Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Extension educators Growers, home gardeners Students and applied researchers Other agricultural service providers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Under Project Objective #3: In 2014, two training workshops were presented (on March 28 in Geneva, NY and April 9 in Albany, NY) on the stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) on garlic and were attended by >100 growers, extension educators and industry personnel. A total of 107 garlic samples were submitted to our laboratory and analyzed for possible infestation by the garlic bloat nematode, with 18 samples testing positive for the garlic bloat nematode (16.8% infection). Also, the project leader and cooperators have had extensive correspondence and visits with garlic growers throughout New York and elsewhere, discussing the biology and available management options against the bloat nematode and other diseases and pests of garlic. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentations to growers and professional meetings, reports of sample diagnosis, other formal and informal publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Abawi will only conduct outreach and diagnostic activities in retirement during the coming year; Monitoring of declining vineyards, orchards and small fruit plantings, and assessment of dagger nematode populations will continue.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Under Project Objective #1: In 2013, the lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp., most likely P. penetrans) was recovered from the roots of all 11 pea varieties evaluated for tolerance to root rot pathogens (primarily Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi) in a commercial field near LeRoy, NY with a long history of severe root rot development. Interestingly, the lesion nematode was recovered from roots of all 11 varieties at populations ranging from 15.3 to 55.3 nematodes/g processed roots. In 2014, pea plants were randomly collected from 17 pea fields in western New York in order to assess the role of the lesion nematode, if any, in the increasing occurrence and damage of root rot diseases of peas in recent years. The lesion nematode was recovered from roots of plants collected from 11 out of the 17 fields sampled. However, the population recovered from roots was rather low, except in one field where1031 nematodes/g root were extracted. Also, no correlation was evident between root rot severity and the number of lesion nematodes recovered from roots. Four declining vineyards in the Finger Lakes Region of New York were surveyed for viruses and nematodes. These vineyards were established with own-rooted Vidal, Chardonnay and Cabernet franc. Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) was found in leaf samples collected from declining vines and the dagger nematode Xiphinema americanum was recovered from soil samples. Population densities of X. americanum ranged from 10 to 50 nematodes/kg. The lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp.) was also found in most of the vineyard soil samples tested. Under Project Objective #2: The monitoring of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes was continued in the plots of the long-term Soil Health Site on the Gates Farm near Geneva, NY that was established in 2003. The 72 large plots at this site (18 treatments with 4 replications, 14 A) are represented by tillage systems (no-till, zone-till and plow/conventional-till systems), three cover crops (no cover, rye grain, and vetch), and two crop rotations. One rotation includes primarily high value vegetable crops, whereas the second rotation includes season-long soil-building crops. To-date, the no-till tillage sites are converted to ridge-till system whenever the plots are planted to a direct seeded vegetable crop. In 2014, all the plots were planted to dry beans, as the indexing crop for assessing the impact of the various soil management practices on soil quality and productivity. Results obtained showed that the number of lesion nematodes in roots was highest in plants growing in rye plots, in the diversified crop rotation and in both the reduced tillage systems (zone-till and no-till). However, populations of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes were rather low to moderate in the soil samples collected from all plots and generally did not differ significantly.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Abawi, G.S., Moktan, K., Stewart, C., Hadad, R., Jones, L., and Smart, C.D. 2014. Updating the status of the re-emerging and damaging bloat nematode on garlic. Proceedings of the NED-APS Meeting in Portsmouth NH during October 29-31, 2014.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Extension educators, Growers, home gardeners, students, and applied researchers as well as other agricultural service providers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Two training workshops were provided in 2013 on the stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) on garlic, one in Geneva, NY with 38 in attendance and the other in Albany, NY with 40 in attendance. In addition, the project leader and cooperators have had extensive correspondence and visits with garlic growers throughout New York and elsewhere on the biology and available management options against the bloat nematode and other diseases and pests of garlic How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Yes to targetaudiences and via formal and informal publications What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Continue research and outreach activities on the biology and management of the bloat nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) on garlic and other agronomic host crops. 2. Continue the evaluation fo nematode control products against plant-parasitic nematodes in vegetable production systems. 3. Continue the evaluation and integration of sustainable management options for plant-parasitic nematodes as components of overall soil health management strategy.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Increased knowledge on the impact of specific cover crops and other production practices on populations and damage of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes will contribute to the selection of appropriate practices to design a sustainable production system that improve soil health, crop productivity and suppress nematode damage as well as other pests. Providing timely background information on the occurrence, distribution and needed management options on emerging nematode problems to stakeholders is essential for the cost-effective management of such problem and to limit further spread and damage to other host crops, especially in vegetatively-propagated crops like garlic.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Abawi, George S. and Kundan Moktan. 2013. Bloat Nematode: A re-emerging and damaging pest of garlic and other hosts. Proceedings of the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention, Hershey, PA held during January 29-31, 2013. Pages 168170.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Completed the evaluation of the replicated 9 cover crop treatments (rye grain +hairy vetch, oat, sudex, forage radish, red clover, rapeseed, buckwheat, wheat, and a fallow check) that were established in 2009 in 4 fields with 3 replications (each replicate consisted of a strip that was 4.5 x 60 m) to assess their impact on population of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes. Both the previous management of the four fields (Conventional, Organic, Present IPM and Future IPM Systems) and the cover crop treatment affected the soil populations of plant-parasitic (primarily M. hapla and P. penetrans) and total free-living nematodes. For example, populations of the lesion nematode were found to be highest in the Future IPM production system lowest in the organic production System, regardless of the cover crop treatment. In addition, population of nematodes also was influenced by the cover crop treatments. Not surprisingly, all grain crops and also rapeseed reduced the population of root-knot nematode, whereas red clover, radish, and rye/vetch increased its populations. However, all cover crops treatments increased the populations of the lesion nematode, but specially sudex, oats, wheat, and rye/vetch as well as the check (fallow) treatment (probably on host weed species). Similarly, populations of free-living nematodes were also affected differentially by the cover crop treatments. Rye/vetch, oat, wheat and sudex appear to generally support higher number of these nematodes. Populations of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes were also assessed again in 2012 in all the plots at the long-term Soil Health Site on the Gates Farm near Geneva, NY that were established in 2003. The 72 plots (18 treatments replicated 4 times, 14 acres) represented three tillage systems (no-till, zone-till and plow/conventional-till systems), three cover crops (no cover, rye grain, and vetch), and two crop rotations. One rotation included primarily high value vegetable crops, whereas the second rotation included season long, soil-building crops. The accumulated data suggest that the tillage system, cover crops, and crop rotation all impacted nematode population and diversity. Work on this site is continuing, as it is important to determine the long-term impact of promoted soil health management practices singly and in combinations on nematode populations. Research and outreach activities were greatly expanded in 2012 on the destructive outbreak of the stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) on garlic. Three workshops were held in 2012 on the biology, assessment and management of the bloat nematode. These workshops were held in Albany, Ithaca, and Geneva, NY on March 26, 27, and 28, respectively. Also, several field visits and discussion with garlic growers were made throughout the growing season in collaboration with Cornell Cooperative Extension Personnel. Furthermore, >100 garlic samples were received and processed for the bloat nematode in our laboratory. Bloat nematode infections continues to be detected in the processed garlic samples, but has dropped from a high of 30% (2011) to a low of 10% (June - December, 2012). PARTICIPANTS: George S. Abawi, PI, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2374. Kundan Motkan, Res. Tech., Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2407. Beth K Gugino, Assist. Prof., Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; 814-865-7328. Dr. James A. LaMondia, Chief Scientist,The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, P.O. Box 248, 153 Cook Hill Road, Windsor, CT 06095; 860-683-4982. Dr. Curt Petzoldt, IPM Program, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2206. Crystal Stewart, Regional Agricultural Specialist, CCE - Capital District, 141 Fonclair Terrace, Johnstown, NY 12095, 518-775-0018 Robert Hadad, Fresh Market Specialist, CCE, 4487 Lake Ave., Lockport, NY 14094, 716-433-8839 x228 TARGET AUDIENCES: Extension educators, Growers, home gardeners, students, and applied researchers as well as other agricultural service providers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Increased knowledge on the impact of specific cover crops and other production practices on populations and damage of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes will contribute to the selection of appropriate practices to design a sustainable production system that improve soil health, crop productivity and suppress nematode damage as well as other pests. Providing timely background information on the occurrence, distribution and needed management options on emerging nematode problems to stakeholders is essential for the cost-effective management of such problem and to limit further spread and damage to other host crops, especially in vegetatively-propagated crops like garlic.
Publications
- Pokharel, R. R., G. S. Abawi, and J. M. Duxbury. 2011. Greenhouse evaluation of rice and wheat germplasms for resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola with comments on evaluation indices and proposal of a new one. Nematologia Mediterranea 39: 157 168.
- Abawi, G. S., K. Moktan, C. Stewart, R. Hadad, and C. Hoepting. 2012. Current status of the bloat nematode on garlic in New York. Journal of Nematology (in-press), Poster presented at the SON Annual Meeting held in Savannah, GA during August 12 15, 2012.
- Abawi, G. S. and K. Moktan. 2012. Vegetable disease control and the impact of soil health management practices. Empire State Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY; 3 pp.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A collaborative project (NY, PA, CT) was initiated in 2009 to assess the efficacy of 9 cover crops (rye grain +hairy vetch, oat, sudex, forage radish, red clover, rapeseed, buckwheat, wheat, and a fallow check) with 3 replications in each of four fields with different previous management (Conventional, Organic, Present IPM and Future IPM Systems), a total of 108 plots. Results obtained in 2011 demonstrated the variability in the densities of plant-parasitic [principally root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla) and lesion (Pratylenchus penetrans)] and free-living nematodes. Overall, the populations of the lesion nematode were highest in the Future IPM production system, which undoubtedly due to the frequent use of grain and forage crops in this production system for enhancing soil quality. However, it was very surprising to detect almost no lesion nematode in any plots of the various cover crops in the Organic production System, suggesting the development of a suppressive soil. In contrast, populations of the root-knot nematode were highest in plots of the present IPM and the Organic Production Systems as compared to those of the Future IPM and the Conventional Systems. Populations of total free-living (beneficial) nematodes were surprisingly the lowest and highest in the Organic and Present IPM Systems, respectively. Regardless of the production system, the cover crop treatments also greatly influenced the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes, as evident when comparing the 2010 and the 2009 results. All grain crops and also rapeseed reduced the population of root-knot nematode, whereas red clover, radish, and rye/vetch increased the populations. However, all cover crops treatments increased the populations of the lesion nematode, but specially sudex, oats, wheat, and rye/vetch as well as the check (fallow) treatment. Several weed species grew in the latter treatment, which a number of them are known to be hosts to the lesion as well as other plant-parasitic nematodes. Populations of the free-living nematodes were higher in the rye/vetch, oat, wheat and sudex cover crop plots. A severe infestation and damage of the stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) on garlic was confirmed in New York in June 2010. Results of a statewide survey conducted in collaboration between Cornell Cooperative Extension personnel and the Garlic Seed Foundation documented the wide occurrence of bloat nematode throughout the state, occurring in 17 counties and in about 30% of the garlic samples processed. Severely infected garlic plants grown form infected seeds exhibit stunting, yellowing, collapse of leaves, and premature defoliation. The bulbs of infected plants initially show light discoloration, but later the entire bulb or individual cloves become dark brown, shrunken, soft, light in weight, and eventually exhibit cracks and various decay symptoms due to activities of saprophytic soil organisms. Onion and other hosts infected with D. dipsaci often show distinct swellings, twisting and deformation of leaves, stems, bulbs and other foliar parts. PARTICIPANTS: George S. Abawi, PI, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2374. Kundan Motkan, Res. Tech., Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2407. Beth K Gugino, Assist. Prof., Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; 814-865-7328. Dr. James A. LaMondia, Chief Scientist,The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, P.O. Box 248, 153 Cook Hill Road, Windsor, CT 06095; 860-683-4982. Dr. Curt Petzoldt, IPM Program, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2206. TARGET AUDIENCES: Extension educators, Growers, home gardeners, students, and applied researchers as well as other agricultural service providers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Increased knowledge on the impact of specific cover crops and other production practices on populations and damage of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes will contribute to the selection of appropriate practices to design a sustainable production system that improve soil health, crop productivity and suppress nematodes damage as well as other pests. Providing timely background information on the occurrence, distribution and needed management options on emerging nematode problems to stakeholders is essential for the cost-effective management of such problem and to limit further spread and damage to crops, especially in vegetatively propagated crops like garlic.
Publications
- Abawi, G. S. and K. Moktan. 2011. Bloat nematode problem on garlic: symptoms, distribution, and management guidelines. The Empire State fruit & vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Proceedings, 4 page summary.
- Kikkert, J. R., and G. S. Abawi. 2011. Major Plant-Parasitic nematodes. Legume ipmPIPE diagnostic Pocket Series, http://legume.ipmpipe.org
- Abawi, G. S., K. Moktan, C. Stewart, C. Hoepting, and R. Hadad. 2011. Occurrence and damage of the bloat nematode to garlic in New York. J. of Nematology 87: in-press (Abstr.). Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists Booklet, July 17-20, 2011, page 42.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Fifteen varieties of potatoes were evaluated in field microplots for their host efficiencies to the northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla). Superior, Rosa, and Keuka Gold exhibited the lowest root-galling severity ratings (RGSR=1.5 to 2.0 on a scale of 1-9), lowest number of juveniles and eggs/g root (32.9-64.0), and lowest soil population (35.0-225.0 J2/100cc soil), whereas NY 138 was among the most susceptible varieties to M. hapla, with RGSR of 5.3, 705 J2 and eggs/g root, and 1,650.0 J2/100cc soil. Several cultivars of mustard (Pacific Gold, Calientee 199, Ida Gold, and Tilney) and rapeseed (Dwarf Essex and Rangi) were compared to soybean and sundangrass cv. Trudan 8 in greenhouse tests for their host efficiency and suppression of M. hapla. This nematode reproduced on all the crops tested, except Sudangrass cv. Trudan 8. However, the lowest reproduction occurred on rapeseed cvs. Dwarf Essex and Rangi, whereas highest reproduction occurred on mustards cvs. Tilney, Ida Gold and Caliente 199. However, all the crops tested significantly suppressed M. hapla when they were incorporated as green manures in comparison to soybean. The latter was suggested by the root-galling severity and number of galls developed on the bioassay lettuce plants grown 30 days after incorporating the green manures. Trudan 8 and Dwarf Essex were the most effective against M. hapla in this test. Soil populations of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in the 72 plots (3 tillage x 3 cover crops x 2 crop rotations x 4 replicates) at the long-term soil health site were again samples in 2010. Nematode populations did not differ significantly among the tillage and the two crop rotations at this site. However, the total populations of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes were higher in plots planted to vetch cover crop as compared to those planted to rye grain or the no cover crop (fallow) plots. The 10th and final Train-the-Trainer workshop on the diagnosis, on-farm assessment and management of plant-parasitic nematodes were held on November 19, 2009 in Portland, NY. These workshops were funded by NE-SARE program and were conducted in collaboration with Jim LaMondia (CT. Exp. Sta.), Debra Neher (Univ. of VT) and Beth Gugino (The Penn. State Univ.). A fallow-up survey with all participants to assess the impact of the training provided with the 10 workshops conducted throughout the NE region over the duration of the project is in the last stages of completion. PARTICIPANTS: George S. Abawi, PI, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2374. Kundan Motkan, Res. Tech., Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; 315-787-2407. Beth K Gugino, Assist. Prof., Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; 814-865-7328. Dr. James A. LaMondia, Chief Scientist,The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, P.O. Box 248, 153 Cook Hill Road, Windsor, CT 06095; 860-683-4982. Deborah Neher, Professor and Chair, Dept. Plant & Soil Sci., University of Vermont Debra, Burlington, VT; 802-656-53-90. TARGET AUDIENCES: Extension educators, Growers, home gardeners, students, and applied researchers as well as other agricultural service providers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Determination of the reaction of commercial crop varieties to the prevalent plant-parasitic nematodes and also the suppressive ability of locally adopted cover crops will contribute to the development of effective crop rotations and IPM programs. Increased knowledge of stakeholders with the multiple effects of production practices on nematode population and soil health in general will be used as a decision tool in the implementation of sustainable soil health management strategies that are also suppressive to nematodes.
Publications
- Fuchs, M., G.S. Abawi, P. Marsella-Herrick, R. Cox, K.D. Cox, J.E. Carroll, and R.R. Martin. 2010. Occurrence of tomato ringspot virus and tobacco ringspot virus in highbush blueberry in New York State. J. of Plant Pathology 92:451-459.
- Pokharel, R.R., G.S. Abawi, J.M. Duxbury, C.D. Smart, X. Wang, and J.A. Brito. 2010. Variability and the recognition of two races in Meloidogyne graminicola. Australasian Plant Pathology 39:326-333.
- Stewart, C., C. Hoepting, and G.S. Abawi. 2010. Managing the bloat nematode in garlic. Veg Edge 6 (10): 3-4. Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Cornell Vegetable Program, Ithaca, NY.
- Abawi, George S., John W. Ludwig, and Beth K. Gugino. 2010. The Cornell soil health assessment protocol and the connections between soil health and root health. Pp. 206 - 207. Proceedings, Mid-Atlantic Fruit & Vegetable Convention, Feb. 2-4, 2010, Hershey, PA.
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