Progress 07/01/10 to 06/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Livestock producers (primarily cattle and horses), veterinary entomologists, microbial ecologists, general public Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Two PhD students successfully graduated, one undergraduate student trained and accepted to a graduate school. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentations at professional meetings and university extension gathering events have brought great interests for livestock producers and scientists on fly control. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Different volatiles emitted from fresh and aged horse manure have been isolated and characterized. The effect of individual and mixture of identified volatile compounds on oviposition of stable flies was tested in the laboratory conditions. The structure of the bacterial community in the horse manure when highly attractive and supportive for stable fly larval development was analyzed. Identified oviposition stimuli for stimulation of stable fly oviposition was evaluated in the field. Stable fly oviposition trap was developed with additional attractant blends.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
JJ. Zhu, BJ. Wienhold, J. Wehrle, D. Davis, H. Chen, DB, Taylor, KM. Friesen and L. Zurek. (2013) Efficacy and longevity of the newly developed microencapsulated-catnip as an oviposition deterrent and a larvicide against stable flies. Medical &Veterinary Entomology (in press).
K. Tangtrakulwanich, T.A. Albuquerque, G. Brewer, F. Baxandele, L. Zurek, D.N. Miller, D. Taylor, and J.J. Zhu. Behavioral responses of Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L). (Diptera: Muscidae) to host and host environment associated volatiles. Medical & Veterinary Entomology (in review).
T.A. Albuquerque, L. Zurek, L. Durso, and J.J. Zhu. Emission of volatile profiles from identified microbial community in stable fly larval media. Journal of Chemical Ecology (in preparation).
T.A. Albuquerque, L. Zurek. Diversity and effect of the microbial community of aging horse manure on Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) fitness. Journal of Medical Entomology (in preparation).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
1. Annual Meeting of International Society of Chemical Ecology, Manipulation of microbial community in fly development media as a novel control strategy . Tours, France. (2012)
2. Conference Organizer, Invited speaker (J. Zhu) at 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Chemical Ecology (October, 2011), Beijing, China, Info-chemical interactions between microbial community and pest flies
3. Presentation at 67th ESA-NCB 2012 (Lincoln Nebraska), titled Volatiles associated with filth fly attraction and oviposition selection
4. International Conference of Chemical Ecology, Aug. 19-22, 2013 in Melbourne, Australia, titled Microbial chemecology of fly and their environments .
5. Zurek L. 2012. Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Symposium: Microbe-Insect Interactions in Decomposition and Disease Ecology , Knoxville, TN, Nov. 2012
6. Zurek L. 2012. The effect of the microbial community of aging horse manure on stable fly fitness. LIWC, June 24-27, Kalispell, MT.
7. Albuquerque T. and L. Zurek. 2012 Microbial ecology of stable flies. KSU Research Forum, Manhattan, March 7 (First price for the poster presentation for T. Albuquerque).
8. Albuquerque T. and L. Zurek 2012. The North Central Branch Meeting of ESA, June 3-6, Lincoln, NE, Effect of microbial community of horse manure on stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) fitness.
9. Zurek L. 2012. Physiology-Animal Breeding Seminar in KSU- Animal Science and Industry. October 24, Manhattan, KS.
10. Albuquerque, T. A and L. Zurek. 2011. Horse manure age effects stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) larval development. 55th Annual Meeting of Livestock Insect Workers Conference and 56th AAVP (American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists), St. Louis, MO, 16-19 July
11. Moon R. Zurek. L. (+ 6) 2011. Winter debris-cleanup deadlines based on a ground-truthed degree-day model. 55th Annual Meeting of Livestock Insect Workers Conference and 56th AAVP (American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists), St. Louis, MO, 16-19 July
12. Moon R., L. Zurek (+6.) 2011. Phenology of spring emergence by first generation stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in North America. The Annual ESA meeting, Reno, NE, Nov. 13-16.
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Progress 07/01/11 to 06/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Our findings were presented at the following meetings: 55th Annual Meeting of Livestock Insect Workers Conference and 56th AAVP (American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists), St. Louis, MO, 16-19 July, 2011, presented by T.A. Albuquerque, the title: Horse manure age effects stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) larval development; 2011 Annual Meeting of Asia-Pacific Chemical Ecology Conference, Beijing, China, Oct. 11-17, 2011, presented by J. Zhu, title: Microbio-chemical ecology of filth flies and their environments; S1030 Multi-state meeting, Orlando, FL, Jan 9-11, 2012, presented by J. Zhu, title: Integrated Fly Control via Push-Pull Strategies; KSU Research Forum, Manhattan, KS, March 7, 2102 presented by T. A. Albuquerque, the title: Microbial ecology of stable flies (awarded first price in the graduate student poster competition); Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kalispell, Montana, June 24-27, 2012, presented by L. Zurek, the title: The effect of the microbial community of aging horse manure on stable fly fitness. PARTICIPANTS: Ludek Zurek, (PI), Thais A. Albuquerque (Graduate student, KSU), Junwei (Jerry) Zhu (Co-PI, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE), K. Tangtrakulwanich (Graduate student, UNL) TARGET AUDIENCES: Livestock production units, pest control operators, medical and veterinary entomologists, farmers and ranchers, public health departments, microbial ecologists, clinicians, general public, military. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.), are blood-feeding insects with a great negative impact on livestock resulting in annual losses around $2 billion in the USA alone. One of the main reasons for such an impact is because stable fly management is very difficult. Stable fly larvae develop primarily in animal manure and live bacteria were shown to be essential for stable fly development. It was hypothesized that the microbial community of horse manure changes over time and plays an important role in stable fly fitness. Two-choice bioassays were conducted using 2 week old horse manure (control) and aging horse manure (fresh to 5 week old) to evaluate the effect of manure age on stable fly oviposition. The results showed that fresh manure did not stimulate oviposition and that the attractiveness increased as manure aged but started to decline after 3 weeks. Stable fly eggs artificially placed on 1, 2, and 3 week old manure resulted in significantly higher survival and heavier adults comparing to those developing in fresh, 4, and 5 week old manure. Analysis of the bacterial community of aging horse manure by 454- pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA revealed a major shift from strict anaerobes (e.g. Clostridium, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Bacteroidales) in fresh manure to facultative anaerobes and strict aerobes (e.g. Rhizobium, Devosia, Brevundimonas, Sphingopyxis, Comamonas, Pseudomonas) in 1-5 week old manure. Identified volatile compounds emitted from 2 and 3 week old horse manure included phenol, indole, p-cresol, and m-cresol. However, none of them stimulated stable fly oviposition in two-choice assays. In conclusion, the microbial community of 2 and 3 week old horse manure stimulates stable fly oviposition and provides a suitable habitat for stable fly development. Manure at this stage should be the main target for disrupting the stable fly life cycle. Volatile compounds acting as oviposition stimulants/attractants and their specific bacterial origin remain to be determined. Better understanding of stable fly microbial ecology is critical for development of novel management strategies based on alteration of the microbial community of stable fly habitat to generate a substrate that is non-conducive to fly oviposition and/or larval development.
Publications
- Zhu, Junwei; Wienhold, Brian; Wehrle, Joe; Davis, Dan; Chen, Han; Taylor, Dave; Friesen, Kristina; Zurek, Ludek (2012). Laboratory Evaluation of Larvicidal Activity and Oviposition Deterrence from Encapsulating Catnip Oil against Stable Flies Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (in review).
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Progress 07/01/10 to 06/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We have conducted several experiments including the collection volatile compounds emitted from horse and cattle manure and analyzed them using gas-chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Synthetic blends of these compounds have been evaluated in behavioral assays and electroanntenogram assays for their attractiveness and repellency of stable fly females. Results of this work have been presented at the following scientific meetings: Albuquerque, T. A. and Zurek, L. 2010. Microbial Community Structure of Aging Horse Manure and Stable Fly Oviposition Behavior. Annual Meeting of Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. (27-30 July 2010). Albuquerque, T. A. and Zurek, L. 2010. Microbial community of aging horse manure affects stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) oviposition and larval development. Annual Research-Extension Update, Department of Entomology, Manhattan, KS. (22-23 November, 2010). Albuquerque, T. A. and Zurek, L. 2011. Horse manure age affects stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) oviposition and larval development. Joint meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (AAVP) 56th Annual Meeting, Livestock Insect Workers' Conference (LIWC) 55th Annual Meeting and International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets (ISEP) 11th Bi-Annual Meeting. - Saint Louis, MO (16-19 June 2011). ESA Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA by J. Zhu 1. Section Symposium Tapping into the diversity of universities and USDA to collaboratively tackle formidable pests of livestock through a regional project Invited talk Progresses in research for stable fly control via push-pull strategy; 2. Symposium Entodiversity of semiochemical application in insect pest management Invited talk New developments in integrated fly management Annual Meeting of Chemical Ecology, Tours, France, 7/31-8/4, 2010. Titled Manure/bacterial-associated volatile compounds as fly oviposition attractants By J Zhu, M. Chaudhury and L. Zurek. PARTICIPANTS: Ludek Zurek (PI), KSU, Entomology Thais Albuquerque (Ph.D. student), KSU, Entomology Jerry Zhu (Co-PI), USDA-ARS, NPA, Lincoln, NE Kim Tangtrakulwanich (Ph.D. student) University of Nebraska, Entomology and USDA-ARS, NPA, Lincoln, NE. Thais Albuquerque and Kim Tangtrakulwanich have received training in chemical ecology research (gas-chromatography, mass-spectrophotometry, and electroanntenogram analysis) and insect behavior (two-choice behavioral assays). TARGET AUDIENCES: Entomologists, chemical ecologists, farmers and ranchers, pest control operators, public health officials, general public PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Profiles of volatile compounds have been established from fresh and aged horse and cattle manure using the solid phase microextraction. Several volatile compounds including short-chain acids, ketones, and other common manure associated volatiles such as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, phenol, cresol and indole have been identified by the gas-chromatography (GC) retention times and characteristic ion fragments of synthetic standards. Profiles of volatile compounds emitted from individual bacterial isolates from horse manure and involved in female oviposition have also established. GC-MS analyses of collected volatiles from bacteria in artificial culture broth and sterilized horse manure showed similar volatile compounds emitted (dimethyl disulfide, phenol and indole, etc). Synthetic blends of these compounds (phenol, p-cresol, m-cresol, indol) have been formulated and are now tested in two-choice oviposition laboratory assays (our preliminary results indicate that phenol and cresol elicited significant egg-laying when they mixed within the stable fly rearing media) EAG (electroanntenogram) responses of gravid female antennae have been tested with above mentioned volatile compounds with significant electroantennographic responses elicited Furthermore, single-cage olfactormeter assay showed that stable fly females were attractive to phenol, cresol, but this is dose-dependent.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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