Progress 09/01/10 to 08/31/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association, Hawaii Tropical Flower Council, Hawaii Florists and Shippers Association, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, Orchid Growers of Hawaii, Hawaii Tropical Flower and Foliage Association, Protea Growers Association of Hawaii. Information is disseminated through workshop presentations and farm visits. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Results were reported to floriculture associations in Hawaii along with training in recognition of flower diseases and pests, and methods of treatment for potted plants and for cinders were taught to practitiioners. Farm staff assisted in surveys for insect and plant diseases, and learned pest inspection and recognition techniques from the researchers. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results were reported in on-farm visits, annual meetings of professional associations, and extension workshops. Professional associations particularly targeted in this project were the Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association, Hawaii Tropical Flower Council, Hawaii Florists and Shippers Association, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, Orchid Growers of Hawaii, Hawaii Tropical Flower and Foliage Association, Protea Growers Association of Hawaii. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This award was unfunded after the first year due to a change in federal funding practices in FY 2011. A survey of protea diseases on Maui determined that scab caused by Elsinoe sp. is the dominant disease on Leucospermum spp., or pincushion proteas. Drechslera leaf blight and stem dieback was also common; and an additional dieback problem of Protea spp. is becoming increasingly important, but its etiology is yet to be determined. Fifteen unreleased protea cultivars are under evaluation for pathogen resistance. A survey of orchid farms on Maui was also conducted to determine the distribution of thrips and factors associated with thrips outbreaks in flowers. The predominant pest species collected was a light colored variant of Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), similar to a variant also discovered to be present on the Island of Hawaii. Anecdotal evidence suggests a high level of pesticide resistance. There was indirect evidence that irrigation practices had an influence on thrips numbers, and enclosed greenhouses watered frequently had few or no thrips present. Anthocorid species are potential predatory biological control agents for thrips in ornamental greenhouses and shadehouses. Blush Macaranga is an attractive landscape plant that will readily bloom in pots and can be easily moved that provides a refuge for thrips predators. Promotion of this "banker" plant for Anthocorid spp. in nursery landscapes can provide a continuing source of biological control predators. The Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, is a recently discovered pest in Hawaii that is readily moved in nursery plant shipments. Five ant baits, including Probait, Advion, Extinguish Professional and Extinguish Plus were evaluated in laboratory no-choice bioassays, and hydramethylnon and a mixture of hydramethylnon and methoprene formulated with soybean oil on corn grit were more effective than indoxacarb or methoprene alone on com grit, or indoxacarb in peanut butter. In work with another quarantine pest easily moved in nursery pots, hot water showers were found to provide control of the Coqui Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Finally, the recent contamination of cinder media by Rotylenchulus reniformis nematodes in Hawaii requires growers to steam sterilize volcanic cinders used in producing potted plants for exports. Quarantine certification requirements for exporting potted plants mandated the center of the media to reach 71.1 degree Celsius to 93.3 degree Celsius for 30 minutes. Using the steam sterilizer developed in this study, no live reniform nematodes were detected in the treated cinders so long as a uniform distribution of steam throughout the media occurred. When properly performed, this treatment provides complete eradication of R. reniformis.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Tsang, M.M.C., Hara, A.H., and Shintaku, M.H. (2010). Thermal Tolerance of Propagative Anthurium Stem Cuttings to Disinfestation by Heat Treatment for Burrowing Nematodes and Bacterial Blight. Crop Protection 29: 525-531.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Hara, A.H., Jacobsen, C., Marr, S., and Niino-DuPonte, R.Y. (2010). Hot Water as a Potential Disinfestation Treatment for an Invasive Anuran, the Coqui Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui Thomas (Anura: Leptodactylidae) on Potted Plants. Inter. J. Pest Manage. 56: 255-263
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Hara, A. H., Cabral, S.K., Niino-DuPonte, R.Y., Jacobsen, C.M., and Onuma, K. (2010). Bait Insecticides and Hot Water Drenches Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Infesting Containerized Nursery Plants. Page 135-140 in Proc. 2010 Imported Fire Ant and Invasive Ant Conference. Little Rock, AR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Cabos, R., Hara, A.H.. and Tsang, M. (2010}. Steam Treatment of Volcanic Cinder Media for the Eradication of Rotylenchulus reniformis (abstract) European Society of Nematologists, Thirtieth International Symposium (page 164), Vienna, Austria. September 2010.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Cabos, R.Y.M. M.M.C. Tsang, A.H. Hara, and A. Kawabata. 2012. Eradication of Rotylenchulus reniformis from a volcanic cinder medium using steam sterilization. Nematropica 42: 245-252.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Cabos, R.Y.M., Hara, A.H., and Tsang, M.M.C. 2012. Hot Water Drench Treatment for Control of Reniform Nematodes in Potted Dracaena. Nematropica 42: 72-79.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Hara, A.H., Cabral, S.K., Niino-DuPonte, R.Y., Jacobsen, C.M., and Onuma, K. 2011. Bait Insecticides and Hot Water Drenches Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Infesting Containerized Nursery Plants. Florida Entomol. 94: 517-526.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Cabral, S., Hara, A.H., and Niino-DuPonte, R. 2011. Knock-down and Residual Efficacy of Contact Insecticides Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Page 43 to 46 in Conference Proceedings 2011 Imported Fire Ant Conference. Galveston, Texas.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Hara, A.H. 2012. Heat as a Postharvest Disinfestation for Floricultural Crops. XXIV International Congress of Entomology. Abstract CD S1202TU20. Daegu, Korea. August, 2012.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Hara, A.H. 2012. Heat as a Sustainable Postharvest Disinfestation Treatment for Export Horticultural Crops. Page 5 in the International Conference on Postharvest Pest and Disease Management in Exporting Horticultural Crops (abstract). Bangkok, Thailand. February, 2012.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Hara, A.H. 2012. Integration of Pre-shipment Hot Water Shower as a Quarantine Treatment for Ornamental Plants. Page 91 in the 7th International Integrated Pest Management Symposium (abstract), Memphis, Tennessee. March, 2012.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Hara, A.H. 2011. Systems Approach to Quarantine Treatments for Export Ornamentals. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference Abstracts, Waikoloa, Hawaii. September, 2011
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Progress 09/01/11 to 08/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The major protea diseases commonly occurring in Hawaii was determined. In order of their importance, they are Drechslera leaf blight and stem dieback, and Elsinoe scab, a stem distorting fungal disease, which are considered most important on pincushion protea, or Leucospermum spp. Additional observations indicated that the dieback problem of Protea spp. is becoming increasingly important, but its etiology is yet to be determined. A series of testing is currently in progress. Fifteen of the unreleased protea cultivars are being propagated for initial evaluations for their resistance to the aforementioned pathogens. These plants are likely to be ready for disease evaluations in about 1.5 years. It is anticipated inoculation of these lines will occur in the next few months, and will take about an additional year to complete. For controlling a newly discovered invasive ant species, Wasmannia auropunctata, in Hawaii, bioassays of 5 ant baits, including Probait, Advion, Extinguish Professional, and Extinguish Plus were conducted in the laboratory using a no-choice test against lab-reared little fire ant colonies. Results of the bioassays demonstrated that hydramethylnon and a mixture of hydramethylnon and methoprene formulated with soybean oil on corn grit were more effective than indoxacarb or methoprene on corn grit, or indoxacarb in peanut butter. Volcanic cinder has historically been free of plant parasitic nematodes. The recent contamination of cinder media by Rotylenchulus reniformis in Hawaii requires growers to steam sterilize cinder used in producing potted plants for exports. Quarantine certification requirements for exporting potted plants mandated the center of the media to reach 71.1 degree Celsius to 93.3 degree Celsius for 30 minutes. Using the steam sterilizer developed in this study, no live reniform nematodes were detected in the treated cinder as long as a uniform distribution of steam throughout the media occurred. When properly performed and trouble spots monitored, this treatment offered complete eradication of R. reniformis. PARTICIPANTS: Principal Investigators: John Hu, University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR). Michael Melzer, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Robert Paull, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Tessie Amore, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Joanne Licthy, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Janice Uchida, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. David Christopher, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Richard Criley, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Steve Ferreira, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Arnold Hara, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Kelvin Sewake, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Partner Organizations: Robert Hollingsworth, USDA, Agricultural Research Service. Judy Zhu, Hawaii Agriculture Research Center. TARGET AUDIENCES: Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association, Hawaii Tropical Flower Council, Hawaii Florists and Shippers Association, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, Orchid Growers of Hawaii, Hawaii Tropical Flower and Foliage Association, Protea Growers Association of Hawaii. Information is disseminated through yearly review meetings which include progress reports, site visits, and laboratory tours presented by the principal investigators listed above. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The major diseases of protea in Hawaii were identified and work has begun to screen for disease resistant strains. The need for disease resistant protea is particularly important since most commercial protea operations are located in the midst of large residential lots where growers face severe challenges from complaints of pesticide drifts or odor resulting from the use of pesticides for management of insect pests and diseases found in protea production. Thus, it is vitally important to release new protea varieties to Hawaii growers that are resistant to fungal diseases. This Floriculture Research Grant has effectively managed to address the needs of Hawaii's agriculture industries and the general public. Through the innovative and effective solutions developed under the subprojects supported by the grant, Hawaii growers can continue to ship their nursery products interisland and export their plants to California and other states on the mainland U.S., Guam, and Japan. The subprojects funded by this grant have responded quickly to numerous new invasive pest outbreaks with effective control solutions, and offered innovative approaches to disinfestation of insect pests found on export plants, including steam treatment methods for large-scale sterilization of volcanic cinder media. These disinfestation techniques have recently been accepted by quarantine officials as the standard treatment protocol for Hawaii's export nursery industry. Using transient assays for color changes in young anthurium spathes from complementation with genes from other plant species facilitated the effectiveness of assessing DNA constructs in color change studies. Use of the anthurium specific promoters should provide greater control in expression of the new colors in spathes.
Publications
- Cabos, R.Y.M., Tsang, M.M.C., Hara, A.H., and Kawabata, A. 2012. Eradication of Rotylenchulus reniformis From a Volcanic Cinder Medium Using Steam Sterilization. Nematropica (in press).
- Cabos, R.Y.M., Hara, A.H., and Tsang, M.M.C. 2012. Hot Water Drench Treatment for Control of Reniform Nematodes in Potted Dracaena. Nematropica 42:72-79.
- Hara, A.H., Cabral, S.K., Niino-DuPonte, R.Y., Jacobsen, C.M., and Onuma, K. 2011. Bait Insecticides and Hot Water Drenches Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Infesting Containerized Nursery Plants. Florida Entomol. 94: 517-526.
- Cabral, S., Hara, A.H., and Niino-DuPonte, R. 2011. Knock-down and Residual Efficacy of Contact Insecticides Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Page 43 to 46 in Conference Proceedings 2011 Imported Fire Ant Conference. Galveston, Texas.
- Hara, A.H. 2012. Heat as a Postharvest Disinfestation for Floricultural Crops. XXIV International Congress of Entomology. Abstract CD S1202TU20. Daegu, Korea. August, 2012.
- Hara, A.H. 2012. Heat as a Sustainable Postharvest Disinfestation Treatment for Export Horticultural Crops. Page 5 in the International Conference on Postharvest Pest and Disease Management in Exporting Horticultural Crops (abstract). Bangkok, Thailand. February, 2012.
- Hara, A.H. 2012. Integration of Pre-shipment Hot Water Shower as a Quarantine Treatment for Ornamental Plants. Page 91 in the 7th International Integrated Pest Management Symposium (abstract), Memphis, Tennessee. March, 2012.
- Hara, A.H. 2011. Systems Approach to Quarantine Treatments for Export Ornamental in the 2011 American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference and Abstract, Waikoloa, Hawaii. September, 2011.
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Progress 09/01/10 to 08/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two surveys to determine the important protea diseases occurring on Maui were conducted. The preliminary results showed that scab caused by Elsinoe sp. continued to be the dominant disease on Leucospermum spp. or pincushion proteas. Most of the protea varieties grown commercially are fairly susceptible to Elsinoe sp., confirming the need to find germplasm with higher levels of scab resistance. To collect insect samples and survey data on orchid farms to determine which management inputs and farm characteristics are associated with thrips outbreaks in flowers, then use these results to design management strategies for keeping thrips under control. In our orchid survey in Maui, we found that the predominant pest species collected was a light colored variant of Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) identical or similar to a variant later discovered to be present on the Big Island. This variant is hypothesized to be resistant to insecticides. Samples have been mounted and sent to the UDSA Systematic Entomology Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, for confirmation of identity. Pest severity and pesticide use practices varied widely in this small group of growers, which represented all of the commercial growers we could locate in Maui willing to participate in our survey. There was indirect evidence that irrigation practices had an influence on thrips numbers (enclosed greenhouses watered frequently had few or no thrips). Anthocorid species are potential biological control agents for thrips in ornamental greenhouses and shadehouses. Blush Macaranga will grow and bloom in pots which could be moved around as needed to bring in predators for thrips control. This plant can also be used as an attractive addition in landscape plantings with the dual purpose of enhancing biological control of insect pests. PARTICIPANTS: Principal Investigators: John Hu, University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR). Diane Sether, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Michael Melzer, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Robert Paull, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Tessie Amore, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Joanne Licthy, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Janice Uchida, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. David Christopher, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Richard Criley, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Steve Ferreira, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Arnold Hara, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Kelvin Sewake, University of Hawaii, CTAHR. Partner Organizations: Robert Hollingsworth, USDA, Agricultural Research Service. Judy Zhu, Hawaii Agriculture Research Center. TARGET AUDIENCES: Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association, Hawaii Tropical Flower Council Hawaii Florists and Shippers Association, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, Orchid Growers of Hawaii, Hawaii Tropical Flower and Foliage Association, Protea Growers Association of Hawaii. Information is disseminated through yearly review meetings which include progress reports, site visits, and laboratory tours presented by the principal investigators listed above. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Two meetings with Maui protea growers were held to encourage the establishment of a statewide Protea Growers Association. Although general agreement to formalize a new Protea Growers Association has been reached, progress toward this goal was limited due to the apparent difficulties of reaching an agreement between growers on the Big Island and on Maui. Island wide surveys for thrips and potential banker plants for anthocorids have produced valuable information about local plant species which harbor thrips that may possibly infest orchids and other ornamentals. Plants discovered which host large populations of anthocorids may be used as banker plants and/or planted in the landscape around nurseries to provide a continuing source of biological control predators. Growers will be able to use this information when clearing land around their greenhouses, controlling weeds and selecting landscape plants. It is expected that this research will be helpful to home as well as commercial orchid and other ornamental plant growers. Reduction in requirements for frequency of pesticide applications and cost savings are obvious benefits.
Publications
- Tsang, M.M.C., Hara, A.H., and Shintaku, M.H. (2010). Thermal Tolerance of Propagative Anthurium Stem Cuttings to Disinfestation by Heat Treatment for Burrowing Nematodes and Bacterial Blight. Crop Protection 29: 525-531.
- Hara, A.H., Jacobsen, C., Marr, S., and Niino-DuPonte, R.Y. (2010). Hot Water as a Potential Disinfestation Treatment for an Invasive Anuran, the Coqui Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui Thomas (Anura: Leptodactylidae) on Potted Plants. Inter. J. Pest Manage. 56: 255-263.
- Hara, A. H., Cabral, S.K., Niino-DuPonte, R.Y., Jacobsen, C.M., and Onuma, K. (2010). Bait Insecticides and Hot Water Drenches Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Infesting Containerized Nursery Plants. Page 135-140 in Proc. 2010 Imported Fire Ant and Invasive Ant Conference. Little Rock, AR.
- Cabos, R., Hara, A.H., and Tsang, M. (2010). Steam Treatment of Volcanic Cinder Media for the Eradication of Rotylenchulus reniformis (abstract) European Society of Nematologists, Thirtieth International Symposium (page 164), Vienna, Austria. September 2010.
- Kishimoto, C.M., Hara, A.H., and Niino-DuPonte, R.Y. (2010). Host Range of the Nettle Caterpillar, Darna pallivitta (Moore) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Hawaii (abstract) Potential Invasive Pests Workshop (page30), Miami, FL. October 2010.
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