Progress 07/01/10 to 06/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The main target audience was scientific peers and dairy nutritionists as the work was partly basic but included some examination of applied methods to alter milk fatty acid composition. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students and four undergraduate students assisted in the conduct of the animal study. One graduate student supervised an undergraduate student in the milk lipid extractions and fatty acid analysis. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As this was only a preliminary study with 2 cows per treatment, no dissemination has occurred. The results will secure further production of the lipid supplements for expanded testing. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A cow feeding study was conducted to evaluate the protection of alpha-linolenic acid in ground flaxseed. Two lactating cows were fed two different lipid mixes at 2, 5 and 8% of diet dry matter. After a week of baseline intakes, milk was sampled from both the am and pm milkings for fatty acid analysis. Cows were fed the different feeding levels for a week before moving the greater inclusion. Milk samples were collected on the seventh and last day of each lipid mix feeding level. Dry matter intake and milk production were evaluated throughout the study. Milk production was similar throughout the study but dry matter intake decreased when cows consumed the lipid mixes at 8% of diet dry matter. This was not unexpected. Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n3) in milk increased in a dose-dependent manner from 0.3 (wt% of total fatty acids) to, 0.5, 1.7 and 2.8 for formulation A and 0.3, 0.5, 1.9 and 2.3 for formulation B at 2, 5 and 8% dietary inclusion, respectively. The increase in alpha-linolenic acid was substantial.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Yahvah, K.M., S.L. Brooker, J.E. Williams, M.A. McGuire, and M.K. McGuire. 2015. Elevated dairy fat intake by lactating women alters milk lipid and fatty acids without detectible changes in expression of genes related to lipid uptake or synthesis. Nutr. Res. 35:221-228.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Rezamand, P., B.P. Hatch, K.G. Carnahan, and M.A. McGuire. 2016. Effects of alpha-linolenic acid-enriched rations on markers of inflammation in Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Res.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The main target audience was scientific peers as the work addressed more basic science. Dairy industry and nutrition professionals also benefit from the knowledge produced. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The training was manuscript revision. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Publication in a refereed journal available to scientific peers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continued submission of manuscripts will occur. Additionally, an animal study feeding rumen protected polyunsaturated fatty acids is in development.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The expression and protein abundance of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) was determined in a number of tissues in lactating cows and compared to local concentrations of fatty acids (substrates and products) affected by SCD1. Correlations of SCD1 gene expression and relative protein abundance was found in tissues with high mRNA expression but overall relationships were poor because of low relative abundance of protein detected in tissues with low expression of SCD1. No correlation was detected between SCD1 expression and desaturase indices in the liver, large and small intestines, lung, cardiac or skeletal muscles. Positive correlations were detected between SCD1 expression and desaturase indices in intestinal adipose tissue expect for 14:1, whereas only c9 18:1, c9t11 18:2 and sum of all desaturase indices were postively correlated with SCD1 expression in mammary tissue.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Rezamand, P., J.S. Watts, K.M. Yahvah, E.E. Mosley, L. Ma, B.A. Corl, and M.A. McGuire. 2014. Relationship between stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression, relative protein abundance, and its fatty acid products in bovine tissues. J. Dairy Res. 81:333-339 (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029914000181).
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: The dairy industry and nutrition professionals are the main audiences for the efforts. Finding high nutritive value alternative feeds with value added potential would support better milk production from healthier cows. Dissemination to scientists is another target. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Attendance at the annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association provided an opportunity for professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Manuscripts are under review by professional journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Publications will occur as comments are returned from journal reviews.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Camelina meal was able to enhance the polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk. Feeding camelina meal in place of canola meal at 14% of diet dry matter increased the concentration of total unsaturated fatty acids from 31 to 36% of identified fatty acids and decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids from 59 to 50% of total identified fatty acids. Specifically, the concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n3) in milk increased 6-fold with 14% camelina meal rather than canola meal. With regard to SCD1, a comparison of gene expression and relative protein abundance in 8 tissues identified the mammary gland as a major tissue for expression and protein abundance. Cardiac and skeletal muscle and intestinal adipose tissue also had significant expression of SCD1. Lung, small and large intestine, and liver had little expression and protein for SCD1. Correlations of SCD1 gene expression and relative protein abundance to desaturase indices were poor. Thus, post-tranlational modifications may be more important for regulation of SCD1 activity than transcription and translation.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Effects of feeding camelina meal on milk production and composition in lactating cows. By Brittany A. Casperson
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Laboratory work from the previous year's animal work was performed with abstracts published in the proceedings of the American Dairy Science Association meeting and the Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. PARTICIPANTS: Brittany Casperson, MS student, University of Idaho Mark A. McGuire, Principal investigator, University of Idaho Mark Berhow, CoInvestigator, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Peoria, IL The project provided training for Brittany Casperson as she began her MS and directed the animal work. She used this experience to develop her research experience and knowledge of dairy nutrition. Dr. Berhow performed the glucosinolate analysis of feed and milk. The project is supported by the North American Camelina Trade Association. TARGET AUDIENCES: The potential for a new feed protein source for the dairy industry is of interest to dairy nutritionists. Dairy producers are also interested in producing omega-3 fatty acid enriched milk possible through the feeding of camelina meal. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Meal from Camelina sativa is potentially available from the oil and biofuel industry as a protein source rich in alpha linolenic acid (18:3n3) for the dairy cow. Currently the FDA restricts feeding of camelina meal to lactating cows based on glucosinolates present in the meal and potential transfer of their metabolites, isothiocyanates and/or nitriles, into milk. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of feeding camelina meal to Holstein cows on milk production, composition, content of glucosinolates and metabolites as well as thyroid hormone concentrations of serum. Cows (n=15) were randomly assigned to diets after blocking for parity and milk production. Camelina meal replaced canola meal at 0, 50, and 100% so rations contained 0, 7 and 14% of the diet DM as camelina meal. Cows were fed individually in tie stalls for 6 wk. Milk production was recorded daily to provide a weekly mean for d 35-42 and composition was tested on d 41 and 42 of feeding. Results were compared using Tukey's test. Milk production (30.5, 32.1 and 29.3 kg/d for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 1.6) and milk protein percentage (3.2, 3.0 and 2.8% for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 0.07) were unaffected by diet. Milk fat percent was lower in milk from cows fed 14% camelina meal compared to the other diets (3.8, 3.6 and 3.3% for 0, 7, and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 0.09). Camelina meal at 14% of diet DM reduced milk fat concentrations of 18:0 (10.8, 12.0 and 7.9 wt% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 0.55), but increased 18:3n3 (0.1, 0.5 and 0.8 wt% FAME for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 0.08), total 18:1 trans isomers (2.6, 3.5 and 6.8 wt% FAME for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 0.56) and 18:2 cis9 trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.9, 1.1 and 2.3 wt% FAME for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively; SEM = 0.20), relative to other diets. Camelina meal had no effect on 12:0, 14:0, 18:1 cis9 and 18:2n6 concentrations in milk fat. Milk samples from d 41 and 42 of feeding were also analyzed for glucosinolate and metabolite content via HPLC, LC-MS, GC and GC-MS. No glucosinolates or metabolites were detected in milk from cows fed 0, 7 and 14% camelina meal to the lowest detection limits. Blood samples were collected on d 42 of feeding with serum analyzed for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) to consider possible effects of glucosinolates on metabolism. Concentrations of TSH (1.32, 1.30 and 1.31 ng/ml; SEM = 0.03), T3 (2.70, 3.33 and 1.72 ng/ml; SEM = 0.35) and T4 (103, 117 and 105 ng/ml; SEM = 3.46) for 0, 7 and 14% camelina, respectively, were not affected by diet. In conclusion, camelina meal supported milk production similar to canola meal without transfer of glucosinolates or their metabolites into milk as confirmed by a lack of effect on thyroid hormones and chemical analysis. Camelina meal also enhanced the unsaturated portion of the milk fatty acid profile which could potentially offer a healthier alternative for consumers.
Publications
- Casperson, B.C., J.E. Williams, K.M. Hunt, K.M. Steinkamp, and M.A. McGuire. 2012. Effects of feeding camelina meal on milk production and composition in lactating Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3)/J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):606.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Animal work was conducted this year with an abstract submitted in February 2012 to the American Dairy Science Association meeting. PARTICIPANTS: Brittany Casperson, MS student, University of Idaho Mark A. McGuire, Principal investigator, University of Idaho The project provided training for Brittany Casperson as she began her MS and directed the animal work. She used this experience to develop her research experience and knowledge of dairy nutrition. The project is supported by Sustainable Oils LLC. TARGET AUDIENCES: The potential for a new feed protein source for the dairy industry is of interest to dairy nutritionists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Fifteen dairy cows were evaluated in a continuous design to determine the effects of camelina meal, rich in linolenic acid, on the glucosinolate and fatty acid composition of milk. Each diet was formulated to meet National Research Council (2001) requirements. Rations were mixed daily. Camelina meal was substituted for the primary protein source (canola meal) in the control diet at 0, 50 and 100% substitution. Specific dietary inclusion rates were based upon the nutrient composition (crude protein, rumen degradable and undegradable protein, and fat) in the camelina meal. Concentrations of camelina meal in the diet were 0, 7 and 14% of dietary dry matter. Cows were fed individually the 0% camelina meal for 1 week to determine baseline feed intake, milk yield, milk composition and glucosinolate concentration of the milk. After 1 week, 5 cows continued on the 0% camelina meal diet, 5 were fed the 7% camelina meal and the last 5 fed the 14% camelina meal diet. Cows were blocked by milk production before random assignment to diets. Treatment diets were fed for 6 weeks with weekly collection of milk for glucosinolate and compositional analysis. Feed intake was monitored daily throughout the feeding period. After 6 weeks of feeding, all cows returned to the 0% camelina meal diet with milk samples collected for an additional 3 weeks to examine potential washout times. Milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count) was determined by a Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) certified laboratory. Fatty acid composition will be determined at the University of Idaho via standard methods. Nutrient composition of individual ingredients and total mixed rations were determined at Dairy One (Ithaca, NY) and Cumberland Valley Analytical Services (Hagerstown, MD), commonly used laboratories for analysis of dairy feeds. Glucosinolate analysis in feeds and milk will be conducted by the USDA laboratory (Peoria, IL) according to the previously accepted modified AOAC method. The animal study concluded in late December so results are not available at this time.
Publications
- Bauman, D.E., M.A. McGuire and K.J. Harvatine. 2011. Mammary Gland, Milk Biosynthesis and Secretion; Milk Fat. In: Fuquay, J.W., P.F. Fox and P.L.H. McSweeney (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 352-358. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Rezamand, P., and M.A. McGuire. 2011. Effects of trans fatty acids on markers of inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 94:316-320.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) contributes greatly to the fatty acids present in milk and meat of cattle. The SCD enzyme introduces a double bond into some saturated fatty acyl-CoAs producing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as well as converts 18:1 t11 (vaccenic acid) to c9, t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The objective of this study was to determine any association between the gene expression of SCD and occurrence of its products (14:1 c9, 16:1 c9, 18:1 c9, and 18:2 c9 t11) in various bovine tissues. Tissue samples were obtained from lactating Holstein cows (n=28) at slaughter, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 C. Total RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA for quantitative real time PCR analysis of the SCD gene. Extracted lipid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography. Tissues varied in expression of SCD gene with mammary greater than intestinal adipose greater than skeletal muscle and greater than liver (384, 328, 284, and 21 copies/ng RNA, respectively). Across tissues, the desaturase indices for 18:1 c9 (r=0.45), all SCD products (r=0.36), and overall index (all products/ (all substrates + all products); r=0.43) were positively correlated with SCD gene expression (P less than 0.001 for all) whereas a negative correlation was detected for the desaturase index of 14:1 c9 (r=- 0.26; P=0.05). Within each tissue, the relationship between SCD gene expression and the desaturase indices varied. No correlation was detected between SCD expression and desaturase indices in the liver or skeletal muscle. Positive correlations, however, were detected between SCD expression and all of the desaturase indices in intestinal adipose tissue (P less than 0.02 for all) whereas only 18:1 c9, CLA, and all SCD products desaturase indices were positively correlated with SCD expression in mammary tissue (P less than 0.03). Overall, the relationship between SCD gene expression and occurrence of its products seems to be tissue specific. PARTICIPANTS: Mark A. McGuire, University of Idaho, is the project director. Others at the University of Idaho who collaborated in the research are Pedram Rezamand, Janet Williams, Jason Watts, Duncan Pfeifer, and Katherine Hunt. All utilized this effort for training or professional development. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience includes dairy nutritionists, producers and the consumer. The aim is to identify ways to improve the fatty acid profile of milk and meat, train nutritionist and producers how to adopt these methods and for the consumer to recognize the improvement in fatty acid profile for their health. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
A greater understanding of the regulation of tissue fatty acids is necessary because the activity of stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) has clear benefits to human health by converting saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in animal tissues. The tissue specificity of SCD expression suggests that SCD action has greater potential to alter milk fatty acid composition compared with meat.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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