Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Scientific community, growers, regulators, and students Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The following trainees benefited directly from this project through educational and training opportunities: Laurel Dodgen - Ph.D. student in Environmental Toxicology program, received her Ph.D. degree in June 2014 and is now a postdoctoral scientist at Univ. Indiana; Sherry Wu - Postdoctoral scientist who worked on this project for three years and is not at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Jeremy Conkle - Postdoctoral Scientist who worked on this project part-time and is now an Assistant Professor at Texas A&M Corpus Christi Juying (Irene) Li - visiting Ph.D. student from Zhejiang University who worked on this project part-time and is now a faculty member at Shenzhen University in China There are several undergraduate students who served as laboratory assistants during this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to the scientific community through oral and poster presentations by the project director, postdoctoral scientists and graduate students at national and international meetings, to stakeholders including growers and water districts through education and outreach meetings and presentations What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In arid and semi-arid regions (e.g., American Southwest), municipal treated wastewater is becoming an important water source to augment agricultural irrigation, thus enhancing the long-term sustainability of agriculture that is currently impacted by water scarcity due to urbanization, droughts, and climate change. An emerging threshold issue to this reuse, however, is the potential transfer and accumulation of trace contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal products (PPCPs) from the recycled water to edible plant tissues. At present, our collective knowledge on this topic is very limited. We proposed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PPCPs by common vegetables that were irrigated exclusively with treated wastewater. We carried out growth-chamber and greenhouse hydroponic experiments to characterize the uptake and translocation of PPCPs by using 14C-labeled compounds and non-labeled compounds, and quantified levels of PPCPs in the edible tissues of lettuce, cabbage, bell pepper, tomato, carrot, spinarch, cucumber and celery in field plots irrigated solely with treated wastewater. In addition, we nvestigated fate processes in soil that would affect the availability of PPCPs for plant uptake, including sorption and transformation pathways of commonly occurring PPCPs. Results from this project has greatly enriched our knowledge about plant uptake and accumulation of PPCPs from soil during treated wastewater irrigation. To date we have published a total of 9 peer-reviewed journal articles. Most of these publication have appeared in tor tier journals in the field of environmental sciences, including 2 papers in Environmental Science & Technology (top-ranked journal in Environmental Sciences), 3 articles in Environmental Pollution (tier 1), 1 article in Environmental International (tier 1), 1 article in Water Research (tier 1), and 1 article in Journal of Chromatography A (tier 1). In addition, we are preparing one journal manuscript and one review article for submission. The study findings collectively will be of great value to future efforts for understanding the human toxicological significance of potential PPCP occurrence in food sources, and for developing options that promote the safe use of treated wastewater in agriculture.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Li, J.Y., Q.F. Ye, and J. Gan. 2014. Degradation and transformation products of acetaminophen in soil. Water Research 49: 44-52.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Dodgen, L., J. Li, X. Wu, Z. Lu, and J. Gan. 2014. Transformation and removal pathways of four PPCP/EDCs in soil. Environmental Pollution 193: 29-36
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Wu, X.Q., J. Conkle, F. Ernst, and J. Gan. 2014. Treated wastewater irrigation: Uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products by common vegetables under field conditions. Environmental Science & Technology 48: 11286-11293.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Dodgen, L., A. Ueda, X.Q. Wu, D. Parker, and J. Gan. 2015. Effect of transpiration on plant accumulation and translocation of PPCP/EDCs. Environmental Pollution 198: 144-153.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 12/31/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Scientific community, water districts, sanitation districts, entities using or regulating the use of treated wastewater, and the general public. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? During the reporting period, training was provided to two Ph.D. students, two postdoctoral scientists, as well as two undergraduate students at UC Riverside. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Study findings were reported at the American Chemical Society meeting in Indianapolis in September 2013, and at the Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC) meeting in Nashville, TN, in November, 2013. At the ACS meeting, our presentation was selected for press release via live interview. To date, a total of 6 articles have been published in top journals (ES&T, Environmental Pollution, Environment International, and J. Chromatogrphy A) in the field of Environmental Science. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We are in the process of studying the effect of organic amendment on the transformation of common PPCPs in soil, and have just initiated preliminary experiments to study metabolism of selected PPCPs in plant tissues. These studies represent a significant extension beyond the goals of the original proposal and are expected to lead to new directions of research.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In arid and semi-arid regions (e.g., American Southwest), municipal treated wastewater is becoming an important water source to augment agricultural irrigation, thus enhancing the long-term sustainability of agriculture that is currently impacted by water scarcity due to urbanization, droughts, and climate changes. An emerging threshold issue to this reuse, however, is the potential transfer and accumulation of trace contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal products (PPCPs) from the recycled water to edible plant tissues. At present, our collective knowledge on this topic is essentially blank. In this project, we proposed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PPCPs by common vegetables that are irrigated exclusively with treated wastewater. To date we completed the development of analytical methods for the analysis of trace level residues of a range of PPCPs in plant tissues. The optimized method was validated using cabbage, lettuce, spinach, carrot, and bell pepper, and the study was published in the first-tier "Journal of Chromatography A". We further employed this method and evaluated the relative accumulation of 20 PPCPs into lettuce, spinach, tomato, and cucumber plants under hydroponic condition in the greenhouse. We identified those PPCPs that have a high potential for accumulation and translocation within plants. The study results were published in Environmental International. In addition, we have completing a field-plot study where 8 common vegetables were grown in the field plots that were irrigated with tertiary treated water with or without PPCPs spikes at 200 ng/L. A total of 8 vegetables, including cucumber, tomato, carrot, bell pepper, lettuce, spinach, celery and cabbage, were used. Sample analysis was completed, and a manuscript is currently under internal review and will be submitted soon. Concurrent to these experiments, we have also used 14C labeling techniques to study plant uptake of PPCPs under hydroponic conditions, and characterize the transformation pathways of common PPCPs in soils. Three manuscript were published or accepted for publication, including one published in Environemntal Science & Technology, one in Environmental Pollution, and the other accepted for publication in Water Research.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wu, X.Q., F. Ernst, and J. Gan. 2013. Comparative uptake and translocation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) by common vegetables. Environmental International 60: 15-22.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Dodgen, L., D. Parker, and J. Gan. 2013. Uptake and accumulation of four PPCP/EDCs in two leafy vegetables. Environmental Pollution 182: 150-156.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Li, J.Y., L. Dodgen, Q.F. Ye, and J. Gan. 2013. Degradation kinetics and metabolites of carbamazepine in soil. Environmental Science & Technology 47: 3678-3684.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Li, J.Y., Q.F. Ye, and J. Gan. 2014. Degradation and transformation products of acetaminophen in soil. Water Research (in press)
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In arid and semi-arid regions (e.g., American Southwest), municipal treated wastewater is becoming an important water source to augment agricultural irrigation, thus enhancing the long-term sustainability of agriculture that is currently impacted by water scarcity due to urbanization, droughts, and climate changes. An emerging threshold issue to this reuse, however, is the potential transfer and accumulation of trace contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal products (PPCPs) from the recycled water to edible plant tissues. At present, our collective knowledge on this topic is essentially blank. In this project, we proposed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PPCPs by common vegetables that are irrigated exclusively with treated wastewater. To date we completed the development of analytical methods for the analysis of trace level residues of a range of PPCPs in plant tissues. The optimized method was validated using cabbage, lettuce, spinach, carrot, and bell pepper, and the study was published in the first-tier "Journal of Chromatography A". We further employed this method and evaluated the relative accumulation of 20 PPCPs into lettuce, spinach, tomato, and cucumber plants under hydroponic condition in the greenhouse. We identified those PPCPs that have a high potential for accumulation and translocation within plants. In addition, we are completing a field-plot study where vegetables are grown in plots that are irrigated with tertiary treated water with or without PPCPs spikes at 0.5 ppb. A total of 8 vegetables, including cucumber, tomato, carrot, bell pepper, lettuce, spinach, celery can cabbage, are used. Most plants have been harvested and sample analysis is under way. Concurrent to these experiments, we have also used 14C labeling techniques to study plant uptake of PPCPs under hydroponic conditions, and characterize the transformation pathways of common PPCPs in soils. Two manuscripts have been submitted for publication, of which one has been accepted for publication. We have presented some of our results at the Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC) meeting in Long Beach, 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Jiri Simunek, Jeremy Conkle, Laurel Dodgen, Juying Li, Sherry Wu, and Fred Ernst; Collaborators: Darren Haver, UC Cooperative Extension, Orange County TARGET AUDIENCES: Scientific community, water districts, sanitation districts, and entities using or regulating the use of treated wastewater PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
To date we have made several important discoveries that will greatly enhanced our knowledge about plant accumulation of PPCPs from treated wastewater irrigation. 1) We developed a multi-residue sample preparation and analysis method and this method may be used by others to quantitatively determine PPCP residues in plant tissues and food produces. 2) We have explored and identified PPCPs that are most susceptible for plant accumulation, and this list of PPCPs may be used for further evaluation by the others under field conditions. 3) We have found properties of PPCPs that influence of PPCP accumulation by plants and this information may be used to screen PPCPs that may have high risk for plant accumulation. 4) We have discovered the transformation pathways of carbamazepine and acetaminophan in soil and identified the transformation metabolites; this information may be used for improving risk assessment of these compounds.
Publications
- 1). Wu, X.Q., J. Conkle, and J. Gan. 2012. Multi-residue determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products in vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A.1254: 78-86. 2). Li, J.Y., L. Dodgen, Q.F. Ye, and J. Gan. Degradation kinetics and metabolites of carbamazepine in soil.Environmental Science & Technology (in press) 3). Wu, X.Q., F. Ernst, and J. Gan. Comparative uptake and translocation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) by common vegetables. Environmental Science & Technology (submitted) 4). Li, J.Y., Q.F. Ye, and J. Gan. Degradation and transformation products of acetaminophen in soil. Water Research (submitted) 5). Dodgen, L., D. Parker, and J. Gan. Uptake and Accumulation of Four PPCP/EDCs in Two Leafy Vegetables. Environmental Pollution (submitted)
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In arid and semi-arid regions (e.g., American Southwest), municipal treated wastewater may become an important water source to augment agricultural irrigation, thus enhancing the long-term sustainability of agriculture that is currently impacted by water scarcity due to urbanization, droughts, and climate changes. An emerging threshold issue to this reuse, however, is the potential transfer and accumulation of trace contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal products (PPCPs) from the recycled water to edible plant tissues. At present, our collective knowledge on this topic is essentially blank. In this project, we proposed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PPCPs by common vegetables and strawberry that are irrigated exclusively with treated wastewater. We proposed to carry out greenhouse hydroponic experiments to characterize the uptake and translocation of PPCPs by using 14C-labeled compounds, and quantify levels of PPCPs in the edible tissues of lettuce, cabbage, bell pepper, tomato, carrot, parsley, radish, and strawberry in field plots irrigated solely with treated wastewater. In addition, we proposed to investigate fate processes in soil that affect the availability of PPCPs for plant uptake, and evaluate the leaching risk of PPCPs through field monitoring and numerical simulation. This project will provide the much needed baseline information on the potential occurrence of PPCPs in fresh produces from reuse of wastewater. In the first year of this project we have completed two separate experiments evaluating mineralization and degradation of selected PPCPs (bisphenol A, nonylphenol, diclorfenac, naproxen, carbamazepine, acetaminophen) using 14C labeled compounds. In addition, we have completed an experiment where lettuce and collards were grown in nutrient solutions amended with 14C labeled compounds (diclofenac, bisphenol A, nonylphenol and naproxen) in growth chambers. We are at the early stage of data analysis. We have presented some of our preliminary results at the Soil Science Society of America meeting. PARTICIPANTS: Participants: Jiri Simunek, Jeremy Conkle, Laurel Dodgen, Juying Li, Sherry Wu, and Fred Earnt; Collaborators: Darren Haver, UC Cooperative Extension, Orange County TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
We are still at the early stage of data analysis. The preliminary results showed that different PPCPs have very different stability in soil, and that amendment of compost significantly inhibited the degradation of PPCPs. Plant roots accumulated the most of 14C from the nutrient solution, while leaves contained relatively low levels of 14C-PPCPs.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
|