GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF DRY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) FOR THE NORTHERN PLAINS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0219500
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2009
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2014
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV
1310 BOLLEY DR
FARGO,ND 58105-5750

Performing Department
Plant Sciences

Non Technical Summary
North Dakota is the top producer of dry beans in the US, accounting for almost 50% of the total production. The main market class grown is pinto beans, with 51.8 % of the total production in the U.S. After pinto beans, navy and black beans are the second and third most important classes, respectively. From the total 665,000 acres harvested in ND in 2007, 10.5 million hundredweight (cwt) of dry bean were produced, which represented an approximate value of $241 million. Most of the production is located in the Red River Valley, which includes ND and MN (the third largest producer in US). Several cultivars released by the NDSU dry bean breeding program have been intensively used by the growers in the region due to their attributes. Therefore, this project will continue offering dry bean cultivars that are adapted to the region and have high yield, seed quality, disease resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, which has been key for the success of the crop in the area. An active dry bean breeding program at NDSU will allow growers to remain productive and competitive in the global economy, delivering high quality beans to consumers throughout the world. In addition, the scientific community will be also benefited with the discovery and utilization of new genes of interest.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
202	1410	1081	10%
203	1410	1081	40%
204	1410	1081	20%
212	1410	1081	30%

Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 204 - Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest); 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 202 - Plant Genetic Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
1410 - Beans (dry);

Field Of Science
1081 - Breeding;

Keywords

dry bean breeding

phaseolus vulgaris l.

plant breeding

plant genetics

agronomy and production

disease resistance

nutrition

Goals / Objectives
This project will make efforts to produce new improved dry bean cultivars for the ND/MN region. This is the main production region of dry beans in the U.S. and it has unique conditions that makes difficult to grow cultivars developed for other production regions. Therefore, the objectives are: 1. Develop improved genotypes of dry bean adapted to the Northern Great Plains. 2. Identify and exploit genes of agronomic interest such as seed yield and quality, environmental stress, and disease resistance. The main outputs of the project are: New dry bean cultivars with higher seed yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and (ii) Scientific effort will lead to the discovery and utilization of new genes for resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic constraints.

Project Methods
Objective 1: During the winter of each year, approximately 450 unique hybridizations (parental crosses) will be made in the greenhouse. The main breeding method used is a modified pedigree, although some other methods such as backcrossing, single seed descendent, and interspecific crosses may be used. Seed obtained from crosses (F1 generation) are sent to New Zealand in order to maximize recombination and production of F2 seed given their excellent environmental conditions and very low disease pressure. Then, F2 spaced plants are grown in ND and visually selected based on desirable traits (yield potential, disease resistance, plant architecture, earliness, uniform drydown, seed quality, etc.). F3 families are sent to Puerto Rico during winter in order to advance one generation and also do more selection within and among families. F4 families are grown in ND again as individual rows where individual plant selections are made based on the desirable traits. Selected plants are sent one more time to Puerto Rico in order to advance one generation, practice more selection within and among families, and produce enough seed for multi-location yield trials. Selected breeding lines are then tested and re-selected in different environments and years (environments), and evaluated for disease resistance under natural pressure in the field and greenhouse. Marker assisted selection may be used for screening for disease resistance. promising lines are put in preliminary yield trials (PYT) and then included in the advanced yield trials (AYT), also planted in several locations and years. Lines that perform well in the AYT are entered into variety trials (VT) and some other regional and cooperative trials for several years. Promising lines are then considered for release and homogeneous seed is produced (breeder's seed). The same process is applied for each market class. Objective 2: Germplasm and lines from other breeding projects will be screened for their reaction to different biotic and abiotic factors as part of the breeding scheme described above. When a genotype is found to have a trait of interest, the next step is to confirm if the gene or genes controlling the trait have been previously reported. If phenotypic (greenhouse and field) and genotypic (if molecular markers are available) confirms it is a new gene, then populations will be created in order to understand the inheritance of the new trait. Interdisciplinary collaboration among different areas and breeding programs is of key importance at this point. We will attempt to identify and test molecular markers associated with the gene or genes for possible use in a MAS scheme. Efforts towards the implementation of alternative MAS procedures such as association mapping will be also explored. Continued efforts to improve seed quality will allow obtaining new cultivars with better visual appearance and improved nutritional characteristics. Cultivars that do not meet the quality requirements will not have success, even if yield potential is high. In the same way, there is an increasing interest in dry bean cultivars with improved levels of nutrients.

Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The main target audience is the dry bean growers in the U.S. Northern Plains, more specifically in North Dakota and Minnesota. The main goal of the project is the development of improved varieties adapted to the environmental conditions of this region, which is very unique from other dry bean producing areas in the country. In addition, the germplasm, varieties, and information produced in this project are also shared with the W-2150 multi-state group and the rest of the bean scientific community. Graduate and undergraduate students taking Principles of Crop Production 225 in the Department of Plant Sciences also had access to the information and results produced by this project. Efforts: Varieties developed by the program are shared with the dry bean growers in the region. In the same way, results from both basic and applied research is shared frequently at meetings, conferences, field days, and other extension activities (e.g. bulletins) allow the dissemination of the information and results gained by this multi-state group to the general public. Collaboration among programs not only within NDSU, but also with scientists from other universities and institutions has been facilitated by having a multistate project like the W-2150.Most findings and results from this multistate project are shared through journal publications, Extension bulletins, as well as in talks at field days with growers and other grower-related meetings. In addition, most results are also shared at bean scientific meetings such as the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC). Finally, most results are also available at the USDA-NIFA REEport website and the BIC website. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Several students have been able to do their research for their graduate studies within the project. A total of 3 students graduated during the last 5 years (1 M.S. and 2 Ph.D.). In addition, several undergraduate students had the opportunity to work as interns in our program for periods between 2 to 6 months and learned the everyday activities of a breeding project. Graduate and undergraduate students taking Principles of Crop Production 225 in the Department of Plant Sciences. Approximately 10 graduate students assisted with teaching 400 undergraduate students the importance of upright growth type, nitrogen management (fertilization, inoculation, and fixation), and row spacing on direct harvest of pinto bean and how these factors influence disease management for white mold. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results of these activities were shared in the W-2150 annual meeting at Scottsbluff, NE, Annual Bean Day at Fargo, ND, and some of the field days at the NDSU Research and Extension Centers. Also, some results were presented at the ASA-CSSA-SSSA annual meetings in Tampa-FL in 2013 and Long Beach-CA in 2014 as well as the Plant and Animal Genome (PAG) in San Diego-CA in early 2014. In addition, information was shared through multiple Extension talks given by Dr. Hans Kandel. Approximately 10 graduate students assisted with teaching 400 undergraduate students the importance of upright growth type, nitrogen management (fertilization, inoculation, and fixation) and row spacing on direct harvest of pinto bean and how these factors influence disease management for white mold. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? • A total of 7 new varieties have been released during the last 5 years. Most of these varieties are grown on a significant portion of the dry bean acreage, especially in the case of black and pinto beans. Approximately 50% of the MIN-DAK region planted with pinto beans used NDSU varieties (Lariat, Stampede, ND-307, and Maverick). Also, 87% of the black bean acreage was planted with 'Eclipse', which was released by NDSU in 2004. In addition, 17% of the navy bean area was planted either with 'Norstar' or 'Avalanche', which were released in 1991 and 2008, respectively. With a state average seed yield of 1,500 pounds per acre and an average price of $35 per hundredweight across all market classes, dry bean varieties from NDSU help to contribute an average of $130 million to the state's economy every year. • A new small red cultivar (Rio Rojo) has been released because of its high seed yield, agronomic performance, and resistance to common bacterial blight. In addition, a new version of Stampede pinto bean with improved resistance to rust is at the final stages of purification and seed production. • Two new kidney varieties with improved tolerance to the root rot complex were released last year. These 2 varieties will have significant impact in the region since Minnesota is the largest producer of kidney beans in the country. • The new varieties with improved upright architecture also allow growers to harvest in less time, and using less equipment and labor, which reduced production costs significantly. • Research on optimal N fertilization and row spacing for the new upright pinto cultivars showed that additional application of 50 pounds of N did not have any effect in seed yield. Therefore, growers could save money and time by avoiding the additional fertilization in their bean fields. In addition, it was found that there is a yield increase when planting upright cultivars at an intermediate row distance (18-22 in). However, the environment still plays a key role in the final yield. • The new version of Stampede pinto bean allowed increasing the proportion of resistance plants from 50% to 90% based on phenotypic selection for the Ur-11 gene, which confers resistance to the new race of bean rust (20-4) reported in North Dakota. This is very important as virtually all cultivars commonly used in the region are susceptible to this new race. • Two breeding lines (navy and red) have shown high levels of resistance to white mold observed in both field and greenhouse evaluations. One of the main advantages of these lines is that they combine high levels of resistance with good agronomic performance, which is something lacking in most sources of resistance currently available.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Maniruzzaman, M., K. Simons, J.M.Osorno, and J.S. Pasche. 2014. Evaluation of genetic resistance to common bacterial blight in dry edible bean. Phytopathology 104:S3.172.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Schmutz J, McClean P, Mamidi S, Wu GA, Cannon SB, Grimwood J, Jenkins J, Shu S, Song Q, Chavarro C, Torres-Torres M, Geffroy V, Moghaddam S M, Gao D, Abernathy B, Barry K, Blair M, Brick MA, Chovatia M, Gepts P, Goodstein DM, Gonzales M, Hellsten U, Hyten DL, Jia G, Kelly JD, Kudma,D , Lee R, Richard MMS, Miklas PN, Osorno JM, Rodrigues J, Thareau V, Urrea CA, Want M, Yu Y, Zhang M, Wing RA, Cregan PB, Rokhsar DS, Jackson SA. 2014. A reference genome for common bean and genome-wide analysis of dual domestications. Nature Genetics 46:707-713.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, J.R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander-Wal. 2011. A new navy bean for the Northern Plains: registration of Avalanche. J. Plant Reg. 5:170-176.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Vandemark, G.J., M.A. Brick, J.M. Osorno, J.D. Kelly, and C.A. Urrea. 2014. Yield gains in edible grain legumes. p.87-124. In J. Specht, B. Diers, B. Carver, and S. Smith (eds.) Genetic Gains of Major US Field crops. CSSA Press, Madison, WI.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Osorno, J.M., and P.E. McClean. 2014. Common bean genomics and its applications in breeding programs. p. 185-206. In S. Gupta, N. Nadarajan, and D.S. Gupta. Legumes in the Omic Era . Springer, New York, NY.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2009 Citation: Beaver, J.S. and J. M. Osorno. 2009. Achievements and limitations of contemporary common bean breeding using conventional and molecular approaches. Euphytica 168:145-176.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Johnson, B.L. 2014. PLSC 225 Principles of Crop Production. Editor. B.L. Johnson. Publisher: Documents and Publishing, North Dakota State Univ. Fargo, ND.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ghising K., Osorno J.M., McPhee K., Pasche J.S., and Lamppa R. 2014. Screening the USDA Core Collection of Common Bean for Resistance to Halo Blight Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions In Abstracts. Annu. Meet. American Society of Agron.-Crop Sci. Society of America, Soil Sci. Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA), Long Beach, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Clavijo Michelangeli, JA., Boote, KJ., Bhakta, M., Gezan, S., Jones, J., Correll, M., Zhang, L., Osorno, J.M., Rao, IM., Beebe, S., Roman-Paoli, E., Gonzalez, A., Beaver, J., Ricaurte, J., Colbert, RW., and Vallejos, CE. 2014. Modeling Genetic Traits of Five Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Genotypes in Multi-Location Trials. American Society of Agron.-Crop Sci. Society of America, Soil Sci. Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA), Long Beach, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Clavijo, J.A., K. J. Boote, M. Bhakta, S. Gezan, J.W. Jones, M. Correll, L. Zhang, J.M. Osorno, I.M. Rao, S. Beebe, E.O. Roman-Paoli, A. Gonzalez, J. Beaver, J. Ricaurte, R.W. Colbert, and C. Vallejos. 2013. Scaling of leaf area and mass in a recombinant inbred population of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In Abstracts. Annu. Meet. American Society of Agron.-Crop Sci. Society of America, Soil Sci. Society of America. Bhakta, M., J.A. Clavijo, L. Zhang, R.W. Colbert, M. Correll, K.J. Boote, J.W. Jones, S. Gezan, J. Beaver, J.M. Osorno, S. Beebe, E.O. Roman-Paoli, I.M. Rao, A. Gonzalez, J. Ricaurte, M. Otero, and C. Vallejos. 2013. A SNP-based linkage map of Phaseolus vulgaris constructed via the genotyping-by-sequencing approach. In Abstracts. Annu. Meet. American Society of Agron.-Crop Sci. Society of America, Soil Sci. Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA), Tampa FL.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2010 Citation: Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.D. Kelly, S.G. Markell, E.M. Wright, H.E. Awale, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, and R.S. Goswami. 2010. New races of the bean rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:18-19. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J. Rayapati, J.M. Osorno, J.D. Kelly, E.M. Wright, M.A. Brick, S.G. Markell, and R.S. Goswami. 2010. Reaction of common bean cultivars to two new races of rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:66-67. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., E.M. Wright, S.G. Markell, H.E. Awale, J.D. Kelly, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, and R.S. Goswami. 2010. Comparing the virulence of new races of the common bean rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:128-129.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2009 Citation: Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.D. Kelly, S.G. Markell, E.M. Wright, H.E. Awale, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, R.S. Goswami. 2009. New races of the bean rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. 20th biennial meeting of the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC). Oct. 25-28. Hilton Garden Inn, Fort Collins CO.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Agarwal, C. 2014. Association mapping of agronomic traits of dry beans using breeding populations. M.S. thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1616661527?accountid=6766 Was NIFA Supp
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Linares-Ramirez, A. 2013. Selection of dry bean genotypes adapted for drought tolerance in the northern great plains (Order No. 3626842). Available from Dissertations & Theses @ North Dakota State University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1558126959). Retrieved from https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1558126959?accountid=6766
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2011 Citation: Osorno, J.M., A.J. Vanderwal, and S. Gegner. 2011. Dry bean improvement for the northern plains. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 17(2):26-30.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The main target audience is the the dry bean growers in the U.S. Northern Plains, more specifically in North Dakota and Minnesota. Frequent meetings, conferences, field days, and other extension activities (e.g. bulletins) allow the dissemination of the information and results gained by this multi-state group to the general public. Collaboration among programs not only within NDSU, but also with scientists from other universities and institutions has been facilitated by having a multistate project like the W-2150. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training graduate students: Chiti Agarwal, Raphael Colbert, Kiran Ghising, Angela Linares, and Jose Vasquez. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results from the research activities from this multi-state group has been disseminated mostly through scientific papers, extension bulletins, conferences/workshops. In the same way, some results have been shared at growers meetings and field days. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A new small red cultivar (Rio Rojo) has been released because of its high seed yield, agronomic performance, and resistance to common bacterial blight. In addition, a new version of Stampede pinto bean with improved resistance to rust is at the final stages of purification and seed production. Also, two kidney breeding lines are in consideration to be released as cultivars given their high seed yield and quality, and agronomic performance. Approximately 50% of the MIN-DAK region planted with pinto beans used NDSU varieties (Lariat, Stampede, ND-307, and Maverick). Also, 78% of the black bean acreage was planted with ‘Eclipse’, which was released by NDSU in 2004. In addition, 17% of the navy bean area was planted either with ‘Norstar’ or ‘Avalanche’, which were released in 1991 and 2008, respectively. With a state average seed yield of 1,500 pounds per acre and an average price of $35 per hundredweight across all market classes, dry bean varieties from NDSU help to contribute an average of $130 million to the state’s economy every year. The new varieties with improved upright architecture also allow growers to harvest in less time, and using less equipment and labor, which reduced production costs significantly. The new version of Stampede pinto bean allowed increasing the proportion of resistance plants from 50% to 90% based on phenotypic selection for the Ur-11 gene, which confers resistance to the new race of bean rust (20-4) reported in North Dakota. This is very important as virtually all cultivars commonly used in the region are susceptible to this new race. Two breeding lines (navy and red) are being intensively studied given the high levels of resistance to white mold observed in both field and greenhouse evaluations. One of the main advantages of these lines is that they combine high levels of resistance with good agronomic performance, which is something lacking in most sources of resistance currently available. The long-term economic support from the dry bean commodity groups such as the Northarvest bean growers association has been of key importance for the success of this breeding program. Four slow darkening pinto breeding lines are currently being grown as breeder seed increases at New Zealand and at least one of these lines will be released as the first slow darkening pinto cultivar in the region. North Dakota growers estimate they lost more than $60 million dollars in 2011 and 2012 due to discounted prices of dark pinto beans. In addition, two kidney breeding lines (ND061210 dark red kidney and ND061106 light red kidney), have been recommended unanimously for release by the NDSU variety release committee. The QTL mapping research done with the Buster/SER22 RIL population allowed the identification of several genomic regions associated with drought tolerance. Specifically, QTLs related to seed yield, seed size, and leaf temperature were identified and QTL validation is underway. A similar approach will be made with other populations.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Moghaddam, S.M., S. Mamidi, Q. Song, J.M. Osorno, R. Lee, P. Cregan, and P.E. McClean. 2013. Developing marker-class specific indel markers from next generation sequence data in Phaseolus vulgaris. Frontiers in Plant Genetics and Genomics (In Press).
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kandel, H.J. and J.M. Osorno. 2013. North Dakota dry bean performance testing 2012. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. A-654, Fargo, ND. Knodel, J.J., P.B. Beauzay, D.W. Franzen, H.J. Kandel, S.G. Markell, J.M. Osorno, and R.K. Zollinger. 2013. 2012 Dry bean grower survey of pest problems and pesticide use in Minnesota and North Dakota. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. E-1522, Fargo, ND. Hegert, M. 2013. Bean breeding update. Northarvest Beangrower magazine. 19:6-7. Hegert, M. 2013. More growers going direct, despite harvest losses. Northarvest Beangrower magazine. 19:9-11. Bard, D. 2013. Beans keep getting better and better. International Food Trader Mag. https://www.goift.com/ Hegert, M. 2013. USDA grants support dry bean breeding; local foods promotion. Northarvest Beangrower magazine. 20:26-27.
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2013 Citation: Simons, C., C. Hall, and J.M. Osorno. 2013. Lypoxygenase activity and Hexanal and Hexanol concentration of Lariat pinto beans grown at different locations. Annu. Meet. Amer. Assoc. of Cereal Chemists. Albuquerque, MN. Fenlason, P., P. Thavarajah, D. Thavarajah, and J.M. Osorno. 2013. Mineral composition of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in the United States Northern Great Plains. Annu. Meet. Inst. Food Technologists. Chicago, IL.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, A.J. Vander Wal, and S.L. Gegner. 2013. A new small red bean with improved resistance to common bacterial blight: Registration of Rio Rojo. J. Plant Reg. 7:130-134.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The NDSU dry bean breeding program continues to annual test and screen thousands of early generation genotypes, hundreds of preliminary and advanced breeding lines, commercial cultivars, and other genotypes. This breeding pipeline is grown in field experiments across five locations in North Dakota and two locations in Minnesota. During the 2012 growing season, the program had 30 acres (9,465 plots) of field experiments distributed across the entire region. In addition, variety testing is made at most of the Research and Extension Centers (REC), so bean growers have a better idea of how each available cultivar may perform in their own region. Even though drought stress was the main production issue during the 2012 growing season, dry bean production was not severely affected because most of the production occurs in the northern portion of the Red River Valley, which did not have the severe drought stress observed in other regions. In addition, the dry conditions prevented the development of diseases frequently found in the region such as white mold, rust, and bacterial diseases, among others. Consequently, seed yield forecasts estimate a record for 2012, with 1,700 pounds per acre. Breeding activities mainly involved selection at early generations, yield testing of preliminary and advanced breeding lines, and some genetic/agronomic studies. Breeding targets include high seed yield and quality, disease resistance, early maturity, plant architecture for efficient mechanical harvest, water use efficiency, and canning quality, among others. Greenhouse activities complement the field work by doing disease screening (bean rust, BCMV, anthracnose, among others), crossings, and seed increases. The first crossing block in the new greenhouse facilities involved approximately 350 new parental combinations and has been one of the most successful in the history of the program, producing good quantities of F1 progenies. Winter nurseries were made at Florida, Puerto Rico, and New Zealand in order to speed up the breeding process. The results and new findings were always reported in peer reviewed journals, grower meetings, bulletins, magazines, phone calls, and informal conversations with all the stakeholders. Research on seed coat slow darkening, drought tolerance, effects of row spacing, N fertilization, and plant architecture, and genotype by environment interaction is also underway. New studies have also started on genetic resistance to soybean cyst nematode, halo blight, root rots, and the variation in seed nutritional content by cultivar and location. Efforts on association mapping of important traits have also started in collaboration with Dr. Phil McClean. Greenhouse screening for disease resistance have allowed the identification of some genotypes with improved resistance to some of the most important pathogens in the area, especially for rust, white mold, common bacterial blight, and anthracnose. For example, two breeding lines (one navy and one small red) with field resistance to white mold have been found. The resistance has been confirmed by several greenhouse tests made by bean scientists from other institutions. PARTICIPANTS: Participants: Dr. Juan M. Osorno - Dry Bean Breeder - Project Leader Jody A. Vander Wal - Research Specialist Sarah Gegner - Research Specialist (Resigned July 2012) Angela Linares - Ph.D. Student Raphael Colbert - Ph.D. Student Kiran Ghising - Ph.D. Student Chiti Agarwal - M.S. Student Jose Vasquez - Ph.D. Student Collaborators: Dr. Phil McClean - Bean Molecular Geneticist Dr. Richard Zollinger - Extension Weed Specialist Dr. Hans Kandel - Extension Agronomist Dr. Julie Pasche - Pulse Pathologist Dr. Sam Markell - Extension Plant Pathologist Dr. Dale Williams - Foundation Seedstocks Dr. Burton Johnson - New Crops Production/Agronomy North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station Northarvest Bean Growers Association North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Assoc. (NDDEBSGA) TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
A new small red cultivar (Rio Rojo) has been released because of its high seed yield, agronomic performance, and resistance to common bacterial blight. In addition, a new version of Stampede pinto bean with improved resistance to rust is at the final stages of purification and seed production. Two kidney bean breeding lines are in consideration to be released as cultivars due to the high seed yield and quality, and agronomic performance. Approximately 50% of the MIN-DAK region planted with pinto beans used NDSU varieties (Lariat, Stampede, ND-307, and Maverick). Also, 78% of the black bean acreage was planted with 'Eclipse', which was released by NDSU in 2004. In addition, 17% of the navy bean acerage was planted either with 'Norstar' or 'Avalanche', which were released in 1991 and 2008, respectively. With a state average seed yield of 1,500 pounds per acre and an average price of $35 per cwt across all market classes, dry bean varieties from NDSU contributed an annual average of $130 million to the state's economy. The new varieties with improved upright architecture also allow growers to harvest in less time, and using less equipment and labor, which reduced production costs significantly. The new version of Stampede pinto bean allowed increasing the proportion of resistance plants from 50% to 90% based on phenotypic selection for the Ur-11 gene, which confers resistance to the new race of bean rust (20-4) reported in North Dakota. This is very important as virtually all cultivars commonly used in the region are susceptible to this new race. Two breeding lines (navy and red) are being intensively studied because of the high levels of resistance to white mold observed in both field and greenhouse evaluations. One of the main advantages of these lines is they combine high levels of resistance with good agronomic performance, which is something lacking in most sources of resistance currently available. The long-term economic support from the dry bean commodity groups such as the Northarvest bean growers association has been of key importance for the success of this breeding program. The NDSU dry bean breeding program is committed to keep working on the development of new genetics and research that will have a direct impact on the main dry bean production region in the United States.

Publications

• Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, A.J. Vander Wal, and S.L. Gegner. 2012. A new small red bean with improved resistance to common bacterial blight: Registration of 'Rio Rojo'. J. Plant Reg. (In press).
• Kandel, H.J. and J.M. Osorno. 2012. North Dakota dry bean performance testing 2011. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. A-654, Fargo, ND.
• Knodel, J.J., P.B. Beauzay, D.W. Franzen, H.J. Kandel, S.G. Markell, J.M. Osorno, and R.K. Zollinger. 2012. 2011 Dry bean grower survey of pest problems and pesticide use in Minnesota and North Dakota. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. E-1522, Fargo, ND.
• Carter, C.E, J.M. Osorno, and F.A Manthey. 2011. Effect of dry bean flour on dough strength, extrusion properties, and pasta quality. Biennial Meet., Bean Improv. Coop. Oct 31 - Nov 4. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
• Gegner, S.L. J.M. Osorno, M. Tulbek, A.J. Vander Wal. 2011. Establishing a standardized protocol for dry bean canning at North Dakota State University. Biennial Meet., Bean Improv. Coop. Oct 31 - Nov 4. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
• Osorno, J.M., P.E. Mclean, and R.S. Goswami. 2012. Genetic Studies of New Potential Sources of Resistance to White Mold in Dry Bean. Annu. Meet. National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI). Organized by USDA-ARS. January 18-20. Minneapolis, MN.
• Hergert, M. 2011. Slow darkening gene a priority for NDSU dry bean breeder. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 17(4):12-13.
• Hergert, M. 2011. Slow darkening pinto beans - A slow process. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 17(4):12-13.
• Hergert, M. 2012. NDSU releases new small red bean variety. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 18(3):21.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The NDSU dry bean breeding program tested and screened breeding lines, commercial cultivars, and other genotypes across five locations in North Dakota and two locations in Minnesota. In addition, variety testing is made at most of the Research and Extension Centers, so bean growers have a better idea of how each available cultivar may perform in their own region. During the 2011 growing season, the program had 45 acres (9,782 plots) of field experiments distributed across the entire region. Several locations were affected by heavy rainfall and flooding at the early stages of development and therefore, entire trials and/or replications within a trial were lost. Breeding activities mainly involved selection at early generations, yield testing of preliminary and advanced breeding lines, and some genetic/agronomic studies. Breeding targets include high seed yield and quality, disease resistance, early maturity, plant architecture for efficient mechanical harvest, water use efficiency, and canning quality, among others. Greenhouse activities complement the field work by doing disease screening (bean rust, BCMV, anthracnose, among others), crossings, and seed increases. The crossing block involved approximately 250 new parental combinations. Winter nurseries were located in Puerto Rico and New Zealand in order to speed up the breeding process. The results and new findings were always reported in peer reviewed journals, grower meetings, bulletins, magazines, phone calls, and informal conversations with all stakeholders. Thr breeding efforts have allowed for the release of four cultivars from different market classes during the last four years. Research on seed coat slow darkening, drought tolerance, and genotype by environment interaction is also underway. Greenhouse screening for disease resistances have allowed the identification of some genotypes with improved resistance to some of the most important pathogens in the area, especially rust, white mold, and anthracnose, which was reported in central North Dakota this growing season. Purification of the pinto cultivar Stampede for resistance to the new rust race is almost completed. Two breeding lines with potential resistance to white mold have been found. The resistance has been confirmed by several greenhouse tests made by bean scientists from other institutions. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Juan Osorno - Dry Bean Breeder - Project Leader Jody Albert Vander Wal - Research Specialist Sarah Gegner - Research Specialist (started Apr. 2010) Angela Linares - Ph.D. Student Raphael Colbert - Ph.D. Student Dr. Dale Williams - Foundation Seedstocks Dr. Burton Johnson - New Crops Production/Agronomy North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station Northarvest Bean Growers Association North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Assoc. (NDDEBSGA) TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
A recent grower's survey showed that 50% of the MIN-DAK region planted with pinto beans used NDSU varieties (Lariat, Stampede, ND-307, and Maverick). Also, 66% of the black bean acreage was planted with 'Eclipse', which was released by NDSU in 2004. In addition, 17% of the navy bean area was planted either with 'Norstar' or 'Avalanche', which were released in 1991 and 2008, respectively. With a state average seed yield of 15.5 cwt per acre and an average price of $24 per cwt across all market classes for 2010, dry bean varieties from NDSU helped to contribute $134 million to the state's economy just last year. Varieties with improved upright architecture also allowed growers to harvest in less time, and using less equipment and labor, which reduced production costs significantly. Purification of Stampede pinto bean for resistance to the new rust race (based on Ur-11 gene) allowed increasing the proportion of resistance plants from 50% to 90%. Current efforts are trying to bring up that resistance to 100%. Final stages of purification are underway so breeder seed increase can be planned for next the growing season. This is very important as virtually all cultivars commonly used in the region are susceptible to this new race. Two breeding lines (navy and red) are being intensively studied given the high levels of resistance to white mold observed in both field and greenhouse evaluations. One of the main advantages of these lines is they combine high levels of resistance with good agronomic performance, which is something lacking in most sources of resistance currently available. Research on optimal N fertilization and row spacing for the new upright pinto cultivars showed that additional application of 50 pounds of N did not increased seed yield. Therefore, growers could save money and time by avoiding the additional rate. In addition, there is a seed yield increase of 240 pounds per acre when planting upright pinto cultivars at an intermediate row distance (18-22 in). However, the environment still plays a key role in the final yield. The long-term economic support from the dry bean commodity groups such as the Northarvest bean growers association has been of key importance for the success of this breeding program. The NDSU dry bean breeding program is committed to keep working on the development of new genetics and research that will have a direct impact on the main dry bean production region in the United States.

Publications

• Eckert, F.R., H.J. Kandel, B.L. Johnson, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, A.J. Vander Wal, C. Deplazes, and J.M. Osorno. 2011. Row spacing and nitrogen effects on upright pinto bean cultivars under direct harvest conditions. Agron. J. 103:1314-1320.
• Kandel, H.J. and J.M. Osorno. 2011. North Dakota dry bean performance testing 2010. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. A-654, Fargo, ND.
• Knodel, J.J., P.B. Beauzay, D.W. Franzen, H.J. Kandel, S.G. Markell, J.M. Osorno, and R.K. Zollinger. 2011. 2010 Dry bean grower survey of pest problems and pesticide use in Minnesota and North Dakota. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. E-1522, Fargo, ND.
• Hergert, M. 2010. Pinto bean growers adapting direct harvest methods. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 16(5):12-13.
• Hergert, M. 2010. Common bean rust confirmed in Northarvest. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 16(5):31.
• Kandel, H.J., B.L. Johnson, and J.M. Osorno. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization and inculation effects on direct harvested pinto, navy, and black dry bean varieties. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 16(5):20.
• Hergert, M. 2011. Dark color costing Northarvest pinto bean growers. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 17(3):26-27.
• Hergert, M. 2011. Northarvest invest $253,000 in research in 2011. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 17(4):9.
• Hergert, M. 2011. Slow darkening gene apriority for NDSU dry bean breeder. Northarvest Beangrower Mag. 17(4):12-13.

Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The NDSU dry bean breeding program has been testing and screening breeding lines, commercial cultivars, and other genotypes across five locations in North Dakota and two locations in Minnesota. In addition, variety testing is made at most of the Research and Extension Centers, so bean growers have a better idea of how each available cultivar may perform in their own region. During the summer of 2010, the program had approximately 32 acres (6,331 plots) of field experiments distributed in seven locations across the entire region. One location (Hatton, ND) was lost due to early flooding in the spring. Breeding activities mainly involved selection at early generations, yield testing of preliminary and advanced breeding lines, and some genetic/agronomic studies. Greenhouse activities complement the field work by doing disease screening (bean rust, BCMV, anthracnose, among others), crossings, and seed increases. Crossing block involved approximately 250 new parental combinations. Winter nursery growouts are used in Puerto Rico and New Zealand in order to speed up the breeding process. The results and new findings are always reported in peer reviewed journals, grower meetings, bulletins, phone calls, and informal conversations with all the stakeholders. All these breeding efforts have allowed the release of four cultivars from different market classes during the last three years. Several studies made by graduate students provided a better understanding of seed losses involved in direct harvest, and also the effect of Nitrogen fertilization and row spacing in the bean plant architecture and seed losses. Research about drought tolerance is also underway. Greenhouse screening for disease resistance has allowed the identification of some genotypes with improved resistance to some of the most important pathogens in the area. In the specific case of bean rust, purification of the pinto cultivar Stampede for resistance to the new rust race was underway with promising results. High field pressure of white mold allowed the identification of at least two lines with putative resistance. The resistance has been confirmed by several greenhouse tests made by bean scientists from other institutions. PARTICIPANTS: Participants: Dr. Juan Osorno - Dry Bean Breeder - Project Leader Albert Jody Vander Wal - Research Specialist Sarah Gegner - Research Specialist (started Apr. 2010) Fernando Eckert - M.S. Student (finished Dec. 2009) Angela Linares - Ph.D. Student Raphael Colbert - Ph.D. Student Randy Degreeff - Intern Alexander Johnson - Intern Mariah Smith - Summer Intern Austen Lund - Summer Intern Collaborators: Dr. Phil McClean - Bean Molecular Geneticist Dr. Richard Zollinger - Extension Weed Specialist Dr. Hans Kandel - Extension Agronomist Dr. Rubella Goswami - Pulse Pathologist Dr. Sam Markell - Extension Plant Pathologist Dr. Dale Williams - Foundation Seedstocks Dr. Burton Johnson - New Crops Production/Agronomy North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station Northarvest Bean Growers Association North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Growers Assoc. (NDDEBSGA) TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
All four cultivars recently released by the NDSU dry bean breeding program (Lariat, Stampede, ND-307, and Avalanche), during the last three years continue increasing in acreage. Grower's acceptances, as well as seed availability has been crucial for the success of these cultivars. The three pinto bean cultivars (Lariat, Stampede, and ND-307) are being intensively used by the growers in the region and demand for these cultivars is increasing based on seed requests. Today, Eclipse is the black bean most commonly grown in the region. Finally, Avalanche navy bean keeps growing but at a slower pace given the restrictive nature of the navy bean market, in which most production is contract-based. The early discovery, identification, and characterization of the new race of bean rust avoided the possibility of an unexpected disease outbreak. Growers and scientists keep working together to keep track of the pathogen in the region and keep informed about the new findings. Simultaneously, purification of Stampede pinto bean for resistance to this new race (based on Ur-11 gene) allowed increasing the proportion of resistance plants from 50% to 90%. Current efforts are trying to increase that resistance to 100%. This is very important as all cultivars commonly used in the region are susceptible to this new race. Agronomic studies allowed the quantification of seed losses due to direct harvest as well as the identification of cultivars that could be more efficient under direct harvest conditions. For example, Lariat pinto bean offers the best combination of highest seed yield and lowest seed loss in two separate studies. Other cultivars such as Eclipse and Vista also showed high harvest efficiency. Research on optimal N fertilization and row spacing for the new upright pinto cultivars showed that additional application of 50 pounds of N did not have any effect in seed yield. Therefore, growers could save money and time by avoiding the additional fertilization in their bean fields. In addition, it was found that there is a yield increase when planting upright cultivars at an intermediate row distance (18-22 in). However, the environment still plays a key role in the final yield. The long-term economic support from the dry bean commodity groups such as the Northarvest bean growers association has been of key importance for the success of this breeding program. The NDSU dry bean breeding program is committed to keep working on the development of new genetics and research that will have a direct impact on the main dry bean production region in the United States. Estimates showed that during the 2010 growing season, approximately 35% of the total area grown with pinto beans were planted with NDSU cultivars. Assuming an estimated value of production of approximately $240 million in North Dakota, this represents $84.3 million generated using NDSU cultivars.

Publications

• Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, J.R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander Wal. 2010. Registration of 'Lariat' and 'Stampede' Pinto Beans. J. Plant Reg. 4:1-7.
• Linares-Ramirez, A.M., J.M. Osorno, T. Porch, and C. Urrea. 2010. Screening of common bean germplasm and cultivars for moderate and terminal drought tolerance in North Dakota and Nebraska. Abstr. ASA-CSSA-SSA Ann. Meet. Oct. 31st to Nov. 4th. Long Beach, CA.
• Eckert, F.R., H.J. Kandel, B.L. Johnson, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, A.J. Vander Wal, C. Deplazes, and J.M. Osorno. 2009. Row spacing and nitrogen fertilization effect on architectural traits and yield loss of dry bean varieties under direct harvest. 20th biennial meeting of the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC). Oct. 25-28. Hilton Garden Inn, Fort Collins, CO.
• Linares-Ramirez, A.M., J.M. Osorno, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, S. Zwinger, B. Schatz. 2009. Performance of three market classes (pinto, black, and navy) across 24 years in moderate drought conditions in the northern plains. 20th biennial meeting of the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC). Oct. 25-28. Hilton Garden Inn, Fort Collins, CO.
• Roesler, S. 2010. Good potential for growing dry beans, soybeans in Yellowstone Valley. The Prairie Star. Sydney, MT. http://www.theprairiestar.com/articles/2010/11/16/ag_news/farm_and_fi eld/farm4.txt
• Kerr, L. 2010. Dry beans, new crop alternative. Ag. Roundup. Nov. Ed. p.8. Sydney, MT.
• Hergert, M. 2010. Beangrower ad prompts research. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 16(3):24-25.
• Hergert, M. 2010. Reviewing 2009 trial results. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 16(3):12-13.
• Osorno, J.M. 2010. Dry bean improvement for the northern plains. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 16(2):18-21.
• Hergert, M. 2010. New bean combine. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 16(1):11.
• Hergert, M. 2009. Breeding breakthrough. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 15:6-7.
• Hergert, M. 2009. Pipeline is full of dry bean genetics. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 15:17.
• Bewley, M. 2009. Winning the rust race. AgWeek. 25:9.
• Eckert, F.R., H.J. Kandel, B.L. Johnson, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, A.J. Vander Wal, C. Deplazes, and J.M. Osorno. 2011. Seed yield and loss of dry bean cultivars under conventional and direct harvest. Agron. J. 103:12-136.
• Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, J.R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander-Wal. 2010. Registration of 'ND-307' pinto bean. J. Plant Reg. 4:109-114.
• Talukder, Z., P.N. Miklas, M. Blair, J.M. Osorno, M. Dilawari, and K. Hossain. 2010. Genetic diversity and selection of genotypes to enhance Zn and Fe content in common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 90:6-12.
• Knodel, J.J., P.B. Beauzay, J.L. Luecke, D.W. Franzen, H.J. Kandel, S.G. Markell, J.M. Osorno, R.K. Zollinger. 2010. 2009 Dry bean grower survey of pest problems and pesticide use in Minnesota and North Dakota. NDSU Ext. Serv. Document E-1477, Fargo, ND.
• Eckert, F.R., H.J. Kandel, B.L. Johnson, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, A.J. Vander Wal, C. Deplazes, and J.M. Osorno. 2010. Dry bean yield loss of commercial cultivars under conditions of direct harvesting. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:18-19.
• Eckert, F.R., H.J. Kandel, B.L. Johnson, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, A.J. Vander Wal, C. Deplazes, and J.M. Osorno. 2010. Row spacing and nitrogen fertilization effect on architectural traits and yield loss of pinto bean cultivars under direct harvest. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:132-133.
• Linares-Ramirez, A.M., J.M. Osorno, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, S. Zwinger, and B.G. Schatz. 2010. Performance of three market classes (pinto, black, and navy) across 24 years in moderate drought conditions in the northern plains. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:136-137.