Source: NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV submitted to
DISEASES OF DRY BEANS AND PULSE CROPS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0219501
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
ND02222
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2009
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2014
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Pasche, J.
Recipient Organization
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV
(N/A)
FARGO,ND 58105
Performing Department
Plant Pathology
Non Technical Summary
Legumes have been an integral part of the human diet for centuries. Among these crops, dry beans and peas are excellent sources of protein, fiber and other nutrients such as iron, zinc and folate. Their versatility has resulted in their inclusion in two food groups in the USDA food pyramid (vegetables as well as meats and beans) with the recommendation that they be included in the diet for all people including those who eat meat. Emphasis on the new USDA pyramid has become a driver for the industry and has further supported the production of these crops. North Dakota is the largest producer of both dry beans and field peas in the US with 660,000 acres planted to dry beans in 2008 and over 620,000 acres planted to chickpeas, peas and lentils. The ability of these crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen and the positive rotational benefits associated with these legumes has further enhanced their popularity. The large acreage under dry beans and pulse crops, shorter rotation between legumes and reduced tillage practices all favor disease development. Some of the diseases affecting these crops, have the potential to cause complete crop loss over a very short period of time and the pathogens can survive in the residue for several years. According to a 2007 dry bean grower survey, the most commonly noted diseases in dry beans in North Dakota and Minnesota include white mold, root rots, bacterial blight, rust and anthracnose. Meanwhile, in field peas and lentils, root rots and ascochyta blight are considered to be most damaging diseases in the state. Even though there have been some efforts to identify major diseases of these crops in ND, a sustained effort to gather adequate data on the amount of losses due to each of these diseases has not occurred, particularly in this state. Moreover, changes in pathogen population and disease development in this region need to be studied for development of adequate management practices. Considering the susceptibility of these crops to pathogens, their ability to develop resistance to fungicides and the amount of revenues invested in disease management, a thorough understanding of diseases of dry beans and pulses in this region is very important for developing effective control measures. This project aims at addressing these issues with the use of conventional and molecular plant pathology techniques. The research to be conducted would include identification and evaluation of economically important pathogens affecting production of dry bean and pulse crops in ND, monitoring for new pathogens entering the region, identification of sources of resistance to these pathogens, development of effective disease management strategies and studying the biology of these pathogens to assist in identifying factors that can be used as targets for control. Overall, this work is expected to assist in reducing losses due to disease in dry beans and pulse crops grown in ND, assist in avoiding disease epidemics, facilitate development of improved varieties with better disease resistance and enhance understanding of host pathogen interaction associated with infection and spread of disease.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2121410116025%
2121412116015%
2121414116010%
2121419116010%
2161410116010%
2161412116010%
2161414116010%
2161419116010%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
1419 - Leguminous vegetables, general/other; 1414 - Lentil; 1410 - Beans (dry); 1412 - Peas (dry);

Field Of Science
1160 - Pathology;
Goals / Objectives
OBJECTIVES 1. Identification and evaluation of causal organisms associated with root diseases, and monitoring for new pathogens of dry beans and pulse crops. 2. Assessment of changes in pathogen population. 3. Study of host-pathogen interaction with the aim to understand gene expression during disease development. 4. Evaluation of host resistance and potential control measures. OUTPUTS: 1. Disease surveys and assessment of pathogens affecting dry beans and pulse crops. 2. Development of diagnostic methods and management strategies for some of the diseases. 3. Preparation of scientific publications and if possible extension publications. 4. Presentations at professional meetings as well as some field days or pulse days. 5. Training of graduate and undergraduate students associated with the project.
Project Methods
PROCEDURES- Disease samples will be collected through field surveys, samples submitted to the diagnostic lab, samples collected by extension agents and extension center personnel. The disease will be assessed and samples analyzed for detection of pathogens present using standard fungal and bacterial culture protocols. Pathogen identification from these samples will be conducted using standard microbiological procedures and molecular tests. Pathogenicity tests will be carried out primarily in the green-house and growth chamber. Koch's postulates will be established for new pathogens. Pathogen race identification will be conducted using appropriate sets of differentials or through molecular comparisons of sequenced regions. Host-pathogen interaction will be studied through analysis of gene expression using methods such as suppression subtractive hybridization, targeted gene replacement, large scale sequencing etc. these would be supported by green-house assessments. Resistance screening and evaluation of management options such as seed treatments, fungicides etc. will be conducted in the field and green-house for dry beans and pulse crops using standard techniques established for each disease and data analysis conducted using SAS. EFFORTS- The objectives listed will be fulfilled through research conducted according to the above mentioned procedures. These will require training of graduate and undergraduate students in various molecular and classical plant pathology techniques. Where required, extension personnel may also have to be trained or educated. Some of the methods may also be included as a part of laboratory practicum taught by the PI in the Introductory fungal biology course. It will also include dissemination of information to growers through grower meetings, field days and other such gatherings. EVALUATION-The primary evaluation will be through fulfillment of outcomes listed such as completed disease surveys, pathogen assessments, varietal evaluation, analysis of host pathogen interaction and progress towards development of management and diagnostic tools. The impacts are expected to be in the form of enhancement of knowledge regarding the biology and management of the pathogens affecting dry beans and pulse crops, development of diagnostic strategies, identification of genetic factors and mechanisms associated with disease development, training of students and providing disease related information to the growers.

Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: This project is associated with the Northarvest Bean Growers Association, the North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers and the Northern Pulse Growers Association. The research conducted in this project is directly associated with the disease management needs of the dry edible bean, field pea, lentil and chickpea producers of North Dakota. Additionally, this project supports breeding programs in the area of dry edible beans, field peas, lentils and chickpeas. Information generated from research conducted by this project will help in the development of new varieties with increased disease resistance. Researchers and extension professionals from other land grant institutions will also benefit from the information generated by this research project. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Professional development and training was provided to graduate students Jessica Halvorson, Jennifer Odom and Maniruzzaman through attendance at the North Central American Phytopathological Society Annual meetings, to Jessica Halvorson, Jennifer Odom and Amanda Beck through attendance at the Joint American Phytopathological Society and Candian Phytopathological Society Annual meeting, to Jennifer Odom through participation in the Fusarium Workshop at Kansas State University and invited training on root rot greenhouse evaluations at the USDA-ARS site in Pullman, WA, to Amanda Beck through invited training on plant viruses at Montana State University and to Jennifer odom, Amanda beck through attendance at the Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual meetings and field days. Professional developmentwas provided to post-doctoral researchers Krisitn Simons and Kim Zitnick-Andersonthrough attendance at he American Phytopathological Society Annual meeting and to Kristin Simons through attendance at the Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual meetings, and the Joint conference of the 6th International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC VI) and 7th International Conference on Legume Genetics and Genomics.Professional development and training was provided to undergraduate student labratory assistants Shahzeb Khan and Rashi Sangwan through the completion ofsenior biotechnology research requirement (PPTH 494) entitled "Comparison of DNA extraction methods used to aid in the identification of plant pathogens"and "A PCR-based method to distinguish several root rotting fungal genera", respectively. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated via the avenues listed below. Invited oral presentations to commodity groups presented by me (no abstract) 1. Pasche, J. S. Northern Plains Pulse Growers Field Day. North Central Research and Extension Center, Minot, ND, July 1, 2014. 2. Pasche, J. S. Pea seed-borne mosaic virus. Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Minot, ND, January 27, 2014. 3. Pasche, J. S. Northern Plains Pulse Growers Field Day. Carrington Research and Extension Center, Carrington, ND, July 12, 2013. 4. Pasche, J. S. Northern Plains Pulse Growers Field Day. North Central Research and Extension Center, Minot, ND, July 23, 2013. 5. Pasche, J. S. Pulse Disease Update. Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Minot, ND, January 21, 2013. 6. Pasche, J. S. 2012 Disease Update and Pathology Research Priorities. Northarvest Bean Growers Association Annual Meeting, "Bean Day". Fargo, ND, January 18, 2013. 7. Pasche, J. S. Addressing Diseases Facing Dry Bean Seed Growers in North Dakota. North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Association. Fargo, ND, January 17, 2013. 8. Pasche, J. S. Northern Plains Pulse Growers Field Day. Carrington Research and Extension Center, Carrington, ND, July 12, 2012. 9. Pasche, J. S. Northern Plains Pulse Growers Field Day. North Central Research and Extension Center, Minot, ND, July 13, 2012. Invited oral presentations to commodity groups presented by others (no abstract) 1. Halvorson, J. and Pasche, J. S. Seed to seedling transmission of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in dry edible bean. August 7, 2014. 2. Burrows, M. and Pasche, J. S. Fungicide resistance management for pulse crops and... a proposal for a Pulse Health Laboratory. Northern Pulse Growers Association Montana Pulse Day, December 17, 2013. Poster presentations (no abstract) 1. Odom, J. and Pasche, J. S. 2014. Evaluation of Inoculation Methods for Fusarium Root Rot Pathogens of Peas. North Dakota Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) State Conference - Innovations and Expressions. April 29, 2014 2. Halvorson, J., and Pasche, J. S., 2014. Detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Dry Edible Pinto Beans. North Dakota Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) State Conference - Innovations and Expressions. April 29, 2014 3. Simons, K., McPhee, K., Wunsch, M., and Pasche, J. Population Dynamics and Development of Methods for Resistance Screening to Ascochyta lentis. Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Minot, ND, January 27 - 28, 2014. 4. Pasche, J., Wunsch, M., Knodel, J., McPhee, K., and Markell, S. Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) in Field Pea and Lentil. Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Minot, ND, January 27 - 28, 2014. 5. Lonergan, E., Skoglund, L., Burrows, M., and Pasche, J. Sensitivity of Pea, Lentil, and Chickpea Ascochyta species to Boscalid and Prothioconazole Fungicides. Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Minot, ND, January 27 - 28, 2014. 6. Odom, J., McPhee, K., Porter, L. and Pasche, J. Greenhouse Inoculation Methods to Screen Germplasm for Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot Pathogens of Peas. Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Minot, ND, January 27 - 28, 2014. 7. Odom, J., McPhee, K., Porter, L. and Pasche, J. Greenhouse Inoculation Methods to Screen Germplasm for Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot Pathogens of Peas. Annual Western Pea and Lentil Growers Association Annual Meeting, December 4, 2013. Research proposal presentations (no abstract) 1. Pasche, J. S. (PI), Wunsch, M., and Markell, S. G. Evaluating In-Furrow Fungicide Applications for the Management of Root Rot in Field Peas and Dry Edible Beans. North Dakota Department of Agriculture, via teleconference. April 1, 2014. 2. Pasche, J. S. (PI) and Markell, S. G. Dry Edible Bean Disease Research. Northarvest Dry Bean Growers Association, Fargo, ND, March 27, 2014. *(Presented by Dr. Jack Rasmussen) 3. Pasche, J. S. The Evaluation of Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Dry Edible Bean. North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Association. Fargo, ND, March 26, 2014. 4. Pasche, J. S. (PI). Evaluation of Genetic Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Dry Edible Bean. North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Association, Fargo, ND, March 26, 2014. 5. Pasche, J. S. (PI). Evaluating In-Furrow Fungicide Applications for the Control of Fusarium Root Rot in Field Peas. Northern Pulse Growers Association, via teleconference, March 7, 2014. 6. Pasche, J. S. (PI). Evaluation and Histopathological Characterization of Infection of Field Pea by Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum. Northern Pulse Growers Association, via teleconference, March 7, 2014. 7. Pasche, J. S. (PI). Evaluating the Importance of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus in North Dakota and Montana. Northern Pulse Growers Association, via teleconference, March 7, 2014. 8. Pasche, J. S. (PI), and Porter, L. D. Evaluation and Histopathological Characterization of Infection of Field Pea by Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum. USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council, via videoconference, February 6, 2014. 9. Pasche, J. S. (PI), McPhee, K. and Wunsch, M. Development and Validation of Field, Greenhouse and Detached Leaf Assay Screening Methods for Ascochyta lentis. Northern Pulse Growers Association, via teleconference, March 7, 2013. 10. Pasche, J. S. (PI) and Markell, S. G. Dry Edible Bean Disease Research. Northarvest Dry Bean Growers Association, Fargo, ND, February 28, 2013. 11. Pasche, J. S. (PI), McPhee, K. and Porter, L. D. Evaluation of Greenhouse Inoculation Methods to Screen Germplasm for Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot Pathogens. USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council, via videoconference, January 31, 2013. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Warm and cool season pulse crops grown on a commercial production scale in North Dakota include dry beans, field peas, lentils and chickpeas. The total value of production has averaged nearly $450 million per year for the past 10 years. North Dakota has led dry edible bean production in the US for the past 25 years. Over the last decade, this has represented between 405,300 to 688,000 acres with a value from $117 to $409 million per year. A limited number of states have substantial production of any of these crops. As such, there are only a few individuals in the U.S. with active pulse pathology research programs. Therefore, meeting the needs of producers and breeding programs has led to numerous projects including work with fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens in the areas pathogen etiology, fungicide resistance and host genetic resistance. The goal of these projects is to provide producers with tools to manage diseases now and in the future. Several bacterial and fungal diseases affect dry beans in North Dakota. Surveys done in over 150 commercial fields in five years have confirmed that foliar bacterial diseases and root rot are the most damaging, and anthracnose and rust are sporadically present and can be devastating under favorable conditions. These surveys are led by research specialist Robin Lamppa. Potential yield losses from these diseases range from 25% to 100%. While some genetic resistance is available, it has either been overcome by changes to the pathogen or is insufficient to prevent extensive losses under high disease pressure. Other options including fungicides are sometimes effective, but can be expensive are not always effective under high disease pressure. Over 30 seed treatment fungicides were evaluated for improved control of root rots in conjunction with Sam Markell and Juan Osorno and in response to grower concerns. Some chemicals are effective at reducing pathogen growth in vitro and reduce root rot and increase root health in the greenhouse. However, in field trials, root rot and yield were only occasionally significantly improved over non-treated. Because of the lack of consistent control using seed treatments and lack of effective host resistance, a MS student, Chryseis Tvedt, started to evaluate in-furrow fungicide applications in May, 2014. A lack of disease pressure resulted in a lack of significant differences. These field trials will be modified and repeated in 2015 and greenhouse trials have been initiated. Over 900 NDSU breeding program lines were genotyped and phenotyped for resistance to Common Bacterial Blight (CBB) by MS student, Mr. Maniruzzaman in conjunction with Dr. Osorno. Data are preliminary, but nearly 200 lines have been identified with resistance to this bacterial pathogen. Resistance to CBB, anthracnose caused by C. lindemuthianum, and Uromyces appendiculatus, the causal agent of bean rust was evaluated in 75 lines as part of an effort to develop germplasm, and eventually breeding lines, with multiple disease resistance. Results are preliminary, but up to 14 lines show some resistance to all three pathogens and several more show resistance to two pathogens. These evaluations are being conducted by Robin Lamppa. A MS student, Jessica Halvorson, is evaluating seed to seedling movement and developing a molecular tool for quantification of C. lindemuthianum. Quantitative PCR primers have been developed and are more sensitive and specific than previously developed assays in seed and stem tissue. To date, no research has been performed to detail the movement of the pathogen within stems. Results from the field trial indicate that disease severity increased significantly with increasing seed infection, while yield decreased. The QPCR assay detected C. lindemuthianum in stems 10 days after planting and quantified significantly different amounts of the pathogen in seed with varying disease severity based on visual assessments. Beginning in 2001, North Dakota led the US in field pea production until flooding prevented the planting of thousands of acres in 2011. Pea production has begun to rebound, but has not reached peak acres of 610,000 in 2006 or the value of $141million in 2007. In 2013, 295,000 acres were planted with a value of nearly $89 million. One of the major reasons many growers have not returned to peas is losses from root rot. Root rot can cause complete devastation in a field and growers with a greater than 20 year history have abandoned peas due to root rot. Additionally, Mycosphaerella blight of peas has been demonstrated to reduce yield by more than 50% and PSbMV seed yield from 15% to 25%, not including losses due to seed quality. North Dakota lentil production has a similar history to field peas. Production started to increase in the late 1990's, peaked in 2010 at 255,000 acres and crashed in 2011. Ascochyta blight of lentils can be devastating with yield loss greater than 60% and complete loss due to the non-marketability of infected seed. Chickpea production has fluctuated substantially over the past decade from 35,000 to 170,000 acres, with no consistent trend. These fluctuations, to a great extent, are due to difficulties controlling Ascochyta blight. Ascochyta rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight in chickpeas, has developed resistance to fungicides very rapidly and can cause yield losses greater than 50%. Resistance to QoI fungicides has been a major issue in controlling Ascochyta blight of chickpea for several years and recently has been identified in Canada in the Ascochyta blight pathogen of field pea Mycosphaerella pinodes. Therefore, we continue to monitor populations of A. rabiei, M. pinodes and A. lentis, the Ascochyta Blight pathogen of lentils, for fungicide resistance. Very low levels of resistance have been found in Montana and North Dakota. Additionally, we are evaluating populations of A. lentis for mating type and pathotype to ensure that breeding material is effectively screened for resistance to the pathogen population in the region. This work is being conducted in conjunction with NDSU pulse crops breeder Kevin McPhee. Pea Seed borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV), a potentially devastating virus infecting field peas and lentils, recently has been confirmed in North Dakota. Amanda Beck is conducting research to evaluate seed to seedling transmission, host resistance and virus pathotype as part of her MS degree. Additional testing of field samples and seed will continue to determine if the presence of the virus is increasing. Root rot is a major yield limiting disease of field pea, lentil and chickpea. Surveys of peas over the past several years have indicated that numerous pathogens are responsible. These include Aphanomyces euteiches, Rhizocotonia solani, Pythium species and Fusarium species. A. euteiches has been thought to be present in North Dakota, but was confirmed in 10 fields in 2014. Work to determine the prevalence and extent of damage by this pathogen is ongoing. Fusarium species remain the most prevalent pathogen infecting pea roots. Therefore, a Ph.D. student, Jennifer Odom, is evaluating greenhouse screening methods and working to determine the importance of other Fusarium spp. A significant interaction has been found between Fusarium spp. and cultivar. Additionally, at least one isolate of each of six species evaluated caused very high disease levels. As with dry beans, seed treatment fungicides and host resistance are not effective at controlling root rots of peas. Therefore, Chryseis Tvedt is also evaluating the use of in-furrow fungicide applications for disease management. Greenhouse trials are underway and field trials are planned for 2015.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mathew, F., M., Castelbury, L., A., Jordahl, J. G., Taylor, C., A., Meyer, S., M., Lamppa, R. S., Pasche, J. S., and Markell, S., G. 201X. Identification of Diaporthe longicolla on dry edible peas, dry edible beans and soybeans in North Dakota. Online. Plant Health Progress (Accepted 12/30/14: PHP-RV-14-0045).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lonergan, E., Pasche, J., Skoglund, L., and Burrows, M. 201X. Sensitivity of Ascochyta species infecting pea, lentil, and chickpea to boscalid, fluxapyroxad, and prothioconazole. Plant Dis. (Accepted 8/28/14: PDIS-06-14-0620-RE).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ghising K., Osorno J. M., McPhee K., Pasche J. S., and Lamppa R. 2014. Screening the USDA Core Collection of Common Bean for Resistance to Halo Blight Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions. In Abstracts. Annu. Meet. American Soc. of Agron., Crop Sci. Soc. of America, Soil Sci. Soc. of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA), Long Beach, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Halvorson, J., Simons K., Lamppa R., and Pasche, J. S. 2014. Molecular quantification of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in dry edible pinto beans. Phytopathology 104:S3.49.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Odom, J. L. and Pasche, J. S. 2014. Comparison of greenhouse inoculation methods for Fusarium root rot of dry pea. Phytopathology 104:S3.86.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Halvorson, J., Simons K., Lamppa R., and Pasche, J. S. 2014. A comparison of methods to detect Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in dry beans. Phytopathology 104:S3.170.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Maniruzzaman, M., Simons, K., Osorno, J. M., and Pasche, J. S. 2014. Evaluation of genetic resistance to common bacterial blight in dry edible bean. Phytopathology 104:S3.172.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Odom, J. L., McPhee K., Porter L., and Pasche, J. S. 2014. Evaluation of inoculation methods for F. avenaceum in field peas. Phytopathology 104:S3.174.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Halvorson, J., Simons, K. and Pasche, J. 2014. Molecular Detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in dry edible bean seed. Proceedings of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 57:219.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Knodel, J. J., Beauzay, P. B., Franzen, D. W., Kandel, H. J., Markell, S. G., Osorno, J. M., Pasche, J. S., and Zollinger, R. K. 2014. 2013 Dry Bean Grower Survey of Production, Pest Problems and Pesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication, E1710.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pasche, J.S., and Wunsch, M. Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus in North Dakota and Montana. Northern Pulse Growers Newsletter, July, 2014.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pasche, J., and Markell, S. 2014. Dry Bean Pathology Research Program. Northarvest Bean Grower Association (northarvestbean.org). 20:34-36.


Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences:This project is associated with the Northarvest Bean Growers Association, the North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers and the Northern Pulse Growers Association. The research conducted in this project is directly associated with the disease managementneeds of the dry edible bean, field pea, lentil and chickpea producers of North Dakota. Additionally, this project supports breeding programs in the area of dry edible beans, field peas, lentils and chickpeas. Information generated from research conducted by this project will help in the development of new varieties with increased disease resistance. Researchers and extension professionals from other land grant institutions will also benefit from the information generated by this research project. Efforts: The progress of research results generated by this project was presented to the target audience on several occasions in 2013 including two pulse growers field days, the Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting, the Northarvest Bean Growers Association Annual Meeting, “Bean Day”, and the North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Association annual meeting. Research also was presented at the North Central American Phytopathological Society (APS) meeting in Manhattan, KS in June and the full APS annual meeting in Austin, TX in August. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Research on seed to seedling transmission of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in dry bean, the evaluation ofresistance in dry bean to Common Bacterial Blight is providing training to two master's level students.The evaluation greenhouse screening methods for Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum is providing training for one Ph.D. level student. Each of these students has had the opportunity to attend commodity group meetings and interact with producers. Two students have been provided the opportunity to present their research at professional meetings. The evaluation of populations of Ascochyta lentis is proving training for one post-doctoral research scientist. A total of three undergraduate students are currently receiving laboratory and greenhouse training assisting with research projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The progress of research results generated by this project was presented to the target audience on several occasions in 2013 including two pulse growers field days, the Northern Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting, the Northarvest Bean Growers Association Annual Meeting, “Bean Day”, and the North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Association annual meeting. Research also was presented at the North Central American Phytopathological Society (APS) meeting in Manhattan, KS in June and the full APS annual meeting in Austin, TX in August. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Current research will continue and two new master's level students will join the project in June of 2014. These students will undertake research on the prevalence and importance of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus and alternative application methods for chemical control of root rots in dry beans and field peas. Proposals for funding this research are currently being developed and manuscripts are in preparation.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? North Dakota is the leading, or one of the leading, producers of each of these crops, and there are a limited number of other states with substantial production. As such, there are only a few individuals across the U.S. with active research programs in the area of pulse crop pathology. Therefore, meeting the needs of the producers and the breeding programs has led me to undertake numerous projects including work with fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. My research on dry bean diseases includes investigating several areas of anthracnose, screening for resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB) and dry bean rust and evaluating fungicides for the control of root rot pathogens. Research areas in the cool season pulse crops include the Mycosphaerella/Ascochyta blight complex in field pea, and Ascochyta blight in lentil and chickpea, pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV) in pea and lentil and pea root rot. The overall goal of these research projects is to provide producers with the tools to manage important diseases in these crops in the short term as well as in the future. A Master’s student, Jessica Halvorson, is working on evaluating seed to seedling transmission as well as developing a molecular tool for in planta quantification of the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Quantitative PCR primers have been developed and evaluated for sensitivity and specificity using infected stem tissue. Work is underway to optimize the assay for pathogen detection in seed tissue. This assay has proven to be more sensitive and specific than previously developed assays. While it is known that C. lindemuthianum moves from infected seed into seedlings to cause sometimes devastating levels of disease, to date, no research has been performed to detail the movement of the pathogen within the stem tissue. Field and greenhouse trials will be performed and stem samples will be collected weekly to determine differences in pathogen movement across seed with infection levels varying from healthy to severe. Preliminary greenhouse trials indicate that germination and emergence are significantly different across seed infection levels. A field trial was conducted in 2013. While environmental conditions were not conducive for disease development, data was obtained for emergence, plant height and root weight. Pathogen quantification assays using the QPCR assay from these trials are in progress. Ms. Halvorson was awarded 2nd place at the North Central Division American Phytopathological Society (NC-APS) meeting in June for her poster presentation of this work. A second Master’s student, Maniruzzaman, is working on identifying resistance to CBB in selections from the NDSU breeding program. Previously developed molecular markers will be used to screen material. Genotypic data developed from these evaluations will be validated with phenotypic data collected from each line. To date, Mr. Maniruzzaman has genotyped approximately 200 lines and is generating plant material from approximately 600 additional lines in the greenhouse. Similar projects will be undertaken in the short term to evaluate NDSU breeding material for resistance to C. lindemuthianum and U. appendiculatus. During the 2013 growing season, a total of four field trials were conducted at two sites in conjunction with Drs. Sam Markell and Juan Osorno to evaluated the effect of seed treatment fungicides on the control of root rot of dry bean caused by R. solani and F. solani f. sp. phaseoli. These trials were performed in direct response to grower concerns of damage caused by these root rotting fungi. Research of cool season pulse crops includes intensive evaluations of the Fusarium root rot complex of field pea. A Ph.D. student, Jennifer Odom started this work by evaluating greenhouse screening methods for F. solani f. sp. pisi and F. avenaceum and working to determine the importance of other Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased pea roots. Jennifer has found a significant interaction between Fusarium spp. and pea cultivar, as well as an interaction between isolate within species and cultivar. Additionally, at least one isolate of each species evaluated caused very high disease levels equal to F. solani s. sp. pisi or F. avenaceum. These results are very compelling and indicate to us that further evaluation of these species is warranted. Ms. Odom was awarded 3rd place at the NC-APS meeting in June for her poster presentation of this work and a fellowship from the Southern Regional Education Board Doctoral Scholars Program. The development of fungicide resistance to QoI fungicides has been a major issue in controlling Ascochyta blight of chickpea, caused by A. rabiei, for several years and has recently been identified in Canada in M. pinodes. Therefore, we have continued to monitor populations of A. rabiei as well as Ascochyta blight pathogens of field pea, Mycosphaerella pinodes, Ascochyta pisi and Phoma pinodella, lentil, A. lentis, for resistance to QoI, SDHI and DMI resistance development. To date no resistance has been found in isolates collected in Montana and North Dakota, but we feel this effort is essential to controlling these diseases in the absence of genetic resistance. Additionally, we are evaluating populations of A. lentis for mating type and pathotype to ensure that breeding material is being effectively screened for resistance to the pathogen population in the region. PSbMV has recently been confirmed in North Dakota. A master’s level student will start in January of 2014 to evaluate seed to seedling transmission and virus pathotype. Additional testing of field samples will continue during the 2014 growing season.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pasche, J. S., and Gudmestad, N. C. 2014. Laboratory Methods for Evaluating Resistance in vitro. Pages (In Press) in: Fungicide Resistance in North America, 2nd Edition. K. L. Stevenson, M. T. McGrath, and C. A. Wyenandt, eds. APS Press, St Paul, MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Ghising, K., Osorno, J. M., McPhee, K., Pasche, J., and Lamppa, R. 2013. Screening the USDA Core Collection of Common Bean for Resistance to Halo Blight. Bean Improvement Cooperative. In Press.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Halvorson, J., Lamppa, R., and Pasche, J. S., 2013. Detection of Seed to Seedling Transmission of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Dry Edible Pinto Beans. Phytopathology 103:S3.4-5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Odom, J. and Pasche, J. S. 2013. Evaluation of Greenhouse Inoculation Methods to Screen Germplasm for Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot Pathogens. Phytopathology 103:S37-8.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pasche, J. S., Lamppa, R., and Halvorson, J. 2013. Factors affecting seed infection by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in dry bean. Phytopathology 103:S2.111.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Markell, S. and Pasche, J. 2013. Disease identification and management. In: Kandel, H. 2013. Dry Bean Production Guide. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication A-1133.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Markell, S., Wunsch, M., and Pasche., J. 2013. Diseases and disease management. In: Kandel, H., and Ashley, R. Growing Lentil in North Dakota. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication A-1636.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Markell, S., Pasche, J., and Osorno, J. 2013. Blight Showing Up. Northarvest Bean Grower Association (northarvestbean.org). August 23, 2013.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Markell., S., Pasche, J., and Osorno, J. 2013. Bacterial blights showing up on dry beans. North Dakota State Cooperative Extension Service - Crop and Pest Report. August 2013 (15):9-10.
  • Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wunsch, M., Pasche, J., Knodel, J., McPhee, K. and Markell, S. Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) in Field Pea and Lentil. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication, In Press.


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Diseases of dry edible beans and pulse crops are of major concern throughout production regions of the Midwest. Among other things, pathogens causing roots rots of dry edible beans and dry (field) peas, anthracnose of dry beans, and dry bean rust currently are of particular research interest. In the absence of host resistance, seed treatment fungicides are used commonly to control Fusarium root rots. Unfortunately, information on seed treatment efficacy is somewhat lacking. Seed treatment fungicides were evaluated in in vitro, greenhouse and field trials over the course of two years. Dry bean anthracnose and rust have not caused major losses to the industry in recent years, but can be extremely devastating diseases when weather conditions are conducive. Additionally, new races of both pathogens have been detected within the past few years, compromising previously available host resistance. Anthracnose, caused by Collectotrichum lindemuthianum, can be seed borne, causing extremely devastating seedling infections if wet environmental conditions exist. Research has been undertaken to better diagnose seed infection via molecular pathogen detection methods and further our understanding of seed to seedling transmission of this pathogen. Cooperation with both dry bean and pulse crop breeders is ongoing, providing inoculum for disease screening of germplasm as well as support in disease diagnoses. Finally, a survey of dry bean diseases was conducted the Red River Valley dry bean growing region. PARTICIPANTS: Julie S. Pasche, Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology; Rubella S. Goswami, DuPont Corporation; Samuel G. Markell, Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology; Robin S. Lamppa, Research Specialist in Plant Pathology; Namratha Hegde, Graduate Student in Plant Pathology; Jessica Halvorson, Graduate Student in Plant Pathology TARGET AUDIENCES: Dry edible bean and pulse crop producers. Plant pathologists and breeders involved in dry bean and pulse crop research. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Evaluations of seed treatment fungicides indicated that some chemicals evaluated are effective at reducing pathogen growth in vitro and reduce root rot and increase root health as measured by, root length, surface and the number of root tips, under greenhouse conditions. However, in field trials, levels of root rot and yield were not significantly improved when compared to the non-treated control, in most instances. Preliminary results from greenhouse assays support earlier published literature, indicating that seed to seedling transfer of the pathogen is dependent upon the severity of infection in the seed. Anthracnose was observed in a few fields near the end of the growing season. Race determination of the isolated pathogen currently is underway. The rust pathogen, Uromyces appendiculatus, was identified in the Red River Valley, but the occurrence was very late in the growing season and environmental conditions were not favorable for disease development. Therefore, no losses were reported with disease occurrence. The pathogen was identified as race 20-3, the same race which recently was reported in North Dakota, and elsewhere in the Midwest. The survey of 42 dry bean fields in the Red River Valley indicated that among the most commonly found diseases were those caused by bacterial pathogens, including, common blight (90 percent), halo blight (21 percent) and brown spot (17 percent). Additionally, white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was observed in 40 percent of fields. Various Fusarium species were isolated from symptomatic roots sampled from surveyed fields. Species identification of these isolates is ongoing.

Publications

  • Delago, J. A., Goswami, R. S., Harveson, R. M., Urrea, C. A., Beran, D., and Markell, S. G. 2012. First Report of Ascochyta blight caused by QoI-resistant isolates of Ascochyta rabiei in chickpea fields of Nebraska and South Dakota. Plant Dis. 96:1073-1074.
  • Delago, J. A., Al-Azzam, Denton, A. M., Markell, S. G., and Goswami, R. S. 2012. A resource for the in silico identification of fungal polyketide synthases from predicted fungal proteomes. Mol. Plant Pathol. 13:494-507.
  • Mathew, F. M., Lamppa, R. S., Chittem, K. Chang, Y. W., Botschner, M., Kinzer, K. Goswami, R. S., and Markell, S. G. 2012. Characterization and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani isolates affecting Pisum sativum in North Dakota. Plant Dis. 96:666-672.


Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Disease surveys were conducted in 34 pulse crop fields in 7 counties of North Dakota during 2011. These surveys involved dry bean fields only; no field pea, lentil or chickpea fields were found. Field samples were assessed for root and foliar diseases and pathogens were isolated. Data demonstrated that bacterial blight (33 fields) and white mold (23 fields) are the most prevalent diseases in dry beans. Rust was not foundand anthracnose was in 2 fields. Pathogen populations are being monitored for spread of f new races of dry bean bacterial blight pathogens and rust, , and for possible changes in in root rot pathogens. In other studies, waste lime from sugarbeet processing was found to significantly reduce growth of Fusarium species under laboratory conditions, and reduce disease severity in the green-house as well as in the initial field trials. The mutation responsible for resistance to QoI fungicides in Ascochyta rabiei, which was responsible for a significant reduction in acreage of chickpeas in ND over the past few years was characterized and a PCR based detection method was developed that can be widely used in resistance monitoring. Disease management strategies to tackle the new pathogens are also being evaluated. Trials to evaluate efficacy of seed treatments in controlling root rots of field peas and dry beans are being conducted on-farm and under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Additionally, evaluation of resistance to root rot pathogens through green-house and field based screenings of for dry beans and field peas using commercial and advanced PI lines is in progress. Non-chemical disease control options using soil amendments such as waste lime which is easily available to growers in this region are being evaluated for control of root rots. The ability of the new race to rust to cause disease on all ND bean varieties has been tested and chemical management options are being explored. In an effort to prepare for impending epidemics, uniform fungicide-timing and fungicide-efficacy trials were established in Langdon, Carrington, and Fargo ND. This will allow development of efficacy and timing recommendations for management of bean rust using fungicides. Resistance screenings for this race was continued during 2011. Segregation had been noted in one of the new releases from NDSU and these are currently being purified in collaboration with the dry bean breeder. Studies to evaluate gene expression associated with disease development during interaction of chickpeas with Ascochyta rabiei , field peas with Mycosphaerella pinode and field peas with Fusarium species is in progress, certain genes involved in pathogenicity have been detected and are currently being characterized. EST libraries from the fungi in planta, in culture and subtraction libraries from infected plant tissue have been prepared and sequenced. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Dry beans and peas are excellent sources of protein, fiber and other nutrients such as iron, zinc and folate. The USDA food pyramid includes them in two food groups, vegetables and meats and beans and recommends they be included in the diet of all people including those who eat meat. Emphasis on the new USDA pyramid has become a driver for the industry and has further supported the production of these crops. North Dakota is the largest producer of both dry beans and field peas in the US. Dry edible bean exports from the United States were valued at $793 million for fiscal year 2009, 40% of which is from North Dakota (USDA-NASS, 2010). North Dakota ranks first in the United States in production of dry beans (USDA-NASS, 2009). Production value of dry edible beans in North Dakota increased from $96 million in 2000 to $235 million in 2009 (USDA-NASS, 2009). The host-pathogen interaction studies have led to the identification of all poly-ketide synthase genes from A. rabiei and several virulence factors from Fusarium sp.

Publications

  • Chittem K., Yajima W., Goswami R. S. (2011) Analysis of gene expression during infection of field pea roots by Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathology Vol:101 Issue: 6 Pages: S35-S36.
  • Goswami R. S., Delgado J. A., Lynnes T. C (2011) Development of a PCR based assay for detection of resistance to QoI fungicides in Ascochyta rabiei. Phytopathology. Vol: 101 Issue 6. Pages: S62-S63.
  • Gowami, R. S., Chittem, K. (2010). Association of Fusarium graminearum with root rots of edible legumes and gene expression during disease development. Proceedings of 26th Fungal Genetics Conference at Asilomar. PP. 251.
  • Goswami, R.S., Chittem, K. and Yajima, W. (2011). Association of Fusarium graminearum with root rots of edible legumes and gene expression during disease development. Proceedings of 26th Fungal Genetics Conference at Asilomar. Pp. 251.
  • Goswami, R.S. (2011). Targeted gene replacement in fungi using a split-marker approach. In: Methods in Molecular Biology: 835. Plant Fungal Pathogens. Melvin D. Bolton and Bart P.H.J Thomma, Eds. Pages 255-269. Springer Protocols. Humana Press.
  • Delgado, J.A., Meinhardt, S., Markell, S. G., and Goswami, R.S. (2011). Gene cloning using degenerate primers and genome walking. (2011) In: Methods in Molecular Biology: 835. Plant Fungal Pathogens. Melvin D. Bolton and Bart P.H.J Thomma, Eds. Pages 611-622. Springer Protocols. Humana Press.
  • Delgado, J. A., Al-Azzam, O., Denton, A. M., Markell, S. G. and Goswami, R. S. (2011) A resource for the in silico identification of fungal polyketide synthases from predicted fungal proteomes. Molecular Plant Pathology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Article first published online: 23 Nov 2011. DO-10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00760.x
  • Skoglund, L., Harveson, R., Chen, W., Dugan, F., Schwartz, H., Markell, S., Porter, L., Burrows, M., and Goswami, R. Ascochyta blight of peas. 2011. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0330-01-RS.
  • Wise, K., Bradley, C. Markell, S., Pasche, J., Delgado, J., Goswami, R., and Gudmestad, N. 2011. Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei populations to prothioconazole and thiabendazole. Crop Protection 30:1000-1005.
  • Harveson, R., Markell, S., Goswami, R., Urrea, C., Burrows, M., Pujan, F., Chen, W., and Skogland, L. Ascochyta Blight of Chickpeas. 2011. Online. Plant Heath Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0103-01-DG.
  • Mathew, F., Markell, S., Goswami, R., Osborne, L., Tande, C., and Ruden, B. 2010. First Report of Ascochyta Blight of Field Pea caused by Ascochyta pisi Lib. in South Dakota. Plant Disease 94:789.
  • Pastor-Corrales, M., A., Osorno, J., M., Markell, S., G., and Goswami, R. G. 2011. Identifying plants of Stampede pinto bean with resistance to new races of rust pathogen. Proceedings of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 54:126-127.
  • Pastor-Corrales, M., A., Osorno, J., M., Markell, S., G., and Goswami, R. G. 2011. Identifying plants of Stampede pinto bean with resistance to new races of rust pathogen. Proceedings of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 54:126-127.
  • Pastor-Corrales, M., Osorno, J., Markell, S., and Goswami, R. 2011. Using phenotypic markers to identify common beans with two and three rust resistance genes. 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Honolulu, HI. Aug 6-10, 2011. Abstracts available at http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/Documents/2011_Meeting_Abstracts/a11ma 806.htm
  • Kinzer, K., Langham, M., McPhee, K., Botschner, M., Harchenko, A., Goswami, R., and Markell, S. 2011. Viruses detected in North Dakota dry edible pea nursery plots. 2011 American Phytopathological Society North Central Division Meeting. Omaha, NE. June 15-17, 2011. Abstracts available at http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-101-10-S2.1
  • Olson, L., Halley, S., Wunsch, M., Schatz, B., Meyer, S., Goswami, R., Mathew, F., Lamppa, R., Hendrickson, P., Friskop, A., and Markell, S. Evaluation of fungicide efficacy and timing for management of common bean rust in North Dakota. 2011 American Phytopathological Society North Central Division Meeting. Omaha, NE. June 15-17, 2011. Abstracts available at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-101-10-S2.1
  • Delgado, J., Oliver, R., Lichtenzveig, J., Kessie, F., Mood Shah, R., Markell, S., and Goswami, R. 2011. Identification of polyketide synthases in the Ascochyta rabiei genome. 26th Fungal Genetics Conference at Asilomar. Asilomar, CA. March 15-20, 2011. Abstracts available at: http://www.fgsc.net/26thFGC/26FGCProgramAndAbstracts.pdf


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Disease surveys were conducted for dry beans and pulse crops commonly grown in North Dakota during the summer of 2010. These surveys involved sampling of 43 dry bean fields in 5 counties along the red river valley and sixty five field pea, lentil and chickpea fields across the northern and southern part of North Dakota. Ten samples per field were assessed for foliar diseases, rated for root rot and pathogens isolated. Major root rot pathogens were identified and economically important foliar disease concerns for the production of these crops in ND were determined. These findings were presented at grower meetings in winter and are being prepared for publication in a scientific journal. Current efforts in the area of monitoring changes in pathogen population include evaluation of races of dry bean bacterial blight pathogens, tracking spread of the new race of rust detected in ND 2008, assessing sudden disease appearances for possible race change and phylogenetic analysis to evaluate the similarity and differences in root rot pathogens. Efforts have been made to ensure prompt dissemination of the information regarding pathogen race changes and findings from surveys both in state and out of the state, and publication of survey reports. Disease management strategies to tackle the new pathogens are also being evaluated. Trials to evaluate efficacy of seed treatments in controlling root rots of field peas and dry beans are being conducted on-farm and under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Additionally, evaluation of resistance to root rot pathogens through green-house and field based screenings of for dry beans and field peas using commercial and advanced PI lines is in progress. Non-chemical disease control options using soil amendments such as waste lime which is easily available to growers in this region are being evaluated for control of root rots. The ability of the new race to rust to cause disease on all ND bean varieties has been tested and chemical management options are being explored. In an effort to prepare for impending epidemics, uniform fungicide-timing and fungicide-efficacy trials were established in Langdon, Carrington, and Fargo ND in 2009 and continued in 2010. This will allow development of efficacy and timing recommendations for management of bean rust using fungicides. Resistance screenings for this race was continued during 2010. Segregation had been noted in one of the new releases from NDSU and these are currently being purified in collaboration with the dry bean breeder. Studies to evaluate gene expression associated with disease development during interaction of chickpeas with Ascochyta rabiei , field peas with Mycosphaerella pinode and field peas with Fusarium species is in progress, certain genes involved in pathogenicity have been detected and are currently being characterized. EST libraries from the fungi in planta, in culture and subtraction libraries from infected plant tissue have been prepared and sequenced. Four graduate graduate students are presently being trained as a part of this project and one student recently completed her Master's defense. PARTICIPANTS: The project currently has one state supported full-time Research Specialist, one grant supported full-time Research Specialist, two Master's students, two Doctoral Students and one Post-Doctoral Research Associate. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Disease surveys conducted during the 2010 growing season to assess foliar and root pathogens of dry beans and pulse crops important to ND show that white mold, rust, root rot and bacterial blight are the most prevalent diseases in dry beans whereas and root rots and Ascochyta blights seem to be most common among the pulses. A sudden appearance of anthracnose in dry beans was observed this season after several years and fortunately, it was found to belong to a race previously reported in the state. Our findings show that Fusarium species still continue to be the major cause of root rots in North Dakota with Rhizoctonia species being isolated from certain regions. Fusarium species previously known to be largely associated with cereals in the United States appear to be becoming major causes of root rots in pulse crops. Initial results from fungicide trials suggest that trizole and strobularin fungicides are likely to be most efficacious in the control of dry bean rust. Dry bean varieties with partial resistance to Rhizoctonia solani were identified through green-house and field trails. Waste lime was found to significantly reduce growth of Fusarium species under laboratory conditions, and reduce disease severity in the green-house as well as in the initial field trails. The mutation responsible for resistance to QoI fungicides in Asochyta rabiei, which was responsible for a significant reduction in acreage of chickpeas in ND over the past few years was characterized and a PCR based detection method was developed that can be widely used in resistance monitoring. The host-pathogen interaction studies have led to the identification of all poly-ketide synthase genes from A. rabiei and several virulence factors from Fusarium sp.

Publications

  • Mathew, F.M., Goswami, R.S., Markell, S.G., Osborne, L., Tande, C. and Ruden, B. (2010). First Report of Ascochyta Blight of Field Pea Caused by Ascochyta pisi in South Dakota. Plant Disease, 94: 789.
  • Punja, Z.K., Rahman, M. Wan, A., and Goswami, R.S. (2010). Rusty root of ginseng in Canada biochemical changes and the role of microbes in symptom development. In : Advances in Ginseng Research 2010. Proceedings of the 10 th. International Symposium on Ginseng. Edited by : D.C. Yang, S.K. Kim and H.I. Oh. Published by the Korean Society of Ginseng, Seoul, Korea, Sept. 13-16, 2010.
  • Bowness, R., Chang, K.F., Gossen, B.D., Goswami, R.S., Hwang, S.F., Willenborg, C. and Strelkov, S.E. (2010). Baseline sensitivity of Mycosphaerella pinodes to pyraclostrobin fungicide. Pg. 1 in Proceedings of the 8th Canadian Pulse Research Workshop, Calgary AB, Nov. 2010.
  • Goswami, R.S. , Lamppa, R.S., Chang, Y.W., Gambhir, A. (2010). Dry edible bean pathogens prevalent in North Dakota with special emphasis on root rots. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative V. 53, Pp 70-71.
  • Lamppa, R.S., Mathew, F.M., Goswami, R.S., Chang, Y.W. and Markell, S.G. (2010). Potential ability of bacterial blight pathogens to move between soybean and dry edible bean. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative V. 53, Pp 122-125.
  • Yajima, W, Del Rio, L.E. and Goswami, R.S. (2010). Identification of resistance and pathogenicity genes associated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection using next-generation sequencing. Abstracts of the 2011 Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting, Bloomington, MN, Jan 19-21, 2011. Pg. 39. (Oral presentation, abstract published)
  • Delgado, J.A., Stoppler, T., Gossen, B.D., Chang, K.F., Dugan, F., Markell, S., and Goswami, R.S. (2010). Sensitivity of Ascochyta pinodes populations to prothioconazole. Abstracts of the 8th Canadian Pulse Research Workshop, Calgary AB, Nov. 2010. Pg. 11. (Poster presentation, abstract published)
  • Poromarto, S.H., Nelson, B.D. and Goswami, R.S. (2010). Effect of Soybean Cyst Nematode on Growth of Dry Bean in the Field. Plant Disease 94:1299-1304.
  • Delgado, J.A., Al-Azzam, O., Denton, A.M., Markell, S.G., Goswami, R.G. (2010). Identification of type I polyketide synthases in the proteome of Verticillium dahliae and other selected fungal pathogens. Proceedings of the International Mycological Congress IMC9: The Biology of Fungi. Edinburgh, Scotland,1st-6th August, 2010. P4.213. (Poster presentation, abstract published)
  • Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Mathew, F.M., Lamppa, R.S., Goswami, R.S., Osorno, J.M., Jordahl, J.G., Markell, S.G., Wright, E.M., Kelly, J.D. and Awale, H.E. (2010). Comparing the virulence of new races of the common bean rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative V. 53, Pp 128-129.
  • Goswami, R.S. , Markell, S.G., Mathew, F., Porter, L., McPhee, K., Haverson, R, Burrows, M., Urrea, C., Chen, W., Osborne, L., Vandenmark, G. And Deneke, D. (2010). Pulse-info: A one-stop web-site for pulse disease information in the US. Legumes for Global Health. 5th International Food Legume Research Conference (IFLRCV) and 7th European Conference on Grain Legume (AEPVII)- Book of Abstracts. Pp. 256. (Poster presentation, abstract published)
  • Goswami, R.S., Delgado, J.A., Al-Azzam, O., Denton, A.M. and Markell, S.G. 2010.Identification of type I polyketide synthases from fungal proteomes and transcriptomes. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology (In Press) (Oral presentation, abstract published)
  • Goswami, R.S. and Chittem, K. (2010). Fungal gene expression patterns during infection of field pea roots by F. graminearum and F. avenaceum. Phytopathology 100:S42. (Poster presentation, abstract published)
  • Chittem, K., Porter, L., McPhee, K., Khan, M. and Goswami, R.S. (2010). Fusarium avenaceum as causal agent of root rot in field peas and its control. Phytopathology 100:S25. (Poster presentation, abstract published)
  • Chang, Y., Lamppa, R., Bata, H., Prishmann, J and Goswami, R.S. (2010). Evaluating the prevalence of bacterial blight of dry beans in North Dakota and pathogens involved. Proceedings of the North Central Division Meeting of the APS, June 6-8, 2010. (http://www.apsnet.org/members/divisions/nc/meetings/Pages/2010Meetin gAbstracts.aspx). (Poster presentation, abstract published)
  • Olson, L., Halley, S., Schatz, B., Goswami, R., Mathew, F., Lamppa, R., Henrickson, P. and Markell, S. (2010). Uniform fungicide timing and efficacy trials for management of common bean rust in North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Central Division Meeting of the APS, June 6-8, 2010. (http://www.apsnet.org/members/divisions/nc/meetings/Pages/2010Meetin gAbstracts.aspx) (Poster presentation, abstract published)