Progress 03/01/11 to 02/28/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: A field campaign was conducted in Edgerton Minnesota, in a pig farm, in collaboration with the Randy Spronk that operates the farm. The field campaign was in collaboration with John Prueger and Jerry Hatfield from the National Soil Tilth Laboratory, in Ames IA, and Junming Wang from Tennessee State U. From our team - Gil Bohrer (PI), William Eichinger (co-PI, U. Iowa), William Kenny, Laura Hadlocon (grad students, OSU), Bryson Winski, Brad Barnhardt (grad students, U. Iowa), Sean Plenner and Adam Thompson (undergrad students, U. Iowa) attended the experiment. The campaign was help during 8/14/2011 - 8/19/2011. We have continuous, daytime measurements for the full setup during 3 days 8/16-18. In this campaign, 3 meteorological towers where constructed downwind of the pig barn. Each was 10 m tall, with a 3-D ultrasonic anemometer, a temperature/humidity probe and a dust-track conducting at 2.5 and 8 m, these provided measurements of 3-D wind fluctuations and heat flux at 10 Hz, and aerosol density once a minute. 4-channel radiometer was installed at the top of one tower. Additional 3D sonic and a dust-track were installed upwind of the barn to measure the ambient concentration of dust. We alternated the location of one of the dust-tracks from the lower position in the first tower to the window of the barn during one day of measurements, for a direct estimate of the source strength. The Iowa Mobile Lidar Lab was present at the site and produced lidar scans for aerosol concentrations A TOPAS particle sizer and an ammonia analyzer were collecting data at 1 minute intervals at 1.5 m above ground. The aerosol data from the field was analyzed by Laura Hadlocon (mentored by Lingying Zhou). The lidar data is being processed by William Eichinger. The meteorological data was analyzed by William Kenny (mentored by Gil Bohrer) and all the data was combined to a dataset on a uniform timestamp. A modeling analysis was conducted using the software AERMOD. We developed the meteorological dataset and surface description for forcing of AERMOD simulations of the Edgerton experiment. The simulation results were compared with measurements of aerosol concentrations. Additional simulations were conducted using the large eddy simulation model RAFLES. A set of simulations, representing different 30 minute periods were conducted to evaluate the model capability to resolve the wind speed and turbulence over a wind break. Model simulations with the advanced atmospheric model OLAM were conducted to simulate the same experiment. We set up simulations with an explicit domain of the buildings and vegetation in and around the barn in Edgerton, at a maximal resolution of 15 meters. OLAM provides estimates of the far downstream dust concentrations. Events - we conducted a workshop (4/4-7 2011) for teaching the use of the advanced atmospheric model OLAM. Robert Walko from Miami University, the developer of OLAM, visited OSU and provided code and instruction on how to set up, and analyze data using OLAM. Products - The dispersion dataset from the Edgerton experiment is stored in the Ohio State University and can be provided to interested users upon request. PARTICIPANTS: Gil Bohrer (PI) participated in the field campaign, organized the OLAM workshop, mentored William Kenny (grad student) and Steven Garrity (Post-doc) and participated in data analysis and model preparation. Presented the project results at the Department of Energy Terrestrial Ecosystem Science PI meeting, Washington, DC, April, 2012 and 9th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Palm Springs, CA, USA, October, 2011. William Eichinger (co-PI, U. Iowa), participated in the field campaign and analyzed lidar data. Mentored Bryson Winski, Brad Barnhardt (grad students), Sean Plenner and Adam Thompson (undergrad students). Lingying Zhao (Co-PI) coordinated the calibration and deployment of the dust-tracks. mentor Lara Hadlocon. Barbara Wyslouzil (co-PI, OSU) participated in analysis of the dust data and preparation of a simplified parameterization function for dust lofting near the source. Steve Garrity (Post-doc, OSU) (2-5/2011) analyzed the data from the previous field campaign (2010), and develop the setup for meteorological forcing, surface description and results visualization and analysis from AERMOD. Trained in AERMOD, OLAM and RAFLES simulations. Meteorological data analysis. Lara Hadlocon (grad student, OSU) participated in the field campaign, calibrated and analyzed dust-track data. Trained in using dust-track, meteorological measurements, AERMOD, and OLAM simulations. William Kenny (grad student, OSU) participated in the field campaign. Analyzed meteorological data and uniformized field dataset. trained in AERMOD, RAFLES and OLAM models. Trained in meteorological and flux measurements. Conduct AERMOD and RAFLES simulations. Renato Frasson (post-doc, OSU) (1-3/2012) conducted OLAM simulations. Efthalia Chatziefstratiou (grad student, OSU) developed scalar dispersion components in RAFLES. Analyzed RAFLES simulations from previous project year for dispersion over a semi-permeable barrier. Rober Jones (undergrad, OSU) visualization of lidar data. Bryson Winski (grad, U. Iowa) participated in field campaign as lidar operator. Brad Barnhardt (grad, U. Iowa) participated in field campaign as lidar operator. Sean Plenner (undergrad, U. Iowa) participated in field campaign as lidar operator. Adam Thompson (undergrad, U. Iowa) participated in field campaign as lidar operator. Collaborators: John Prueger and Jerry Hatfield from the National Soil Tilth Laboratory, in Ames IA, participated in the field campaign and contributed (in kind) 2 towers and several datalogger, sonic anemometers and temperature probes. Junming Wang from Tennessee State U participated in the field campaign and contributed in kind 4 dust-tracks. Robert Walko, Miami University lead a 3 days workshop for modeling with OLAM in OSU, and trained the students of Bohrer and Zhao in using the OLAM model. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Location of second field campaign was moved from Marysville Ohio (where the first field campaign was conducted) to Edgerton Minnesota. The reason for this change was that we did not find a site with a straight windbreak directly downwind of the emission source of a portray CAFO near Marysville. Windbreaks where either far from the source, diagonal to the leading wind direction or bent and thus made the analysis of the results difficult. Bad relationship between the CAFO operators (New Day) and the neighbors around their facilities (there was an active "no more chickens" campaign by the neighbors during the time we were planning to conduct the experiment) also prevented us from finding a site where we could monitor both sites of the windbreak, as the windbreaks were at the edges of the CAFO property lines and the neighbors refused to allow us access to the other side. A suitable site in a pig CAFO in Edgerton MN, with a straight windbreak, close to the source and not at the property line was identified by our collaborators in the Tilth Soil lab in Iowa.
Impacts
Our results indicate that only a very small fraction of the dust is interacting at all with the wind break. Despite strong dust emissions and visible plumes out of the windows of the pig barn, or the vents of the chicken coop (where the first field campaign took place in 2010), aerosol concentrations around the windbreak are not far from ambient. This observations and consequent analysis with 3 models of increasing complexity (AEROMOD, OLAM, RAFLES) have lead to new understanding of the sensitivity of dust emissions to surface heat. This constitutes a change of knowledge. We are currently working on formulating this dependency, and approximating it using modified chimney equations that will account for fast lofting of dust over the source due to increased heat flux and uplifted plume from the building.
Publications
- Garrity SR, Meyer K, Maurer KD, Hardiman B, Bohrer G (2012) Estimating plot-level tree structure in a deciduous forest by combining allometric equations, spatial wavelet analysis and airborne LiDAR. Remote Sensing Letters 3:443-451.
- Garrity SR, Bohrer G, Maurer KD, Mueller KL, Vogel CS, Curtis PS. (2011) A comparison of multiple phenology data sources for estimating seasonal transitions in deciduous forest carbon exchange. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology 151:1741-1752.
- Kenny WT, Frasson R, Bohrer G, Chatziefstratiou E, Hadlocon L, Wyslouzil B, Zhao L, Eichinger WE (2012) Measurements and large-eddy simulations of particulate matter dispersion over a vegetative wind-break. Electronic conference proceedings (abstract), American Meteorological Society 30th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Boston, MA, May, 2012.
- Maurer KD, Bohrer G, Vogel CS, Curtis PS. (2012) Changes to canopy structure drive shifts in flux ejection-sweep dynamics at the Forest Accelerated Succession ExperimenT (FASET). Electronic conference proceedings (abstract), Department of Energy Terrestrial Ecosystem Science PI meeting, Washington, DC, April, 2012.
- Kenny WT, Bohrer G, Garrity SR, Wyslouzil B, Zhao L, Eichinger WE. (2011) Large-eddy simulations of PM dispersion to quantify the effects of windbreaks on air quality around CAFOs. Electronic conference proceedings (abstract), American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San-Francisco, CA, December, 2011.
- Bohrer G, Garrity SR, Chatziefstratiou EK, Heilman WE. (2011) Large eddy simulation of canopy-structure effects on smoke dispersion from low-burning prescribed fires. Electronic conference proceedings (abstract), 9th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Palm Springs, CA, USA, October, 2011.
- Kenny WT, Bohrer G, Garrity SR, Wyslouzil B, Zhao L, Eichinger W. (2011) Large-eddy simulations of PM dispersion to quantify the effects of windbreaks on air quality around CAFOs. Electronic conference proceedings (abstract), Department of Agriculture 2011 Air Quality Project Directors Meeting, Washington, DC, June, 2011.
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Progress 03/01/10 to 02/28/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: A field campaign was conducted in New Day egg farm in Raymond OH. The campaign extended between June, 6, 2010 and September, 7. Field experiment included deployment of a meteorological station at 16 m above the ground. The station included an ultrasonic anemometer, temperature/humidity probe, a net radiometer, and a krypton hygrometer for measurements of water vapor flux. It provides data for meteorological forcing of the model. The station operated from 6/6 - 9/7. The intensive campaign took place for two weeks 8/7-8/19. Two additional meteorological towers were constructed and instrumented at each side of the wind break. Each tower included 3 ultrasonic anemometers, 3 temperature and humidity probes and two DustTrack PM sensors. Sensors on these two towers provided aerosol, and wind data on both sides of the windbreak for model evaluation. Additionally a mobile lidar scanner was deployed during this period. This instrument collected aerosol along vertical scans, between the CAFO buildings and the meteorological tower upwind of the windbreak. The mobile lab included a TOPAX particle sizer that was deployed upwind of the windbreak. TEOM measurement took place for two days 8/15-17. It was deployed near the upwind tower at a height of 2.0 m. A set of measurements to determine the background and source emission rates was conducted during 8/16 to 9/07. A 3 m tall meteorological tower was constructed 50 m upwind of the CAFO buildings, with an ultrasonic anemometer and a DustTrack. An additional DustTrack was deployed on the roof of the CAFO, 3 m away from the fan outlet. Portable lidar scan of the windbreak were taken to determine the 3-D structure of the trees and leaf distribution. Events: The project PI and postdocs presented at several conferences and workshops: 1) 2010 AFRI Air Quality PD Meeting, Amarillo, TX - Poster, 8/2010. 2) The 29th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Keystone, CO - Oral Presentation, 8/2010 3) Third Fire Behavior and Fuels Conference, Spokane, WA - Poster, 10/2010 4) AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA - Poster, 12/2010 5) BFoResTTraC Workshop: Long Distance Gene Flow and Adaptation, Bordeaux, France - Invited oral presentation, 9/2010 Products: The RAMS-Based Canopy large Eddy simulation model was improved, to include the drag terms on the vertical wind as part of the implicit vertical solver. The footprint model of Detto et al. 2008, was further developed so that in inputs a mask-map of the area of interest, in this case the locations of the fan outlets along the rooftops of the two CAFO buildings. It now also provides a probabilistic scaling of the observed flux. Dissemination: All the data collected during the field campaign was posted on-line through the Ohio State University carmen system. Data is password protected, and all the participants in the project where provided access to the data. A progress report, including a description of the field experiments and the preliminary finding from the data analysis was provided to New Day egg farm in 3/2011. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Gil Bohrer, PI (OSU)- Coordinate site selection and preparation for field work. Design and constructed meteorological stations with Steve Garrity and graduate students developed the data processing and data collection programs. Coordinated research during the field work. In charge of data analysis. Presented results from the project in conferences. Develop improved footprint model. Lingying Zhao, co-PI (OSU) - Coordinated purchase and preparation of aerosol samplers, coordinated aerosol sampling during the field campaign. Barbara Wyslouzil, co-PI (OSU) - Participated in construction of meteorological stations and deployment of aerosol samplers. William Eichinger (U. Iowa) - supervise deployment of mobile aerosol lidar lab during field campaign. Analyze lidar data. Jeet Upadhayay, co-I, Postdoc (Zhao, OSU) - purchase and prepare DustTracks and AIRMOD software. Deploy DustTracks and TOEM during field campaign (part time 3-9/2010). Steven Garrity, postdoc (Bohrer, OSU) - participate in construction of meteorological stations and deployment of meteorological and aerosol sensors. Collected data from stations and process and analyze data. Prepare project data site in carmen (full time 6/2010-5/2011). Vassilia Vellisariou, postdoc (Bohrer, OSU) - develop improved drag representation in the large eddy simulation model RAFLES (part time 4-8/2010). Steve Bliesner, general manager (New Day Farms LLC) - coordinated field work with farm operations. Lara Jane Hadlocon, graduate student (Zhao, OSU) - AERMOD modeling (part time, since 1/2011) William Kenny, graduate student (Bohrer, OSU) - OLAM modeling (since 10/2010) Collaborators and contacts: Rober Walko, University of Miami, is the developer of the OLAM model and provided support in compilation and setup of the model and in training the students to use the model. David Medvigy, Princeton University, is the developer of the land-surface component of OLAM and provided help in setting up the model. P Sadayappan, OSU, collaborating with Bohrer on development of an improved parallelization scheme for OLAM. Partner Organizations: The Ohio State University University of Iowa New day Farms LLC USDA Forest Service, Northern research Station, East Lansing MI (Warren Heilman and Xindi Bian) - provided and deployed a SODAR sensor to measure high winds during the field campaign University of Wisconsin (Ellen Damschen) - Provided 2 ultrasonic anemometers during the field campaign. Ohio Super Computing Center - provide computational resources for model simulations. Training or professional development: 3 postdocs (Upadayay, Garrity, Vellisariou) were trained (part time) by this project. 2 Graduate students (Kenny, Hadlocon) are major participants in the project. 1 graduate and 3 undergraduate students (U Iowa) worked full time for the project during the field campaign. 3 graduate students (OSU) participated part time during the field campaign. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences Air quality modelers, EPA and other air quality regulatory agencies. Poultry farms and other CAFO operators that are concerned about dust emission and have vegetation barriers (such as edge-of-property tree lines or windbreaks) near the source of the dust emissions. This is the first year of the project and we are still analyzing the data. Some preliminary results, particularly about development to models and preliminary simulations of wind interactions with vegetation barriers were presented in scientific conferences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
We are currently in the process of analyzing and preparing the data collected during the field campaign, and setting up model simulations using AIRMOD, OLAM and RAFLES three models of very different complexity levels and scales. We believe that when the results are ready, the combination of meteorological, aerosol and lidar observations with the model simulations will provide new understanding of the complex non-linear processes around the interaction between a dispersing plume and a vegetation windbreak.
Publications
- 3) Velissariou V & Bohrer G. (2010) Resolving a forest-strip induced uplift region using the shaved-grid-cell method with large eddy simulations. On-line conference proceedings (extended abstract), The 29th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Keystone, CO. Aug 2010.
- Abstracts: 1) Garrity S et al. (2010) Large eddy simulation of canopy structure effects on smoke dispersion from prescribed fire. On-line conference proceedings (extended abstract), 3rd Fire Behavior Conference, Spokane, WA. Nov 2010.
- 2) Bohrer G, Medvigy D. (2010) Dynamic evapotranspiration in tree-resolving LES-The ED2RAFLES model. On-line conference proceedings (abstract), AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. Dec 2010.
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