Progress 09/01/09 to 08/31/12
Outputs
Target Audience: Small fruit and wine producers. Changes/Problems: A policy change to eliminate most special grants led to termination of activities for this center. A large gap in opportunity to address industry research priorities remains. Loss of the center also reduces the capacity to educate graduate students in small fruit production systems and enology research. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project provided research support for professional development of faculty, and training of graduate students (detailed below). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Reports on all projects were presented at the 2011 Annual Conference for the Northwest Center for Small Fruit Research. There was broad industry presence at this event. Presentions of work were also given at professional conferences and symposia: German Grape and Wine Congress, International - Intervitis Interfructa Congress, Stuttgart, Germany, April 2013; American Society for Enology and Viticulture National Conference, Portland OR, June 2012; International Cool Climate Symposium, Seattle, WA, June 2010; International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Pucon, Chile, 2013. Information was also shared in Extension publications and websites. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? This is a final report. All reporting is complete.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This termination report focuses on completion of the final series on projects funded by the Northwest Center for Small Fruit Research. This includes one project evaluating cultivars derived from plant breeding in the initial stages of the project. Two projects focusing on vegetation management in and around vineyards. Finally, three projects assess management of specific kinds of plant pests or pathogens. Conventional plant breeding of edible, fruited honeysuckle yielded several promising selections for potential release as cultivars. Due to similar cultural management edible-fruited honeysuckle was targeted as a supplemental crop for blueberry operations. Since fruit matured several weeks earlier than blueberry, extension of berry harvest season was an attractive economic feature of the crop. Finally, phytochemical analyses demonstrated very high Vitamin C, anthocyanin and total phenolic concentrations. This antioxidant profile and good stability in cold storage provided good marketing potential within the health food industry. Application of cover crop residues in vineyard rows increased shoot and root growth. The cover crop was a mix of cereal rye and crimson clover grown in alleyways between the rows and then mulched. Mulching reduced weed coverage and soil compaction, increased soil moisture and leaf chlorophyll while also moderating soil temperature in vine rows. Estimated cost savings ($/acre/year) for a grape grower were: herbicides ($82), fertilizers ($75), initial irrigation system costs ($3,300). Restoration of native habitat in areas adjacent to vineyards increased abundance of beneficial insects and anthropods and reduced density of insect pests. More than a dozen commercial wineries/vineyards participated in these trials. There was good evidence for dispersal of some predactory species, but not all, from refugia into vineyards. This work demonstrated the role of native habitat refugia in integrated pest management in vineyards. Monitoring protocols for spotted wing drosophila were developed as an integral part of management of this invasive pest. Representative sampling of major berry and cropping systems involved participation. Trapping adults and collection of fruit for identification of larva were key elements of scouting efforts. Effective insecticide spray schedules and field sanitation practices were identified and disseminated to the growers. Pseudomonas syrinage (bacterial canker) is a major pathogen of blueberry and other woody perennials. This project determined that isolates of this organism from blueberry infections are resistant to copper, a common treatment currently used in the industry. Blueberry cultivars resistant to canker were identified. This allows avoidance of cost of an inefficient control and reduces environmental pollution. Improved methods for control of nematodes in raspberries were developed. Bed fumigation performance provided for greater reductions in nematode abundance (5 to 10-fold) than conventional broadcase fumigation. Raspberry cane height was improved in bed fumigated compared to broadcast fumigated plots, Bed fumigation with tarp coverage during application also meets new US-EPA regulations on common soil fumigants.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Fredrikson, L.J., P.A. Skinkis, and E. Peachey. 2011. Effect of cover crop management techniques on weed control in an establishing vineyard. HortTech. 21: 208-216.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Curtis, M.A., P.A. Skinkis, R.P. Schreiner. Managing cover crop residues for establishment of productive vineyards. 61st German Grape & Wine Congress, International Intervitis Interfructa Congress, Stuttgart, Germany. April 23-27, 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Curtis, M., L. Fredrikson,* R.P. Schreiner, and P. Skinkis. Management of cover crop residues for the establishment of productive vineyards. American Society for Enology & Viticulture National Conference. Portland, OR. June 20-21, 2012.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Fredrikson, L.*, P.A. Skinkis, and R.P. Schreiner. Effects of Cover-Crop Management on Weed Control, Soil Moisture, and Vine Growth in Establishing Vines. International Cool Climate Symposium. Seattle, WA. June 20-24, 2010.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Thompson, Maxine 2013. Haskap breeding in Oregon. Fruit Gardener 45 (2): 8-11.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
James, D. G. (2011). Beneficial Insect Conservation in Washington Vineyards. WSU Viticulture and Enology Extension News Spring P. 7
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
James, D.G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2013). Beauty with Benefits: Naturescaping Washington vineyards to sustain biological control and provide butterfly habitat. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Pucon, Chile. pp. 195-197.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
James, D.G. (2013). Research identifies native plant species that have the potential to improve biological pest management in vineyards. WSU Viticulture and Enology Extension News, Spring p 2-3.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Gigot, J., Walters, T.W., & Zasada, I. 2013. Impact and Occurrence of Phytophthora rubi and Pratylenchus penetrans in Commercial Red Raspberry (Rubus ideaus) Fields in Northwestern Washington. International Journal of Fruit Science 13(4), 357-372.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Gigot, J., Zasada, I., & Walters, T.W. 2013. Integration of brassicaceous seed meals into red raspberry prodution systems. Applied Soil Ecology. 64, 23-31.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Walters T.W., Gigot J., Zasada I. 2011. Preplant soil fumigation and alternatives for berry production. WSU extension fact sheet FS064E.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Bruck, D.J., M. Bolda, L. Tanigoshi, J. Klick, J. Kleiber, J. DeFrancesco, B. Gerdeman, and H. Spitler. 2011. Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops. Pest Management Science 67: 1375-1385.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Peerbolt, T. 2013. Peerbolt Crop Management Ag Reports. Providing real-time information on pest status for growers in the Pacific Northwest. http://www.peerbolt.com/AgReports/ ( with weekly updates during the field season)
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Progress 09/01/09 to 08/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Osborne isolated Pediococci from two spoiled wines from Washington and one from Oregon. A graduate student was recruited in January 2010 to characterize these bacteria. Qian improved the grape aroma analysis method. Trail vineyards were identified and vines assessed for vigor. Edwards prepared synthetic grape juice media based on a balance between amino acids and ammonia. In all media, pantothenic acid was added in excess (250 microg/L). Once prepared, media were sterile-filtered (0.45 microm) into five liter glass fermentators and inoculated with 105 CFU/mL UCD 522. As determined by soluble solids, the fermentations with 60 mg/L YAN or 250 mg/L YAN (ammonia) treatments were slower compared to fermentations with 250 mg/L (aspartic acid, glutamine, or balanced amino acids/ammonia). Fermentations with 250 mg/L YAN (amino acids/ammonia) produced the least amount of H2S by volume (62.1 microg/L H2S) while the 60 mg/L YAN produced the most (1630 microg/L H2S). All treatments produced nearly all of the H2S within the first nine days of fermentation with the exception of those with 60 mg/L YAN which continuously produced H2S. Chemical analysis of the wines using the three treatments was performed by Ross. The control wine had an alcohol concentration of 13.8%, while the watered-back wine and watered-back + sucrose had alcohol concentrations of 13.9%. The differences in alcohol concentration between the treatments were not significant. No significant differences were noted between pH or TA. Sensory results indicated that untrained panelists were not able to distinguish between wines prepared using the three treatments. In the same-different test, panelists are presented with two wines and asked if the wines are the same as each other or different. When wines were evaluated by a panel of 86 consumers for acceptance of appearance, aroma, flavor, mouthfeel and overall acceptance, no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). The acceptance values along a 9-pt hedonic scale indicated that generally the wines were accepted (mean of 5.8). Finally, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed similar volatile profiles between the three treatments. Zhao's research effort during FY09 included 1) determining chemical compositions of major Northwest wine grape pomace (WGP) and 2) investigating the internal bonding performance of pomace with binding materials, crosslinking agents, and other functional additives for producing pomace based biocomposite boards using thermo-compression method. Five WGPs including 2 white WGPs (Morio Muscat and Muller Thurgau) and 3 red WGPs (Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, and Merlot) were evaluated for their basic composition and nutritional content. Morio Muscat and Pinot Noir pomace were thermally formed into biocomposite boards with different binding materials (soy flour (SF), soy protein isolate (SPI), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) at different pomace:binder ratios, crosslinking agent Epichlorodehydrin (EPI), and hydrophobic material of stearic acid. The mechanical and water absorption properties of thermally formed pomace boards were measured for identifying the optimal pomace board formulation. PARTICIPANTS: Carolyn Ross, School of Food Science Washington State University; Yanyun Zhao, Food Science and Technology Oregon State University; James Osborne, Food Science and Technology Oregon State University; Michael Qian, Food Science and Technology Oregon State University; Charles Edwards, School of Food Science Washington State University TARGET AUDIENCES: Pacific Northwest small fruit growers, processors, and marketers. Wine grape growers, wine makers, and wine marketers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Osborne's PhD student isolated and identified pediococci from Oregon wines as well as learned the necessary protocols including analysis of biogenic amines and staining methods for detection of viable-but-not-culturable bacterial cells. This work will provide methods for identifying spoilage organisms in wine that are of major concern to the wine industry. Qian completed free aroma analysis in grapes. Correlation of analytical data and sensory evaluation correlation can assess application of chemistry to wine quality. Edwards's graduate student learned preparation of the synthetic grape juice medium developed at Washington State University and conducted fermentations. Ross isolated and concentrated aroma and flavor volatiles. A sensory panel of 12-14 individuals provided a descriptive analysis of these wines. Correlation of chemical and sensory evaluations provide new and important information to the wine industry. Zhao investigated applications of pomace biocomposites as nursery pots and other potential products. This is the first examination of biodegradable nursery pots. This reduces use of plastic nursery pots and therefore plastic waste.
Publications
- Michael C. QIAN, Yu Fang, and Krista Shellie, Volatile composition of Merlot wine from different vine water status, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 7459-7463.
- Park, S.I., Jiang, Y., Simonsen, J. and Zhao, Y. 2009. Feasibility of creating compression-molded biocomposite boards from berry fruit pomaces. J. Appl. Ploy. Sci. 115(1), 127 - 136.
- Ross, C.F., Weller, K.M., Blue, R.B. and Reganold, J.P. 2009. Difference testing of Merlot produced from biodynamically and organically grown winegrapes. Journal of Wine Research. 2: 85-94.
- Villamor, R. R., Harbertson, J.F. and Ross, C.F.. 2009. Influence of tannin concentration, storage temperature and time on the chemical and sensory properties of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 60: 442-449.
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