Source: OCEANIC INSTITUTE MAKAPUU POINT submitted to
SHRIMP AQUACULTURE, AZ, HI, LA, MA, MS, SC, TX
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
OTHER GRANTS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0222220
Grant No.
2010-38808-21115
Project No.
HAWW-2010-02881
Proposal No.
2010-02881
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
UK
Project Start Date
Aug 1, 2010
Project End Date
Jul 31, 2012
Grant Year
2010
Project Director
Moss, S. M.
Recipient Organization
OCEANIC INSTITUTE MAKAPUU POINT
41-202 KALANIANAOLE HWY
WAIMANALO,HI 96795
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
Shrimp are the most preferred seafood consumed in the US. However, there is a huge disparity between domestic demand and domestic supply resulting in a reliance on imported products and a growing federal trade deficit in shrimp. In addition to concerns about the quantity of shrimp imported into the US, the quality of imported shrimp may be inferior to domestically grown shrimp and there are human health concerns about antibiotic residues which may be present in some imported products. The US Food and Drug Administration is charged with inspecting seafood imported into the US, but this agency is only able to inspect a small percentage of products that make their way into US markets. In light of a growing federal trade deficit in shrimp products, and concerns about food safety, there are compelling reasons to support a US shrimp farming industry. Expanding the US shrimp farming industry using traditional approaches is not feasible due to concerns about environmental pollution, disease transmission, and cost of production. Traditionally, shrimp have been cultured in coastal ponds where flow-through water exchange is used to maintain acceptable water quality. However, influent water can serve as a vector for virulent shrimp pathogens and pond effluent can adversely affect coastal water quality. In addition, expanding shrimp farms in coastal areas may cause multiple-use conflicts and traditional shrimp farms are restricted to more southern latitudes because of the warm-water requirements of the shrimp. This restriction increases transport costs to major markets and increases the number of "food miles", which is a measure of environmental impact. In order for the US shrimp farming industry to expand, US shrimp farmers must rely on advanced technologies modeled after other successful US agribusinesses, such as the poultry and swine industries. These industries are based on the production of Specific Pathogen free (SPF), selectively bred animals which are reared under biosecure conditions and fed formulated diets designed to meet their nutritional needs. The US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) will focus its research efforts on developing these technologies and transferring them to US stakeholders. The USMSFP will disseminate SPF, selectively bred shrimp to US hatcheries and US broodstock suppliers. Shrimp will be selectively bred for rapid growth and disease resistance, using advanced breeding technologies and disease diagnostic tools developed by USMSFP researchers. SPF status will be confirmed using these disease diagnostic tools, and USMSFP researchers will identify new shrimp pathogens and develop ways to mitigate their impact. In addition, USMSFP researchers will develop biosecure production technologies to rear shrimp under super-intensive conditions with minimal water use. This will allow US shrimp farmers to grow shrimp at inland locations away from sensitive coastal areas, and with a small environmental footprint. The integration of these advanced technologies will allow US shrimp farmers to produce high-quality shrimp at competitive prices for a US market with a significant appetite for shrimp.
Animal Health Component
45%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
20%
Applied
40%
Developmental
40%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3033721108032%
3073721101010%
3073721106013%
3113721110010%
3113721110115%
3113721116010%
3113721117010%
Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases; 307 - Animal Management Systems; 303 - Genetic Improvement of Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3721 - Marine shrimp;

Field Of Science
1080 - Genetics; 1170 - Epidemiology; 1060 - Biology (whole systems); 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 1101 - Virology; 1160 - Pathology; 1100 - Bacteriology;
Goals / Objectives
The US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) was formed in 1984 to conduct shrimp aquaculture research and transfer technologies developed from this research to industry stakeholders in an effort to support a domestic shrimp farming industry. US shrimp farmers must rely on advanced technologies to offset advantages enjoyed by foreign producers. Most foreign producers have a competitive cost advantage due to cheaper land and labor, and most foreign shrimp-producing countries have less restrictive laws to protect the environment. However, production methods used by many foreign shrimp farmers are not environmentally sustainable or economically viable in the long term. Massive shrimp diseases continue to plague the global shrimp farming industry resulting in millions of dollars in lost revenue, and shrimp products exported from some foreign producers have contained antibiotics. In 1988, the USMSFP began to focus its research efforts on developing technologies that have been used successfully in other US agricultural industries, particularly the poultry and swine industries. These industries rely on the production of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF), selectively bred animals which are reared under biosecure conditions and fed diets formulated to meet their nutritional needs. The USMSFP has provided US farmers with the tools and knowledge to apply these technologies on their farms. Specifically, the USMSFP has disseminated SPF, selectively bred shrimp to US hatcheries and US broodstock suppliers. Shrimp have been selectively bred for rapid growth and disease resistance using family-based breeding strategies and disease diagnostic tools developed by USMSFP researchers. SPF status is confirmed using up-to-date disease diagnostic tools and USMSFP researchers continue to identify new shrimp pathogens and develop ways to mitigate their impact. In addition, USMSFP researchers have developed biosecure production technologies to rear shrimp under super-intensive conditions with minimal water use. These technologies will allow US shrimp farmers to grow shrimp at inland locations away from sensitive coastal areas, and with a small environmental footprint. Also, these technologies will allow US shrimp farmers to produce shrimp closer to major markets, thereby reducing transport costs and the number of "food miles". Among the USMSFP members, Oceanic Institute has the primary responsibility of managing the shrimp breeding program and in maintaining the SPF status of the breeding stocks. Tufts University is working on shrimp immunology to characterize innate immune mechanisms. The University of Arizona and the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory focus on disease research and the development of disease diagnostic tools. The Waddell Mariculture Center and Texas AgriLife Research are working on developing biosecure production systems, conducting nutritional research, and assisting local shrimp farmers. Nicholls State University is focusing on waste remediation in both pond and raceway culture systems. The integration of these advanced technologies should allow US shrimp farmers to produce high-quality shrimp at competitive prices.
Project Methods
The US Marine Shrimp Farming Program's (USMSFP) FY10 Implementation Plan supports research which addresses challenges constraining the US shrimp farming industry. The Plan targets three major objectives: Stock Improvement, Disease Control, and Sustainable Culture Technology. Stock improvement efforts will focus on improving growth and survival of shrimp reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) under super-intensive conditions, and improving shrimp survival after exposure to Taura syndrome virus (TSV), Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), and Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (NHP). Disease control efforts will include research to better understand the non-specific immune response in shrimp by characterizing the role of hemocytes in defense against bacterial pathogens. USMSFP researchers will continue to work with national and international organizations to disseminate information about shrimp health and disease, provide disease diagnostic services to industry stakeholders, and develop and refine disease diagnostic procedures for viral and bacterial pathogens. In addition, USMSFP researchers will study the genetic diversity of major shrimp viruses, refine epidemiological models for a variety of shrimp pathogens, evaluate the efficacy of purported immunostimulants and feed additives, and conduct passive surveillance of commodity shrimp and other aquatic animal products for major OIE-listed viral pathogens. Efforts will be made to quantify the density of Vibrio bacteria in relation to total bacteria in super-intensive RAS and to develop a multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Vibrio spp. of interest in these production systems. USMSFP researchers have been developing RAS technologies for super-intensive shrimp production using different system configurations and management strategies, as well as different system inputs. In FY10, a comparative growout trial will be conducted to compare production costs of shrimp reared in super-intensive RAS at four USMSFP institutions. Each institution will use similar system inputs (seed, feed, and stocking density) but different system designs and management protocols. Summary data and important inferences made from the comparative growout trial will be included in a draft manual which will provide guidance on the design and operation of super-intensive RAS for US shrimp farmers. In addition to information from the comparative growout trial, the manual will contain summary information based on the collective experiences of USMSFP researchers. The manual will be developed in FY10 and competed and published in FY11. Additional research will focus on trying to better understand the structure and function of microbial communities in RAS systems, and studies will be conducted on the nitrogen cycle to help define the role of microbes in the management of solid wastes generated by RAS. Finally, in support of the emerging U.S. bait shrimp industry, USMSFP researchers will continue to develop SPF stocks of Litopenaeus setiferus and will produce a fourth generation of SPF broodstock.

Progress 08/01/10 to 07/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: During the FY10 No Cost Extension period, the USMSFP distributed 143,160 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, to U.S. industry stakeholders, as well as to research and educational organizations in the U.S. These shrimp consisted of postlarvae, juveniles, and broodstock from the Growth, TSV-Resistant, and Kona Reference lines. Shrimp from the Growth line have been selected for rapid growth and high survival when grown at super-intensive densities in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), whereas shrimp from the TSV-Resistant line have been selectively bred for high survival after exposure to different isolates of Taura syndrome virus (TSV), as well as for rapid growth. Shrimp from the Kona line represent an important research tool as a "control" animal. Of the shrimp that were distributed, 60,000 went to U.S. industry stakeholders, whereas 83,160 shrimp went to research and education organizations, including USMSFP members. In addition, during the FY10 No Cost Extension period, USMSFP Technical Committee members and the USMSFP Director met with members of the Industry Stakeholder Group (ISG) in Las Vegas, Nevada the day before the WAS-sponsored Aquaculture America conference. ISG members included: 1) Mr. Russ Allen (owner of Seafood Systems, Inc. and President of the United States Shrimp Farming Association), 2) Dr. Jim Anderson (formerly with Magnolia, an indoor RAS company in Kentucky), and 3) Dr. Tom Zeigler (Ziegler Brothers, Inc.). During the meeting, there were discussions between ISG members and members of the USMSFP Technical Committee covering a range of issues including summaries of the comparative growout trials conducted by USMSFP Technical Committee members, the status of federal funding to support shrimp aquaculture research, opportunities for collaborative research, and the status of the U.S. marine shrimp farming industry. PARTICIPANTS: The U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Consortium was formed in 1984 to identify and solve problems that constrain the profitability and expansion of the U.S. marine shrimp farming industry. The Consortium oversees the USDA/NIFA-sponsored U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP). This program allows leading investigators and their institutions, working in partnership with industry, to engage in focused, results-oriented projects directed at developing profitable and environmentally sustainable shrimp farming in the U.S. Member institutions and Principle Investigators include: Dr. Jeff Lotz from the University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL); Mr. Dustin Moss from Oceanic Institute (OI); Dr. Abhineet Sheoran from Tufts University (Tufts); Dr. John Leffler from the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Waddell Mariculture Center (SCDNR); Dr. Addison Lawrence from Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System (TALR); Dr. Donald Lightner from the University of Arizona (UAZ); and Dr. Quenton Fontenot from Nicholls State University (NSU). Dr. Shaun Moss (OI) was the project director, with responsibility for coordination of research activities and planning, and overall technical and financial oversight of the Consortium. The USMSFP, through work of the seven Consortium institutions, has provided U.S. stakeholders with direct access to high health, genetically improved shrimp, as well as advanced disease diagnostic and treatment methods. OI had primary responsibility for shrimp genetic improvement, including selection for fast growth and TSV resistance, as well as the development of super-intensive, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Tufts conducted work on molecular immunology, including the characterization of shrimp hemocytes in preventing disease. UAZ and GCRL were involved primarily in disease research, including developing diagnostic tools and providing disease diagnostic services. SCDNR and TALR worked on a variety of issues directly relevant to shrimp production, including RAS management and feeds development, and NSU focused on solid waste disposal issues and on the characterization and control of pathogenic bacteria. The Principal Investigators are recognized as world leaders in their respective fields and have numerous peer-reviewed publications. In addition, Dr. Donald Lightner has taken a leadership role in his service to the global shrimp community as a member of the Aquatic Animals Health Standards Commission, Office des International Epizootics (OIE), of Paris, France. Support for and maintenance of the OIE reference lab at UAZ has been crucial to meeting global needs in terms of the management of existing and emerging pathogens. Opportunities for training and professional development included the UAZ Shrimp Pathology Workshop and the training of graduate students from member universities. TARGET AUDIENCES: Traditionally, the USMSFP has focused its research efforts on the U.S. shrimp farmer as the primary target audience. However, due to the globalization of shrimp aquaculture, it has become necessary to expand the list of stakeholders to include feed manufacturers, U.S. grain producers, aquaculture equipment suppliers, broodstock suppliers, U.S. investors in foreign shrimp farms, and the U.S. seafood industry. The U.S. consumer also has benefited from USMSFP research via the global shrimp market. This global view has encompassed and fostered the development of a U.S. shrimp broodstock industry where the primary business is to export broodstock shrimp to foreign hatcheries. The USMSFP has supported the U.S. shrimp broodstock industry by providing SPF, selectively bred shrimp to relevant U.S. stakeholders. Importantly, the USMSFP has continued to develop shrimp families which perform well in biosecure, recirculating aquaculture systems. It is recognized that the dissemination of information, publications, and other outputs from the USMSFP reach a global market, and it is not practical to limit the flow of information, technologies, and products to the U.S. alone. Nevertheless, information dissemination is to the U.S. industry first, prior to publication, through workshops and special sessions conducted yearly at the World Aquaculture Society-sponsored Aquaculture America conferences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
During the reporting period, the USMSFP focused on two major objectives: Disease Control and Sustainable Culture Technology. USMSFP scientists evaluated the use of organic acids as a management strategy to mitigate crop loss from pathogenic Vibrio spp. bacteria. Formic acid was identified as a candidate acid and various concentrations were assessed for bactericidal activity. Although formic acid was found to be effective in controlling various species of Vibrio, the effect of using this acid on water pH could compromise shrimp health. USMSFP scientists completed a comparative prototype growout system trial to compare the performance of shrimp reared in super-intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) at four USMSFP institutions (SCDNR, GCRL, TALR, and OI), where each institution used similar system inputs (seed, feed, and stocking density) but different system designs and management protocols. At SCDNR, a number of challenges occurred which may have impacted shrimp performance, including a brief power failure and the presence of cyanobacteria in the culture water. Cyanobacteria are known to produce toxins and may have suppressed shrimp feeding. Overall shrimp performance over the 120-day trial was: 77% survival; 0.89 g/wk growth rate; 6.57 kg/m3 production; and 2.25 FCR. At GCRL, USMSFP scientists evaluated shrimp performance at three salinities (10 ppt, 20 ppt, and 30 ppt). Overall shrimp performance over the 56-day trial was: 68% survival; 1.8 g/wk growth rate; 3.0 kg/m3 production; and 1.6 FCR for the 10 ppt trial; 78% survival; 2.0 g/wk growth rate; 3.8 kg/m3 production; and 1.2 FCR for the 20 ppt trial; and 81% survival; 2.0 g/wk growth rate; 3.8 kg/m3 production; and 1.2 FCR for the 30 ppt trial. At TALR, USMSFP scientists used six raceways to evaluate shrimp performance resulting in the following: 87% survival; 2.15 g/wk growth rate; 9.75kg/m3 production; and 1.25 FCR. At OI, USMSFP scientists used a single, 337-m2 production system to evaluate shrimp performance resulting in the following after the 114-day trial: 38.2% survival; 1.51 g/wk growth rate; and 5.1 kg/m3 production. Poor shrimp survival was attributed to high nitrite concentrations. In addition to the comparative prototype growout system trial, USMSFP scientists evaluated the efficacy of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to remove nitrogen and carbon from RAS water. Ammonia reduction in the SBR was 89%, compared to the control reactor, and nitrite and nitrate were reduced by 90%. In addition, sludge volume was reduced by ~ 28%, using the SBR. In addition, efforts were made to improve a standard research feed for shrimp. The new formulated Standard Reference Feed (SRF) resulted in growth rates > 2.5 g/wk during the linear phase of shrimp growth up to 21.5 g.

Publications

  • Samocha TM, Schveitzer R, Krummenauer D, Morris TC, Hanson T. 2012. Progress and economic aspects of super-intensive greenhouse-enclosed raceway systems for production of food shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under no water exchange. Book of Abstracts (CD ROM) The Ninth International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke VA, USA August 24-26, 2012. pp.
  • Samocha TM, Schveitzer R, Krummenauer D, Morris TC, Woodring S, Hanson T. 2012. Performance of fast-growth Litopenaeus vannamei in super-intensive zero exchange raceways. Oral presentation, US Marine Shrimp Farming Program ISG Meeting, Aquaculture America 2012, February 28, 2012, Las Vegas, NV.
  • Samocha TM. 2012. A review of different shrimp nursery systems used for the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Larva Expo 2012, February 8-10, 2012, Santa Elena, Ecuador. Invited speaker. Samocha TM. 2012. Raceways management and production levels obtained in super-intensive systems for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Larva Expo 2012, February 8-10, 2012, Santa Elena, Ecuador. Invited speaker.
  • Samocha TM, Hanson T. 2012. Super-intensive shrimp production in zero exchange systems - How far are we from being an economically viable business An oral presentation at the 42nd Annual Conference and Trade Show of the Texas Aquaculture Association, January 25-27, 2012, Bay City, TX.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. Management of biofloc dominated zero exchange super-intensive nursery and grow-out systems for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Chennai Aquaculture Technology Meet 2011, November 16-17 2011, Chennai, Madras, India. Invited speaker.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. Why aquaculture is the fastest growing food-sector segment in agribusiness. World Aquaculture Investment USA, May 9-10, 2011, Wyndham Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. Intensive nursery technology as management tool in areas affected by WSSV. As workshop to shrimp producers in Obregon, Mexico. April 5, 2011, Obregon, Mexico.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. Intensive nursery technology as management tool in areas affected by WSSV. As workshop to shrimp producers in Hermosillo, Mexico. April 6, 2011, Obregon, Mexico.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. Super-intensive biofloc-dominated zero exchange production system of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Challenges and Opportunities. A seminar to faculty and staff at Center of Marine Biotechnology (COMB), University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD. February 15, 2011. Invited Speaker.
  • Sanchez DR, Fox JM, Gatlin D, Lawrence AL. 2011. Micro-algae in culture water reduces the dependence of fish and squid meal in Pacific white shrimp feeds. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 406.
  • Sanchez DR, Fox JM, Gatlin D, Lawrence AL. 2011. Phospholipids reduces the dependence of fish oil in Pacific white shrimp feeds in the presence and absence of micro-algae. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, June 7-10, 2011. Natal, Brazil. pp. 1003.
  • Schock TB, Duke JR, Newton S, Brenkert K, Brunson J, Leffler JW, Bearden DW. 2012. NMR-based metabolomics: a useful diagnostic tool for the many facets of aquaculture. U.S. Aquaculture Society 2012, Las Vegas, NV. February 29, 2012.
  • Schveitzer R, Krummenauer D, Samocha TM, Morris TC, Woodring S. 2012. Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in super-intensive limited-discharge raceways with foam fractionation and dissolved oxygen monitoring systems as management tools. Book of Abstracts (CD ROM) Aquaculture America 2012, February 28 - March 2, 2012, Las Vegas, NV. pp. 424. Walker SJ, Neill WH, Lawrence AL, Gatlin III DM. 2011. Effects of temperature and starvation on ecophysiological performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 319:439-445.
  • Wilkenfeld JS, Samocha TM, Holmes KA, Morris TC, Bennett J, Fuqua Z, Cornelius N, Jones K, Gain J, Figgs R. 2011. Continuation of live bait shrimp grow-out trials with the Northern White Shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus in intensive, greenhouse-enclosed raceways under zero water exchange conditions, and preliminary results of density studies in outdoor tanks under shade: the F5 generation. Book of Abstracts (CD ROM) Aquaculture America 2011, February 28-March 3, 2011, New Orleans, LA. pp. 486.
  • Ju ZY, Castille FL, Deng DF, Dominy WG, Lawrence AL, Forster IP. 2011. Classification and quantization of phospholipids and their dietary effects on lipid composition in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). North American Journal of Aquaculture 73:221-229.
  • Ju ZY, Castille FL, Deng DF, Dominy WG, Lawrence AL, Forster IP. 2012. Effects of replacing fish oil with stearine as main lipid source in diet on growth and survival of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture Research 43:1528-1535.
  • Ju ZY, Castille F, Deng DF, Dominy W, Lawrence A, Forster I. 2012. Stearine as main lipid source to replace fish oil in diet of Pacific white shrimp. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 29-March 02, 2012, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. pp 250.
  • Krummenauer D, Samocha TM, Poersch LH, de Lara GR, Wasielesky Jr W. 2012. Short-term effect of biofloc-rich water on the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under no water exchange. Book of Abstracts (CD ROM) The Ninth International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke VA, USA August 24-26, 2012. pp. 116-118.
  • Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL. 2012. Ex-situ biofloc technology. In Avnimelech Y. Biofloc Technology-A Practical Guide Book, 2nd Edition. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Pp. 97-109.
  • Krummenauer D, Schveitzer R, Samocha TM, Morris TC, Advent B, Figgs R, Woodring S. 2012. Performance of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc-dominated zero-exchange raceways using a non-venturi air injection system for aeration, mixing, and foam fractionation. An abstract of an oral presentation at the Aquaculture America 2012, February 28 - March 2, 2012, Las Vegas, NV. p. 326.
  • Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL. 2012. Biofloc technology optiona for afquaculture: in situ, es-situ systems improve water quality, provide nutrition. Global Aquaculture Advocate 15(3):36-37.
  • Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL, Patnaik S, Boardman GD. 2012. In-situ and ex-situ biofloc technology for shrimp culture. In Rakestraw TT, Lawson LS (eds.). Prodeedings of the 9th International Recirculating Conference. Roanoke, VA. August 24-26, 2012. Pp. 55-57.
  • Kuhn D, Lawrence AL, Patnaik S, Angier M, Boardman G, Flick G. 2012. Review of biofloc technology options for shrimp culture: benefits, burdens, and nutritional considerations. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 29-March 02, 2012, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. pp 275
  • Lawrence AL, Browdy CL, Bharadwaj AS, Patnaik S. 2011. Nuevas perspectivas sobre los requisiteos y disponibilidad del cobre y cinc para el camaron marino. Book of Abstracts, XIII Congreso Ecuatoriano de Acuicultura and Aquaexpo. October 17-21, 2011. Guayaquil, Ecuador. pp. 51-54.
  • Leffler JW, Brunson J, Arrington D, Shumate R. 2012. United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program 2011 comparative trial, Waddell Mariculture Center. U.S. Aquaculture Society 2012, Las Vegas, NV. February 28, 2012.
  • Leffler JW, Brunson JF, Arrington D, DuRant E, O Quinn IV RD. 2012. Impact of reused water from superintensive, minimal exchange, biofloc systems on the production of Pacific white shrimp (L. vannamei). U.S. Aquaculture Society 2012, Las Vegas, NV. March 1, 2012.
  • Logan A, Lawrence AL, Tacon A, Fox J, Wing D. 2011. Replacement of fishmeal with bacterial single-cell protein in feeds for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in an outdoor experimental pond production system. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 286.
  • Morgan J, Patnaik S, Gatlin III DM, Lawrence AL. 2012a. Evaluation of elevated dietary aluminum and iron on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM). The 2 nd International Conference on Algal Biomass, Biofuels and Bioproducts, June 10-13, 2012, San Diego, CA. pp O2.3.
  • Morgan J, Patnaik S, Gatlin III DM, Lawrence AL. 2012b. Evaluation of defatted and whole algae as feed ingredients for the marine shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM). The 2nd International Conference on Algal Biomass, Biofuels and Bioproducts, June 10-13, 2012, San Diego, CA. pp 3.46.
  • Patnail S, Lawrence AL. 2012. Indoor shallow water tank system for evaluation of growth and survival of Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei. In Rakestraw TT, Lawson LS (eds.). Prodeedings of the 9th International Recirculating Conference. Roanoke, VA. August 24-26, 2012. Pp. 68-70.
  • Patnaik S, Lawrence AL. 2012. Growth and survival of L. vannamei in indoor shallow water tanks system. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 29-March 02, 2012, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. pp 358. Ray AJ, Seaborn G, Vinatea L, Browdy CL, Leffler JW. Accepted. Effects of biofloc reduction on microbial dynamics in minimal-exchange, superintensive shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture systems. Submitted to Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.
  • Samocha TM, Correia ES, Hanson T, Wilkenfeld JS, Morris TC. 2012. Biofloc-dominated super-intensive raceways with no water exchange, operation and economic analysis to produce marketable size Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Global Aquaculture Advocate 15(5):89-91.
  • Samocha TM, Schveitzer R, Krummenauer D, Morris TC, Woodring S. 2011. Recent advances in super-intensive raceway systems for Production of Marketable-size Litopenaeus vannamei under no water exchange. The Practical 2(8):20-23, Asian Aquaculture Network, Thailand.
  • Samocha TM, Schveitzer R, Krummenauer D, Morris TC, Hanson H. 2012. Recent accomplishments in super-intensive greenhouse-enclosed shrimp production raceway systems of food shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under no water exchange. The International Workshop on future Aquaculture Using Biofloc Technology, September 18, 2012 West Sea Mariculture Research Center, Taean, Korea.
  • Samocha TM, Schveitzer R, Krummenauer D, Hanson T, Morris TC, Braga AL, Magalhaes V. 2012. Use of biofloc-dominated indoor super-intensive shrimp production systems. Abstract. Pioneering global water solutions. Synergising water and food through aquaculture. World Water Congress and Exhibition, 16-21 September 2012, Busan, Korea.
  • Anuta JD, Buentello A, Patnaik S, Lawrence AL, Mustafa A, Gatlin DM, Kemp MC. 2011. Effect of dietary supplementation of acidic calcium sulfate (Vitoxal) on growth, survival, immune response and gut microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 42(6):834-844.
  • Browdy CL, Ray AJ, Leffler JW, Avnimelech Y. 2012. Biofloc based aquaculture systems. In: Aquaculture Production Methods, Tidwell J. (ed.), Wiley, New York, USA. Pp. 278-307.
  • Brunson JF, DuRant E, Leffler JW. 2012. Production and economic comparison of L. vannamei raised in biofloc under a full light greenhouse environment versus indoor, low-light conditions in an insulated building. U.S. Aquaculture Society 2012, Las Vegas, NV. March 1, 2012. Deng DF, Ju ZY, Dominy W, Lawrence A. 2012. Interactive effects of feed processing methods and particle sizes of ingredients on quality of shrimp feed. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 29-March 2, 2012, Las Vegas, NV, USA. pp. 123
  • Fox JM, Lawrence AL, Kuhn DD. 2012. Evidence for increased methionine dietary requirement for Litopenaeus vannamei genetically selected high growth lines. In Rakestraw TT, Lawson LS (eds.). Prodeedings of the 9th International Recirculating Conference. Roanoke, VA. August 24-26, 2012. Pp. 164-167.
  • Fox JM, Lawrence AL, Lemme A, Patnaik S. 2012. Effect of methionine source and dietary inclusion level on growth and survival of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 29-March 2, 2012, Las Vegas, NV, USA. pp. 170.
  • Gong H, Jiang DH, Alig F, Lawrence AL. 2012. Effects of dietary protein level and source on the growth and survival of two genetic lines of specific-pathogen-free Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 338-341: 118-123.
  • Gong H, Jiang D, Bastiaansem J, Lawrence AL. 2012. Evaluation of genetic and dietary interaction for Penaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 185.
  • Hanson T, Samocha TM, Krummenauer D, Schveitzer R, Morris TC. 2012. Economic analysis of two zero exchange biofloc dominated super-intensive shrimp production systems for the Pacific White Shrimp. An abstract of an oral presentation at the Aquaculture America 2012, February 28 - March 2, 2012, Las Vegas, NV. p. 221.
  • Haslun J, Correia E, Strychar K, Morris T, Samocha TM. 2012. Accepted. Characterization of bioflocs in a no water exchange Super-Intensive system for the production of food size Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. International Journal of Aquaculture. Vol. 2.


Progress 08/01/10 to 07/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: An important goal of the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) is to provide products, technologies, and services to the U.S. shrimp farming industry. During the reporting period, the USMSFP distributed 1,114,986 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, to U.S. industry stakeholders, as well as to research and educational organizations in the U.S. These shrimp consisted of nauplii, postlarvae, juveniles, and broodstock from the Growth, TSV-Resistant, and Kona Reference lines. Shrimp from the Growth line have been selected for rapid growth and high survival when grown at super-intensive densities in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), whereas shrimp from the TSV-Resistant line have been selectively bred for high survival after exposure to different isolates of Taura syndrome virus (TSV), as well as for rapid growth. Shrimp from the Kona line represent an important research tool as a "control" animal. Of the shrimp that were distributed, 106,320 went to U.S. industry stakeholders, including broodstock producers and shrimp farmers, whereas 1,008,666 shrimp went to research and education organizations, including USMSFP members. The USMSFP continued to provide disease-challenge services to U.S. shrimp breeding companies in an effort to improve selectively bred lines for disease resistance. A scientist from the USMSFP participated in the development of codes and policies about shrimp health and disease for the World Organization for Animal Health (formerly OIE) and drafted chapters for the revised Aquatic Animal Health Code and for a diagnostic manual. A USMSFP lab continued to serve as an OIE Reference laboratory for Crustacean (Penaeid) Diseases and as a USDA APHIS Approved Diagnostic Laboratory for Shrimp Diseases. During the reporting period, this lab processed 426 disease diagnostic and/or surveillance cases from domestic and foreign clients. In addition, because this lab is an OIE Reference Laboratory and an APHIS designated laboratory for crustacean pathogens, it has been implementing "Ring tests" since 2003. During the reporting period, 21 labs from eight countries participated in these tests and most exhibited high proficiency in diagnosing shrimp diseases. Also, during the reporting period, 11 participants from nine countries enrolled in the University of Arizona's annual Shrimp Pathology Short Course. The USMSFP continued to interact with the Industry Stakeholder Group (ISG) which consisted of six members representing various sectors of the U.S. shrimp farming industry. USMSFP and ISG members met at a WAS-sponsored Aquaculture America conference to discuss ways to make USMSFP research more relevant to the U.S. shrimp farming industry. The USMSFP's commitment to information dissemination to U.S. stakeholders was reflected in its publications and workshops. The USMSFP also maintained contact with the industry through a special session conducted at the World Aquaculture Society conference. PARTICIPANTS: The U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Consortium was formed in 1984 to identify and solve problems that constrain the profitability and expansion of the U.S. marine shrimp farming industry. The Consortium oversees the USDA/NIFA-sponsored U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP). This program allows leading investigators and their institutions, working in partnership with industry, to engage in focused, results-oriented projects directed at developing profitable and environmentally sustainable shrimp farming in the U.S. Member institutions and Principle Investigators include: Dr. Jeff Lotz from the University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL); Mr. Dustin Moss from Oceanic Institute (OI); Dr. Abhineet Sheoran from Tufts University (Tufts); Dr. John Leffler from the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Waddell Mariculture Center (SCDNR); Dr. Addison Lawrence from Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System (TALR); Dr. Donald Lightner from the University of Arizona (UAZ); and Dr. Quenton Fontenot from Nicholls State University (NSU). Dr. Shaun Moss (OI) was the project director, with responsibility for coordination of research activities and planning, and overall technical and financial oversight of the Consortium. The USMSFP, through work of the seven Consortium institutions, has provided U.S. stakeholders with direct access to high health, genetically improved shrimp, as well as advanced disease diagnostic and treatment methods. OI had primary responsibility for shrimp genetic improvement, including selection for fast growth and TSV resistance. Tufts conducted work on molecular immunology, including the characterization of shrimp hemocytes. UAZ and GCRL were involved primarily in disease research, including developing diagnostic tools and providing disease diagnostic services. SCDNR and TALR worked on a variety of issues directly relevant to shrimp production, such as Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) management and feeds development, and NSU focused on solid waste disposal issues and on characterization/control of pathogenic bacteria. The Principal Investigators are all recognized world leaders in their respective fields and have numerous peer-reviewed publications. In addition, Dr. Donald Lightner has taken a leadership role in his service to the global shrimp farming community as a member of the Aquatic Animals Health Standards Commission, Office des International Epizootics (OIE), of Paris, France. Support for and maintenance of the OIE reference lab at UAZ has been crucial to meeting global needs in terms of the management of existing and emerging pathogens. Opportunities for training and professional development included the UAZ Shrimp Pathology Workshop and the training of graduate students from member universities. During the reporting period, a total of two Masters and one Ph.D. degrees were awarded among the various institutions supported by the grant. TARGET AUDIENCES: Traditionally, the USMSFP has focused its research efforts on the U.S. shrimp farmer as the primary target audience. However, due to the globalization of shrimp aquaculture, it has become necessary to expand the list of stakeholders to include feed manufacturers, U.S. grain producers, aquaculture equipment suppliers, broodstock suppliers, U.S. investors in foreign shrimp farms, and the U.S. seafood industry. The U.S. consumer also has benefited from USMSFP research via the global shrimp market. This global view has encompassed and fostered the development of a U.S. shrimp broodstock industry where the primary business is to export broodstock shrimp to foreign hatcheries. The USMSFP has supported the U.S. shrimp broodstock industry by providing SPF, selectively bred shrimp to relevant U.S. stakeholders. Importantly, the USMSFP has continued to develop shrimp families which perform well in biosecure, recirculating aquaculture systems. It is recognized that the dissemination of information, publications, and other outputs from the USMSFP reach a global market, and it is not practical to limit the flow of information, technologies, and products to the U.S. alone. Nevertheless, information dissemination is to the U.S. industry first, prior to publication, through workshops and special sessions conducted yearly at the World Aquaculture Society-sponsored Aquaculture America conferences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The USMSFP focused on three major objectives: Stock Improvement, Disease Control, and Sustainable Culture Technology. During the reporting period, the USMSFP produced 90 families of SPF Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei. Of these, 49 families were from the TSV-Resistant line, whereas 41 were from the Growth line. TSV-Resistant shrimp were selectively bred for high survival after TSV exposure, as well as for rapid growth. The USMSFP now has shrimp families that exhibit ≥ 95% survival after TSV exposure and growth rates ≥ 1.5 g/wk, and these shrimp have been distributed to U.S. industry stakeholders. Growth line shrimp experienced high selection intensity for rapid growth in recirculating aquaculture systems. The USMSFP now has shrimp families that exhibit growth rates ≥ 2.0 g/wk when stocked at ≥ 400 shrimp per square meter. Significant progress was made by USMSFP scientists in developing disease diagnostic tools including an antibody-based method to detect IHHNV and IMNV and a real-time PCR method for detecting IHHNV and WSSV simultaneously in a one-tube reaction. Research continued on the genetic diversity of viral pathogens resulting in the identification of a new and more pathogenic strain of TSV from Colombia. In an effort to develop strategies to protect shrimp from pathogenic agents, USMSFP scientists determined that formic acid has a strong inhibitory effect on pathogenic Vibrio bacteria. Research continued on emerging shrimp diseases including "acute hepatopancreatic degeneration syndrome" (AHPDS) plaguing parts of Asia. In an effort to understand the innate immune response of shrimp, the USMSFP continued to characterize shrimp hemocytes using monoclonal antibodies. In an effort to better understand the epidemiology of shrimp disease, the USMSFP continued to develop mathematical models for TSV which incorporated within-host viral dynamics for co-infection with two levels of viral virulence. Research on sustainable culture technology focused on further refinement of super-intensive, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). During the reporting period, four USMSFP institutions (SCDNR, TALR, OI, and GCRL) initiated comparative growout trials using similar system inputs (seed, feed, and stocking density) but different system designs and management protocols. By using similar inputs, important design and management strategies may be identified which impact the cost of shrimp production. Progress was made in developing ways to manage and dispose of solid waste from RAS and to better understand the impact of in situ solids on shrimp performance and water quality. Feed formulation, processing, and management have critical impacts on shrimp production and the USMSFP continued to assess the use of biofloc as a potential shrimp feed additive, and evaluated amino acid requirements for juvenile shrimp.

Publications

  • Arce SM., Moss SM, Lightner DV. 2011. Biosecurity primciples for sustainable production using SPF shrimp. GAA. May/June, pp. 14-16.
  • Beardsley C, Moss SM, Malfatti F, Azam F. 2011. Quantitative role of shrimp fecal bacteria in organic matter fluxes in a recirculating shrimp aquaculture system. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 77:134-145.
  • Boopathy, R. 2010. Effects of Probiotic on Organic Waste Digestion and Control of Shrimp Aquaculture System. 4th International Congress on Bioprocess in Food Industries. Curitiba, Brazil. Oct. 5-8, 2010.
  • Boopathy, R. 2010. Use of a Sequencing Batch Reactor in Treating Shrimp Aquaculture Waste Sludge. 8th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. Roanoke, VA. August 20-22, 2010.
  • Boopathy, R. 2011. Microbial Treatment of Shrimp Aquaculture Wastewater using Sequencing Batch Reacor. 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial Microbiology. New Orleans, LA. July 24-28, 2011.
  • Boopathy, R., S. Mine, and Q. Fontenot. 2011. Effect of Organic Acids on Shrimp Pathogen, Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture America 2011 Conference. New Orleans. Feb. 28th-March 3, 2011.
  • Boube, I. Master of Science. 2011. Identification of transcriptomic pathways involved in Taura syndrome virus resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei. The University of Southern Mississippi. Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA.
  • Browdy CL, Ray AJ, Avnimelech Y, Leffler JW. 2011. Biofloc based aquaculture systems. In Aquaculture Production Methods, Tidwell J. (ed.), Wiley, New York, USA.
  • Cote I, Lightner DV. 2010. Hyperthermia does not protect Kona stock Penaeus vannamei against infection by the Belize-02 isolate of Taura syndrome virus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 88: 157-160.
  • Cuellar-Anjel J, Chamorro R, White-Nobel B, Schofield P, Lightner DV. 2011. Testing finds resistance to WSSV in shrimp from Panamanina breeding program. GAA. July/August, pp. 65-66.
  • Davidson EW, Synder J, Lightner DV, Ruthig G, Lucas J, Gilley J. 2010. Exploration of potential microbial control agents for the invasive crayfish, Orchonectes virilis, in Arizona, USA. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 297-310.
  • DuRant E, Haveman J, Brunson J, Leffler JW. 2011. Waddell Mariculture Center continues research on biofloc-based shrimp culture. Global Aquaculture Advocate 14 (3): 28-30.
  • DuRant E, Brunson J, Leffler JW. 2011. Biofloc-based recirculating aquaculture systems for the culture of Pacific white shrimp. Hatchery International June/August 2011: 28-29. Forster I, Dominy W, Lawrence AL, Castille F, Patnaik S. 2010. Optimization of a research diet for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using mixture model methodology. Aquaculture 298: 260-266.
  • Heres A, Lightner DV. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of the pathogenic bacteria Spiroplasma penaei based on multilocus sequence analysis. Journal Invertebrate Pathology 103: 30-35.
  • Heres A, Redman R, Lightner DV. 2011. Histopathology of Spiroplasma penaei systematic infection in experimentally infected Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Bamidgeh (The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture):63:589-596.
  • Holl CM, Glazer CT, Moss SM. 2011. Nitrogen stable isotopes in recirculating aquaculture for super-intensive shrimp production: tracing the effects of water filtration on microbial nitrogen cycling. Aquaculture, 311(1-4):146-154.
  • Lawrence AL, Patnaik S, Pratoomthai B, Karges K. 2011b. Evaluation of corn dried distillers grains with solubles as feed ingredients in shrimp diets. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 260.
  • Leffler JW, Haveman J, DuRant E, Weldon D, Brunson J. 2011. Highlights of recent research at the Waddell Mariculture Center to support domestic commercialization of superintensive, indoor, biofloc cultivation of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . U.S. Aquaculture Society 2011, New Orleans, LA. February 28-March 3, 2011.
  • Leffler JW, DuRant E, Brunson J, Ray AJ. 2011. Nitrogen dynamics in minimal exchange, superintensive, biofloc raceways and tanks for the cultivation of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. U.S. Aquaculture Society 2011, New Orleans, LA. February 28-March 3, 2011.
  • Lightner DV. 2011. Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): A review. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 106:110-130.
  • Lightner DV, Redman RM. 2010. The global status of significant infectious diseases of framed shrimp. Asian Fisheries Science 23:383-426.
  • Lightner DV, Redman RM. (in press). The global health issues-crustaceans. In Proceedings from the OIE Global Conference on Aquatic Animal Health. Panama City, Panama June 28-30, 2011.
  • Lightner DV. 2011. Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere: A review. Panorama Acuicola. May/June, 16:8-20.
  • Lightner DV. 2011. Infectious myonecrosis: Its status as an OIE-listed Disease and its transfer from Brazil to Indonesia. 10th International Shrimp Culture Symposium. Panama City, Panama. May 4-7, 2011.
  • Nunan LM, Lightner DV. 2011. One-step PCR for white spot syndrome detection. Global Aquaculture Advocate. January/February, p. 74.
  • Otoshi CA, Moss DR, Moss SM. 2011. Growth-enhancing effect of pond water on four size classes of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(3):417-422.
  • Otoshi CA, Rodriguez N, Moss SM. 2011. Establishing nitrifying bacteria in super-intensive biofloc shrimp production. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14(3):24-26.
  • Pantoja CR, Navarro SA. 2011. Ring tests compare PCR results for diagnostic laboratories. GAA May/June, pp. 26-27.
  • Pantoja CR, Navarro SA, Lightner DV. 2011. Detection of Penaeid shrimp pathogens by PCR/RT-PCR: Ring tests for diagnostic laboratories. World Aquaculture Society February 28- March 3, 2011. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
  • Pantoja CR. 2011. Penaus vannamei Nodavirus (PvNV): Molecular characterization and investigation of potential vectors. World Aquaculture Society February 28- March 3, 2011. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
  • Ray AJ, Farno CC, Bailey B, Breland VM, Dillon KS, Lotz JM. 2011. Differences in chemical dynamics between chemoautotrophic and three different heterotrophic biofloc-based shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture systems. Journal of Shellfisheries Research 30: 546.
  • Ray AJ, Farno CC, Breland VM, Duncan JA, Nicholson C, Lotz JM. 2011. Refining biofloc management in mesohaline, intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture systems. Aquaculture America 2011. Aquaculture on Parade. Abstracts: 383.
  • Patnaik S, Lawrence AL. 2011. Density and feed rate effect on growth, survival, and production of Litopenaeus vannamei stocked at low water depth. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 347.
  • Prasai, B., S. Shields, and R. Boopathy. 2011. Bioremediation of Nitrogen Rich Wastewater from Shrimp Aquaculture Industry. 85th Annual Meeting of Louisiana Academy of Sciences Meeting. Monroe, LA. Feb 26, 2011.
  • Ray AJ, Dillon, KS, Lotz JM. 2010. Water quality dynamics and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production in intensive, mesohaline culture systems with two levels of biofloc management, Aquacultural Engineering (2010), doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.09.001.
  • Ray AJ, Lotz JM, Brunson JE, Leffler JW. 2011. Shrimp Sampling Method Improves Stocking Process. Global Aquaculture Advocate. July-August: 15.
  • Ray AJ, Farno CC, Lotz JM. 2011. Use of settled solids from intensive shrimp culture as a fertilizer alternative for bitter panicum Panicum amarum var. amarum. Aquaculture America 2011. Aquaculture on Parade. Abstracts: 384.
  • Stentiford GD, Lightener DV. 2011. Cases of white spot disease (WSD) in European shrimp farms. Aquaculture (online July 2011).
  • Tang KFJ, Lightner DV. 2011. Duplex real-time PCR for detection and quantification of monodon baculovirus (MBV) and hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in Penaeus monodon. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 93:191-198.
  • Tang KFJ, Pantoja CR, Redman RM, Navarro SA, Lightner DV. 2011. Ultrastructural and sequence characterization of Penaeus vannamei nodavirus (PvNV) from Belize. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 94:179-187.
  • Velasco-Escudero M, Lawrence AL. 2010. Nutrient requirements and current status of shrimp nutrition research. In: The Shrimp Book. (Eds.), Alday-Sanz V. Nottingham University Press. Nottingham, United Kingdom. pp. 477-485.
  • White-Noble BL, Lightner DV, Tang KFJ, Redman R. 2010. Lab challenge for selection\of IMNV-resistant white shrimp. GAA. July/August, pp. 71-73.
  • Wilkenfeld JS, Samocha TM, Holmes KA, Bennett J, Morris TC, Fuqua Z, Cornelius N. 2011. Advances in the grow-out and maturation of the f4 generation, and production of f5-generation viral-pathogen-free broodstock of the Northern White Shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus - continuing the effort to develop a live bait-shrimp industry in the USA. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 487, Aquaculture America 2011, February 28-March 3, 2011, New Orleans, LA.
  • Wilkenfeld JS, Samocha TM, Holmes KA, Morris TC, Siccardi A, Bennett J, Fuqua Z, Cornelius N, Jones K. 2011. Progress towards developing a live bait-shrimp industry in the USA using the Northern White Shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus: grow-out and maturation of the f4 generation, production of the f5-generation, grow-out in super-intensive greenhouse-enclosed race ways under zero exchange, and preliminary results of density studies. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 1173, World Aquaculture 2011, June 6-10, 2011, Natal, Brazil.
  • Fox JM, Lawrence AL, Patnaik S. 2011a. Apparent dry matter protein and energy digestibility of corn products fed to the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 159.
  • Fox JM, Lawrence AL, Patnaik S. 2011b. Apparent dry matter protein and energy digestibility of wheat products fed to the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 160.
  • Fox JM, Lawrence AL, Zimba PV. 2011c. Use of algae co-products as feed ingredients in aquaculture feeds. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 158.
  • Gonzalez-Felix ML, da Silva FSD, Davis DA, Samocha TM, Morris TC, Wilkenfeld JS, Perez-Velazquez M. 2011. Replacement of fish oil in plant based diets for Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 501, World Aquaculture 2011, June 6-10, 2011, Natal, Brazil.
  • Handy MJ. Master of Science. 2010. An evaluation of bead filtration, pressurized sand filtration, and foam fractionation upon shrimp performance, water quality, and oxygen demand in three limited-discharge raceways during the nursery phase of the Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
  • Holl CM, Otoshi CA, Unabia CR. 2011. Nitrifying biofilms critical for water quality in intensive shrimp RAS. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14(1):38-39.
  • Holl CM, Otoshi C, Ahina P, Moss SM. 2011. Effects of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) water versus clear seawater on the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 28-Mar.3, 2011. Abstract Book World Aquaculture 2011, p. 222.
  • Juarez LM, Moss SM, Figueras E. 2011. Maturation and larval rearing of the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. In: The Shrimp Book, (Eds.) Alday-Sanz V., Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
  • Kearns J, Lawrence AL. 2011. Extruder design changes increase production capacity for small-diameter feeds. Global Aquaculture Advocate 14(3): 80-81.
  • Kent M, Browdy CL, Leffler JW. 2011. Consumption and digestion of suspended microalgae by juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 319: 363-368. Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL, Boardman GD, Flick GJ. 2011. What makes bioflocs great for shrimp Global Aquaculture Advocate 14(2): 76-77.
  • Kuhn DD, Lawrence AL, Boardman GD, Patnaik S, Marsh L, Flick Jr GJ. 2010. Evaluation of two types of bioflocs derived from biological treatment of fish effluent as feed ingredients for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 303: 28-33.
  • Kuhn D, Lawrence AL, Boardman G, Patnaik S, Marsh L, Flick G. 2011. Evaluation and comparison of bioflocs derived from different carbon sources as feed ingredients for shrimp. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 252.
  • Lawrence AL, Patnaik S, Castille FL. 2011a. Review of research, 2009, from Texas AgriLife Research Mariculture Laboratory at Port Aransas, The Texas A&M University System. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, February 28-March 03, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. pp. 261.
  • Lightner D, Tang KFJ, Wertheim JO, Redman RM, Pantoja CR, Nunan LM, Navarro SN. 2011. IHHN disease: History of the disease and strain divergence of its viral agent. World Aquaculture Society February 28- March 3, 2011. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
  • Mine S, Boopathy R. 2011. Effect of Organic Acids on Shrimp Pathogen, Vibrio harveyi. Current Microbiology. 63: 1-7.
  • Mine S. 2010. Effects of Organic Acids on Shrimp Pathogen, Vibrio harveyi. MS. Thesis, Nicholls State University. August 2010.
  • Morris TC, Samocha TM, Advent B, Huysman ND, Holmes KA. 2011. Performance of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc-dominated zero exchange raceways using a non-venturi air injection system for aeration and foam fractionation. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 315, Aquaculture America 2011, February 28-March 3, 2011, New Orleans, LA.
  • Moss SM, Moss DR, Otoshi CA, Arce SM. 2010. An integrated approach to sustainable shrimp farming. Asian Fisheries Society, Asian Fisheries Science, 23(4):591-605.
  • Lotz J M 2010. Evolutionary principles applied to disease control and health management in shrimp aquaculture. Pp. 679-694. In Alday-Sanz, V. (ed). The Shrimp Book. Nottingham University Press. Nottingham. Lotz JM. 2011. Highlights of shrimp research: Gulf Coast Research Laboratory. Aquaculture America 2011. Aquaculture on Parade. Abstracts: 287.
  • Moss DR, Arce SM, Otoshi CA, Moss SM. 2011. Shrimp breeding for resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14(1):40-41. Moss SM. 2011. Farming the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in Asia: Opportunities and challenges. In: Souvenir 2011, pp. 13-17. Marine Products Export Development Authority, Aqua-Aquaria India 2011, February 6-8, 2011, Chennai, India.
  • Moss SM. 2011. Role of the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program in support of a domestic shrimp farming industry. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 28-Mar. 3, 2011. Abstract CD p. 318.
  • Moss DR, Otoshi CA, Arce SM, Holl CM, Cantrell RN. 2011. Shrimp research activities at Oceanic Institute. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 28-Mar. 3, 2011. Abstract CD p. 317.
  • Moss SM. 2011. An integrated approach to sustainable shrimp farming. Proceedings from the 3rd International Shrimp Industry Development Forum. CAPPMA Modern Shrimp-Industry Technology Research System, The People's Government of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China, pp. 3-4.
  • Moss S, Otoshi CA, Holl CM, Leffler JW, Lightner DV. Application of biofloc technology to super-intensive shrimp production. World Aquaculture Society February 28- March 3, 2011. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
  • Moss SM, Moss DR, Arce SM, Lightner DV, Lotz JM. 2011. The role of selective breeding and biosecurity in the prevention of disease in penaeid shrimp aquaculture. OECD-Co-operative Research Programme Funded Symposium, Disease in Aquatic Crustaceans: Problems and solutions for global food security. Satin Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, p. 4.
  • Moss SM, Moss DR. 2011. Genetic improvement of farmed shrimp: Opportunities and challenges. The 1st International Meeting on Genes, Animal Agriculture, and Aquaculture. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, p.4.
  • Muller IC, Andrade TPD, Tang-Nelson KFJ, Marques MRF, Lightner DV. 2010. Genotyping of WSSV geographical isolates from Brazil and comparison to other isolates from the Americas. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 88: 91-98.
  • Nunan LM, Poulos BT, Navarro S, Redman RM, Lightner DV. 2010. Milky hemolymph disease (MHD) in spiny lobsters, penaeid shrimp and crabs. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 91:105-112.
  • Nunan LM, Lightner DV. 2011. Optimized PCR assay for detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Journal of Virological Methods 171:318-321.
  • Samocha TM. 2010. Use of no water exchange and Zeigler 35% CP HI diet for the production of marketable Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a super-intensive raceway system. The Practical 1(3): 8-10, Asian Aquaculture Network, Thailand.
  • Ray AJ, Lotz JM. 2011. Solids management in biofloc-based aquaculture systems. Barry Bowen's Bio-floc Session. Aquaculture America 2011. Aquaculture on Parade. 507.
  • Ray AJ, Seaborn G, Vinatea L, Browdy CL, Leffler JW. 2011. Implications of biofloc management on microbial community characteristics in minimal-exchange, superintensive shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture systems. Submitted to Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.
  • Ray AJ, Lewis BL, Browdy CL, Leffler JW. 2011. Suspended solids removal to improve Litopenaeus vannamei production in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems. Panorama Acuicola 16(3):8-21. Samocha TM, Morris TC, Kim JS, Correia ES, Advent B. 2011. Avancos recentes na operacao de raceway super-intensivos dominandos por bioflocs e com renovacao zero para a producao do camarao branco do Pacifico, Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista ABCC XIII(2): 62-67, Natal, Brazil.
  • Samocha TM, Correia ES, Hanson T, Wilkenfeld JS, Morris TC. 2010. Operation and economics of a biofloc-dominated zero exchange system for the production of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in greenhouse-enclosed raceways. Pages 33-47. In: Proceedings of the Aquacultural Engineering Society's Issues Forum, August 18-19, 2010, Roanoke, VA.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. A summary of recent intensive nursery and grow-out studies with the Pacific White Shrimp at the Texas AgriLife Research Mariculture Lab at Flour Bluff, Corpus Christi, Texas. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 405, Aquaculture America 2011, February 28-March 3, 2011, New Orleans, LA.
  • Samocha TM. 2011. Shrimp Nursery Technologies. An abstract of an oral presentation published in the Show Directory Manual of the VIII International Shrimp Farming Symposium, June 6 - 10, 2011, Natal, Brazil. p. 19.
  • Samocha TM, Correia ES, Morris TC., Advant B, Hanson T, Wilkenfeld JS, Huysman ND. 2011. Super-intensive biofloc dominated zero exchange shrimp production systems for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei - opportunities and challenges using recycled culture water in zero-exchange raceways with foam fractionation and dissolved oxygen monitoring systems as management tools. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 998, World Aquaculture 2011, June 6-10, 2011, Natal, Brazil.
  • Samocha TM, Correia ES, Hanson T, Wilkenfeld JS, Morris TC. 2010. Operation and economics of a biofloc-dominated zero exchange system for the production of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in greenhouse-enclosed raceways. Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 33. An abstract of an oral presentation at the Aquacultural Engineering Society's Issues Forum, August 18-19, 2010, Roanoke, VA.
  • Samocha TM, Correia ES, Wilkenfeld JS, Morris TC, Wei L, Hanson T. 2010. Biofloc-dominated zero exchange intensive nursery and grow-out of the Pacific White Shrimp in greenhouse-enclosed raceways. The 8th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture August 20-21, 2010 - Roanoke, VA.
  • Samocha TM, Morris TC, Huysman ND, Klim BC, Holmes KA, Wilkenfeld JS, Siccardi III AJ. 2011. High-density production of disease resistant and growth crosses of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using recycled culture water in zero-exchange raceways with foam fractionation and dissolved oxygen monitoring systems as management tools. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 404, Aquaculture America 2011, February 28-March 3, 2011, New Orleans, LA.
  • Yan D, Tang KFJ, Lightner DV. 2010. A real-time PCR for the detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of penaeid shrimp. Journal of Fish Diseases 33: 507-511.
  • Samocha TM, Morris TC, Huysman ND, Holmes KA, Wilkenfeld JS, Siccardi III AJ, Ur-Rehman S, Mahmood K. 2011. Intensive nursery culture of disease resistant and growth crosses of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in a zero exchange system. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), p. 226, Aquaculture America 2011, February 28-March 3, 2011, New Orleans, LA.
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