm, and swine diet is 20 ppm. The level of fumonisin in the rest of the samples ranged from 0.06 to 0.42 ppm whereas, all samples showed a negative result for aflatoxin contamination. In all samples, DON level was also below than the allowable limit and ranged from 0.24 to 0.47 ppm. The allowable levels of DON in human, cattle and chicken, and swine diet are 1, 5, and 1 ppm respectively. This year the weather was not extreme therefore, the results were negative and it showed a proper harvesting and storage of the grains.

Publications

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a variety of moulds on several agricultural commodities. It has been estimated that at least 25% of the grain produced each year worldwide is contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are presented in the food chain either due to fungal infection of crops or by being eaten directly by humans or by being used as livestock feed. The chemical structure of the mycotoxins resists decomposition or being broken down in digestion and they can be found in meat and dairy products. Even temperature treatments, such as cooking and freezing, do not destroy some mycotoxins. Several factors affect formation of mycotoxins in agricultural commodity including; weather, moisture, and temperature, insect injury, mechanical damage, and harvest time. In addition, continuous monitoring of the occurrence of mycotoxins in regional area will give a precise idea about the frequency of mycotoxins contamination and would help prevent their contamination in the future. PARTICIPANTS: J. Smith and J. Leslie TARGET AUDIENCES: Grain producers, food processors, government regulatory agencies and scientists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No significant changes.

Impacts
A survey for mycotoxins in grain storage elevators (Farmers Cooperative Association, Manhattan, KS) and Manhattan Kansas area was conducted in late September, 2012. Three different corn samples were collected from different areas around Manhattan and four samples from the Farmers Cooperative Association grain elevator. From each location about 500 g of fresh corn kernel was collected at different date and tested for the presence of aflatoxin, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). The main object of this project was to collect information on the contamination levels of natural toxins in corn storage elevators in central Kansas. ELISA test were used to measure fumonisin, DON, and aflatoxin contamination. All samples were contaminated with fumonisin. The fumonisin levels in two samples were 443 and 308 ppm which is considered a very high level. The level of fumonisin in the rest of the samples ranged from 12 to 20 ppm. Three out of seven samples were contaminated with aflatoxin in the range of 1 to 2.5 ppb. In all samples, DON was also detected with levels ranging from 20 to 60 ppb. The allowable limit of fumonisin in human diet is 2 ppm, in beef and chicken diet is 30 ppm, and swine diet is 20 ppm. Moreover, the allowable levels of DON in human, beef and chicken, and swine diets are 1, 5, and 1 ppm respectively. These positive result in the tested samples are likely due to the extreme weather conditions (drought) and the harvest time.

Publications

• No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a variety of moulds on several agricultural commodities. It has been estimated that at least 25% of the grain produced each year worldwide is contaminated with mycotoxins. Several factors affect formation of mycotoxins in agricultural commodity including; weather (moisture and temperature), insect injury, mechanical damage, and harvest time. In addition, continuous monitoring of the occurrence of mycotoxins in regional area will give a precise idea about the frequency of Mycotoxins contamination and would help prevent their contamination in the future. PARTICIPANTS: J. Smith and J. Leslie TARGET AUDIENCES: Grain producers, food processors, government regulatory agencies and scientist PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No significant changes.

Impacts
A survey for Mycotoxins in grain storage elevators was conducted in late October, 2011. Eight corn samples were collected from three different grain elevators in Kansas including four from K.C. processing Co. Inc. in Manhattan Kansas, two from Farmers Union Co-op business association in Wamego Kansas, and two from Farmers Union Co-op business association in Belvue Kansas. From each location about 500 g of fresh corn kernel was collected at different date and tested for the presence of aflatoxin, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). The main object of this project was to collect information on the contamination levels of natural toxins in corn storage elevators in central Kansas. Reveal lateral flow immunochromatographic assay test kits were used to monitor aflatoxin and ELISA test was used to measure fumonisin and DON contamination. Out of eight samples, four were contaminated with fumonisin and all of the samples were contaminated with DON at low levels. No aflatoxins were detected in the scanned samples. The levels of fumonisin ranged from 3.92 to 2.18 ppm while the level of DON ranged from 0.22 to 0.43 ppm. The allowable limit of fumonisin in human diet is 2 ppm, in beef and chicken diet is 30 ppm, and swine diet is 20 ppm. Moreover, the allowable levels of DON in human, beef and chicken, and swine diet are 1, 5, and 1 ppm, respectively. This positive result of natural mycotoxins in the tested samples could be due to the weather conditions and late harvest time.

Publications

• No publications reported this period