Progress 11/15/13 to 11/14/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Researchers, human health risk assessors,and environmental managers. Changes/Problems: We set up controlled studies in the greenhouse focused on EDC uptake into potted citrus trees. However, over the course of the study, the sap-flow sensors that were placed on the trees apparently killed them all. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training was provided to a graduate student working with reclaimed water and some of the same compounds. Student was trained how to derivatize samples and analyse by gc-ms. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results presented at professional meetings (Project Directors meeting and Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry), a local meeting of the Treasure Coast chapter of the Florida Association of Environmental Professionals, and to various high school groups on tours. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? This is the final year of the project.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During this last year, we conducted studies using 14C-labeled compounds and tomatoes in a soil-plant system. Mass balances are currently being computed and the data will be published in peer-reviewed literature.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Wilson PC. 2015. Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water. J. Hazardous Materials
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in irrigation waters from southern Florida. Clean - Soil Air Water
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Wilson PC. 2014. Bioaccumulation of Steroid Hormones in Food Crops through Irrigation with Reclaimed Water. Abstract Book of the 35th Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 9-13, Vancouver, B.C.
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Progress 11/15/10 to 11/14/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Researchers, human health risk assessors, environmental and crop managers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Two graduate students and a post-doctoral associate were trained using methods developed in this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been dissiminated through traditional publication in peer reviewed journal articles, presentations at professional meetings, presentations at a local meeting of the Treasure Coast Association of Environmental Professionals, and numerous high school groups on tours. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Reclaimed watermay serve as a valuablealternative water source for crop production. However, chemical contaminants present in the water may bioconcentrate in edible parts of the crops, making them unsuitable for human consumption. This project evaluated the potential worst-caseuptake and distribution of six contaminants known as endocrinedisrupting chemicals (EDCs).Lettuce and tomato crops were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse. Crops were exposed to the EDCs either in the nutrient solution, or by overhead spraying of the foliage in order to simulate crop exposure by subsurface and overhead irrigation methods. Crops were harvested and analyzed for the EDCs. Trace amounts of some compounds were found to redistribute throughout thecrops from the exposed sites. While most of the EDCs were detected in edible portions, concentrations were relatively low.A field study was also conducted on a citrus grove that had been irrigated for many years using reclaimed water. Water, soil, and fruit samples were takenover many months to determine"real-world" crop exposures. BPA, NP, E1, and E2 were the only compounds ever detected.Definitive conclusions regarding risks to human health are not possible for most of the compounds because of a lack of information regarding toxic effects thresholds for the compounds. Concentrations of EE2 were well below the typical theraputic dose used for birth control. Results from these studies provide insight into the potential exposure of food crops to contaminants in reclaimed water. All results are in the process of being submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals to make the data and project lessons available to all interested parties.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu. P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2015. Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water. J. Hazardous Materials (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2015. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in irrigation waters from southern Florida. Clean - Soil Air Water (accepted).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2013. Analysis of bisphenol a, nonylphenol and natural estrogens in vegetables and fruits using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61:84-89.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2012. Isotope Dilution-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Environmental Estrogens in Food Crops. J. Chromatography A 1258:128-135.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Lu J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2014. Bioaccumulation of Steroid Hormones in Food Crops through Irrigation with Reclaimed Water. Abstract Book of the 35th Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 9-13, Vancouver, B.C.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.C. Wilson, and P.J. Stoffella. 2013. Bioaccumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in food crops through reclaimed water irrigation. Abstract Book of the 34th Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, Nashville, TN.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wilson, P.C. and P.J. Stoffella. 2013. Progress report: Bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting compounds from recycled water in edible fruits and vegetables? Soil and Water Conservation Society 68th International Annual Conference, Reno, NV.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2012. Potential bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in leafy vegetables. Abstract Book of the 33rd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, Long Beach, CA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Lu, J., P.C. Wilson, and P.J. Stoffella. 2012. Development of an isotope dilution method for quantifying selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in fruit and vegetables. 2012 Land Grant and Sea Grant National Water Conference, Portland, OR.
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Progress 11/15/12 to 11/14/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Researchers and environmental managers. Changes/Problems: Due to some unexpected cost-savings, we've added another component to the project measuring the uptake of target contaminants by citrus trees from fruit-set in the greenhouse. Additional mass-balance studies are being conducted using radio-labeled tracer compounds in support of developing a model for predicting uptake by fruit and vegetables. This is possible through a one-year no-cost-extension to the project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Post-doc recieved one-on-one training from PI on development of gc-ms/ms analytical methods, troubleshooting, and maintenance of the gc-ms/ms system. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Publication of journal articles and abstracts. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Publish journal articles detailing uptake and potential bioaccumulation of the contaminants in lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, and citrus. We will also conduct tracer studies in support of developing a model for predicting uptake.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Developed an extraction and gc-ms/ms analysis method for quantifying selected alkylphenols and natural estrogens in fruit and vegetables destined for human consumption. Completed exposure studies with tomatoes, lettuce, and potatoes and are currently compiling manuscripts describing results.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2013. Analysis of bisphenol a, nonylphenol and natural estrogens in vegetables and fruits using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61:84-89
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Lu, J., J. Wu, P.C. Wilson, and P.J. Stoffella. 2013. Bioaccumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in food crops through reclaimed water irrigation. Abstract Book of the 34th Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 17-21, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wilson, P.C. and P.J. Stoffella. 2013. Progress report: Bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting compounds from recycled water in edible fruits and vegetables? Soil and Water Conservation Society 68th International Annual Conference, July 21-24th, Reno, NV, USA.
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Progress 11/15/11 to 11/14/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Continued exposing plants to the target EDCs hydroponically in solutions spiked with the target compounds in order to evaluate their potential uptake and accumulation in edible tissues. In addition, plants were also grown in non-spiked media and the target EDCs were applied to the foliage in water simulating overhead irrigation with reclaimed water. Also continued sampling of the citrus grove that has used reclaimed water for 20+ years. Validated two extraction and analytical methods for measuring target compounds in fruit and vegetable matrices. Isotope labeled standards of each compound, which were used as the internal standard (IS), and the surrogate beta-estradiol 17-acetate were added at the beginning of the extraction. The matrix was homogenized and extracted ultrasonically with acetone. The extract was then subjected to non-specific acid hydrolysis and trimethylsilyl derivatization. The derivatized samples were analyzed by GC-MS/MS or GC-MS/SIS. Both methods have been accepted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Results were presented at the National Water Conference (Portland, OR) and at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Long Beach, CA) meetings. PARTICIPANTS: No changes from last reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: We encountered difficulties growing the potatoes hydroponically. As a result, we shifted to a system using cleaned play sand to which the spiked irrigation water was applied.
Impacts
Both validated methods were accepted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. These robust methods provide other analysts with a gc-MS-based option for analyzing these compounds in complex plant matrices, which may especially be useful if the analyst does not have access to other types of analytical equipment (i.e HPLC-MS). The hydroponic studies with lettuce demonstrated that NP, BPA, and E2 could all accumulate in lettuce. The concentrations of NP, BPA, and E2 in leaves from the root exposure treatments were 137.08, 124.97, 176.09 ug/kg, respectively. Uptake was more efficient for foliar exposure treatment for all of the EDCs except for E1. The concentrations of NP, BPA, and E2 in leaves from the foliar exposure treatments were 176.17, 167.76, and 209.94 ug/kg. The bio-translocation factors (TF) from root to edible leaves for NP, BPA, and E2 in the root exposure treatments were 0.039, 0.520, and 0.863, respectively. The TF from leaf to root in foliar exposure treatments for NP, BPA, and E2 were 0.335, 0.636, and 0.281, respectively. The bioaccumulation of E1 was different from the other EDCs. E1 did not accumulate in the plants, but E2 did, suggesting that E1 is transformed into E2 in the plant. E2 concentrations in E1 exposure treatments (including foliar and root exposures) ranged from 38.62 to 99.44 ug/kg. Results indicate varying degrees of potential accumulation in crop plants and edible parts.
Publications
- 1) Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2012. Isotope Dilution-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Environmental Estrogens in Food Crops. J. Chromatography A 1258:128-135. 2) Lu, J., P.C. Wilson, and P.J. Stoffella. 2012. Development of an isotope dilution method for quantifying selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in fruit and vegetables. 2012 Land Grant and Sea Grant National Water Conference, May 20th-24th, Portland, OR. (abstract) 3) Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2012. Potential bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in leafy vegetables. Abstract Book of the 33rd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 11-15, Long Beach, CA, USA. (abstract)
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Progress 11/15/10 to 11/14/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Developed an isotope dilution method for determination typical endocrine chemicals (EDCs) in vegetables and fruits. Specific EDCs included: nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol (BPA), β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (17α-EE2). Isotope labeled standards of these EDCs were used as internal standards (IS) and β-estradiol 17-acetate was used as a surrogate. Fresh vegetable or fruit samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetone following acidification to prevent enzymatic degradation of the target compounds and addition of the internal standards and surrogate. The resulting extract was filtered, evaporated to dryness, and redissolved in acetonitrile before hydrolyzing them to release the EDCs from their conjugated forms. The free EDCs were then extracted with methyl chloride (10 ml). The extract was evaporated to dryness before being subjected to trimethylsilyl derivatization. A GC-MS analytical method was developed for analysis of the derivatized compounds. Four-n-NP, BPA, estradiol, and estrone were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry mode (MS/MS), while estriol and 17α-ethinylestradiol were analyzed using selected ion storage (SIS) mode due to their low peak intensities under MS/MS conditions. The methods were used to investigate translocation of EDCs into edible fruit and vegetables. PARTICIPANTS: 1) Patrick C. Wilson: Principal investigator and project director, managed personnel, fiscal matters, and project design. 2) Peter J. Stoffella: co-Principal investigator, provided guidance on culture plants and project design. 3) Jian Lu: Post-doctoral Associate, performed culturing, extraction, and analytical duties. Provided input for project design. 4) Jun Wu: Visiting Scientist/OPS Technician, provided assistance with culturing, extraction, and analysis duties. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: It was necessary to change the schedule for conduting the hydroponic studies in the greenhouse due to problems encountered with hydroponic culture of the potatoes. The potatoes would not tuberize during the summer months due to the long days. As a result, all of the studies were conducted with lettuce and are in various stages of completion for tomoatoes. The potatoe studies will be conducted during the fall/winter months of 2011/12 and 2012/13.
Impacts
Methods developed were found to be very robust. Samples of citrus grown using reclaimed municipal waste water indicated that NP, BPA, and E2 can be taken up by the trees and translocated to the fruit. Concentrations of NP, BPA, and E2 in citrus fruits were 63, 45, and 2 ug/kg. Hydroponic studies using lettuce indicated that NP, BPA, and E2 could all accumulate in lettuce, with concentrations (from root-only exposure) in the leaves of 137, 124, 176 ug/kg, respectively. Foliar exposure to irrigation water resulted in more efficient uptake of EDCs relative to root exposure, except for E1. The concentrations of NP, BPA, and E2 in leaves from the foliar exposure were 176, 167, 209 ug/kg. Studies with tomato confirmed translocation of EDCs to fruit. BPA concentrations from the root and foliage exposure treatments were 31 and 24 ug/kg. The bioaccumulation of E1 was quite different from other EDCs. The main form of E1 accumulated was E2, suggesting that E1 was first transformed into E2 and then taken up by the plant. E2 concentrations in E1 exposure treatments (foliar and root exposure) ranged from 38 to 145 ug/kg. This is the first such data indicating translocation of EDCs to edible food products.
Publications
- Lu, J., Wu, J., Wilson, P.C., and Stoffella, P.J. 2011. Analysis of bisphenol A in a leafy vegetable using an isotope dilution technique, liquid-liquid extraction, and gc-tandem ms analysis. Abstract Book of the 32nd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 13-17, Boston, MA, USA.
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