Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The main target audience were small farmers and new farmers that have limited land so want to invest in crops that may take more management but have a high return on investment on a per area basis. This would also include growers for farmers markets and growers that do not farm for their main source of income. Changes/Problems: Climatic conditions have caused problems with field research. The highly unusual very cool and extended spring delayed planting and crop emergence. The weather also affected typical pest emergence patterns and caused two trials to be lost. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? -Naa Korkoi Ardayfio, an M.S. student from Ghana completed research on juneberry. Thesis was entitled: Juneberry micropropagation and cultivar evaluation in North Dakota. -Grant Mehring, an M.S. student from North Dakota completed research on potato. Thesis was entitled: Use of cover crops for weed management in potato production. -James Loken, a Ph.D. student from North Dakota completed research on onion. Dissertation was entitled: Development of an early-season weed management system for onion (Allium cepa L.) in North Dakota. -Todd Weinmann, an M.S. student from North Dakota completed research on tomato and pepper. Thesis was entitled: Tomato and pepper growth and yield effects from container size, root-boundness, and alleviation methods. -Sarah Gegner, an M.S. student completed research on onion. Thesis was entitled: Effect of strip-tillage on onion growth and herbicide efficacy. -Amanda Crook, an M.S. student from Canada is conducting research on the effect of glyphosate off-target movement to 'Red Norland' potato and quantifying residue amounts in daughter tubers grown for seed. -Abigail Debner, an M.S. student from Minnesota is conducting research on the propagation of hardwood cuttings of blackberry and the production of primocane blackberries in North Dakota. -David Mettler, an M.S. student from Minnesota is conducting research on overwintering strategies for floricane blackberry cultivars in North Dakota. I also mentored three undergraduate students in the Department of Plant Sciences Fellowship program during the 13 weeks of summer. The intent of the program is to provide undergraduate students with an opportunity to better understand research responsibilities as a graduate student. Additionally, at least two undergraduate students were mentored per semester, providing exposure to research methods, data collection, and plant maintenance in a controlled atmosphere. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Research results were disseminated to through peer-reviewed journal articles, a book chapter, presentations at professional conferences, popular press articles, field day presentations and local/regional presentations to groups interested in high-value or specialty crops. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? I will continue to survey my audiences to address their production questions and concerns. Research efforts will to investigate new and emerging high-value crops, while continuing with weed management research on various small fruit and vegetable crops.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The objectives of this research was to establish successful production practices for new and emerging high-value crops, and to identify environmentally safe yet economical management practices to improve yield and quality for new and current potato cultivars. Potato has the second largest production acreage for specialty crops in North Dakota, with approximately 81,000 acres. Dry edible beans has the largest production acreage in the state for specialty crops with 440,000 acres. However, US ranking for fruit, tree nuts, and berries is 49th, while ranking for nursery, greenhouse, floriculture and sod is at the bottom or 50th. Expected outcomes of this research are 1) determine if superior native selections of juneberries occur in the state, 2) develop production methods that conserve moisture and reduce environmental losses in onion, 3) evaluate metribuzin sensitivity for advance selections from the NDSU potato breeding program, and 4) determine potential losses to potato growers and seed producers from glyphosate drift. Objective 1: Establish successful production practices for new and emerging high-value crops. Two potential new and emerging high-value crops (juneberry and onion) were the focus of this research. Juneberry was selected because it's a native small-fruit that has a large established market in Manitoba. Most of the cultivars released are from Canada and even though all grow well in North Dakota, the cultivar production results vary considerably from those in Canada. Research has shown that the high yielding cultivars for total yield were 'Thiessen', 'Martin', 'Parkhil', 'Pembina', 'Regent' and 'Native'. 'Thiessen', 'Martin', and 'Parkhill' maintained a higher yield for marketable yield, but not the other cultivars. 'Thiessen', 'Regent', 'Martin', 'Parkhill' and 'Northline' had the largest pomes, but 'Thiessen' and 'Martin' weighed more than the other cultivars. The tallest and widest cultivars were 'Thiessen', 'Martin', 'Native', 'Parkhill' and 'Regent'. Post rooting dormancy problems that is prevalent in juneberry reproduction through tissue culture can be reduced with the addition of plant growth regulators. Plant growth regulator and rooting treatment recorded the highest leaf production with 75ppm GA, 100ppm BA and 25ppm GA + 100ppm BA. Pre-rooted juneberry plants with 100ppm BA, 200ppm BA, 300ppm BA and 25ppm GA + 100ppm BA treatments had the highest branching. 'Thiessen' pre-rooted plants grown under 25°C temperatures also recorded the highest branching. Fresh weigh, dry weight and root volume accumulated the most biomass with pre-rooted 'Thiessen' plantlets than any other treatment combination. Over 500 biotypes were observed and sampled during a two year period. From this group, 30 native biotypes were selected for further evaluation. All 30 biotypes have been propagated through tissue culture and planted into two replicated field trials on the opposite ends of the state to compare growth and production with the most prevalent Canadian grown cultivars. Onion was the other crop selected because it was view as a good rotational crop for potato producers as these growers would already have on-farm storage facilities available. Early season weed control is the greatest obstacle for high yields when growing onion. Research has shown that repeated applications at weekly intervals of bromoxynil and oxyfluorfen at reduced rates (micro-rates), when weeds are in their cotyledon to first-true-leaf stage, can provide effective control of early-season broadleaf weeds. Adding an adjuvant to the spray solution can increase activity and enable even lower herbicide rates. Bromoxynil provided 12% better common lambsquarters control and 9 t/ha greater large-grade onion yield than oxyfluorfen. Common lambsquarters control was 24 to 32% greater when POC or MSO were used, respectively, compared to no adjuvant. Bromoxynil did not reduce onion stand as rates increased, but oxyfluorfen reduced onion stand as rates increased. Four or five sequential bromoxynil or oxyfluorfen applications every 7 d resulted in 14 to 19% greater weed control than three sequential applications. Barley is commonly planted as a companion crop with onion to prevent stand reduction from blowing soil particles. However, if the barley is not killed in a timely manner, competition can greatly reduce onion yield. Field trials showed that the use of strip tillage in onion could provide an alternative to using a companion crop such as barley and did not interfere with the micro-rate herbicide system or standard preemergence herbicide system used to for early-season broadleaf weed control. Objective 2: To identify environmentally safe yet economical management practices to improve yield and quality for new and current potato cultivars. Metribuzin continues to be the basis for annual broadleaf and grass weed control in potato. However, this herbicide may also injure certain cultivars, especially when applied postemergence. The resulting injury can dramatically reduce marketable yield. Known susceptible cultivars are included in each annual evaluation. To date, Dakota Jewel, ND6095-1, ND4659-5R, ND5002-3R, ND7192-1, AND97279-5Russ, ND5255-59, and ND7192-1 have exhibited some sensitivity. Many crops grown in North Dakota receive at least one glyphosate application. These crops are general adjacent or near a potato field either grown for commercial production or grown for seed production. Initial research showed that 'Red LaSoda' seed pieces from mother plants receiving ≥ 71 g ha-1 glyphosate late in the growing season yielded less than the non-treated and in one of two years, 'Russet Burbank' seed pieces from mother plants receiving >35 g ha-1 glyphosate late in the growing season had reduced yields, while in the other year, seed pieces from mother plants receiving >18 g ha-1 glyphosate reduced total yield compared with the non-treated. Additional field trials have shown that 'Russet Burbank' are less sensitive to sub-lethal glyphosate applications when grown under irrigation. Results also suggest that if irrigated 'Russet Burbank' was grown for seed, glyphosate drift during the late bulking stage would result in daughter tubers that visually appeared uninjured until the following year when sprout inhibition occurred, while glyphosate drift at tuber initiation or early bulking would cause a tuber malformations and reduced yields the initial year, but the daughter tubers if used for seed would have much less injury and little yield reduction compared to the untreated. The same concept was true with red potato cultivars. Cultivars also varied in sensitivity to sub-lethal glyphosate rates with 'Red Norland' as the most sensitive followed by 'Red Lasoda' and finally 'Sangrie'. These are the top three red cultivars planted in the Red River Valley and unfortunately sensitivity was in the same order of acres planted.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. 2014. Simulated glyphosate drift to potato mother plants and effect on daughter tubers used for seed production. Weed Technology 28:253-258.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hatterman-Valenti, H. M and S Gegner. 2014. Effects of tillage and herbicides on direct-seeded onion (Allium cepa). 29th International Horticulture Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 17-22 August 2014.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Zollinger, R. K., M. Christoffers, G. Endres, G. Gramig, K. Howatt, B. Jenks, R. Lym, M. Ostlie, T. Peters, A. Robinson, A. Thostenson, and H. H. Valenti. 2014. 2014 North Dakota Weed Control Guide. NDSU Extension Service and NDSU North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, W-253, pp. 139.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. and A. Crook. 2014. Effect of simulated glyphosate drift to four potato processing cultivars. Abstr. 20239, American Society of Horticulture Science. https://ashs.confex.com/ashs/2014/webprogramarchives/Paper20239.html. Accessed 2 Jan. 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Robinson, A. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2013. Effect of glyphosate on potatoes. NDSU Extension Service and NDSU North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, A-1642, pp. 7.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Auwarter, C.P. and H.M. Hatterman-Valenti. 2014. Effect of simulated glyphosate drift on seed pieces from four potato
processing cultivars. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 58 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hatterman-Valenti, H.M. and C.P. Auwarter. 2014. Which bromoxynil should I use for broadleaf weed control in onion? North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 186 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Crook, A. and H. M. Hatterman-Valenti. 2014. Validation of immunoassay kit to detect glyphosate residue with Red
Norland potato tubers. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 144 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
|
Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences for this research included producers, university research and extension personnel, agricultural lenders and loan officers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Naa Korkoi Ardayfio completed her MS degree and research on juneberries. Abbigail Debner is working on blackberries. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentations have been made during NDSU, SBARE, NPPGA, and WREC field days; ASHS and NCWSS conferences; and the NPPGA annual meeting. I also worked with Andy Robinson on an extension publication and contributed to articles in the Valley Potato Growers magazine. Two articles were accepted in Weed Technology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Growers are eager to adopt the micro-rate technology in onion. The manufacturer of oxyfluorfen has added supplemental labeling allowing application to dry bulb onions at the first true leaf growth stage in states leading the nation in onion production, which does not include ND. Trials have demonstrated the importance of early-season weed control when growing onion for the fresh market and the difficulties in obtaining early-season weed control in the upper Midwest with the current weed management options. Trials have also shown that using strip-tillage in wheat stubble can replace the need for a barley companion crop in order to reduce wind damage to onion seedlings. The use of micro-rates for early broadleaf weed control in onion production using strip-tillage has been very effective. Growers are closely monitoring onion and weed emergence and are incorporating options developed from the research results. Approximately 30 juneberry biotypes have been micro-propagated for field evaluations and comparisons to introduced cultivars in North Dakota. Potato seed producers have been shown the potential danger from glyphosate drift late in the growing season. Potato plants in the late bulking stage do not show visual injury from glyphosate drift, but the herbicide is translocated into daughter tubers where it can dramatically affect seed piece sprouting and seedling emergence. Commercial potato growers (both irrigated and non-irrigated production) are also aware of the potential danger to current season tuber yield and grade from glyphosate drift. Not all cultivars respond alike to glyphosate drift. Similarly, the potato growth stage and environmental conditions when glyphosate drift occurs, affects potato response with regard to tuber yield and grade. Of the four processing cultivars evaluated with simulated glyphosate drift rates, ‘Bannock’ was the most sensitive and ‘Ranger Russet’ was the least sensitive. Annual testing of commercial cultivars and advance selections has shown that recent introductions from the NDSU potato breeding program are not sensitive to metribuzin. Testing of generic herbicides for use on potatoes has reduced costs associated with weed management.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. 2014. Simulated glyphosate drift to potato mother plant and effect on daughter tubers used for seed production. Weed Tech. (In press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Loken, J. R. and H. M. Hatterman-Valenti. 2013. Early-season weed control using herbicides with adjuvants in direct-seeded onion. Weed Technology 27:369-372.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Robinson, A. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2013. Effect of glyphosate on potatoes. North Dakota State University Extension Service Pub. 500-3-13, pp 8.
Hatterman-Valenti, H. and C. Auwarter. 2013. Early-season weed control in direct-seeded onion. HortSci. 48: S210.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Auwarter, C., and H.M. Hatterman-Valenti. 2012. Fine tuning microrates for early season broadleaf weed control in onion. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 66 [CD-ROM computer file]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
Hatterman-Valenti, H.M. 2012. Effect of simulated glyphosate drift to four potato processing cultivars. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 177 [CD-ROM Computer file]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
|
Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In field trials at the Oakes Research Extension Center, the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) at Fargo, the Williston Research Extension Center, and the Horticulture Research Arboretum (HRA), an off-station site with the NDAES, we continued to evaluate methods to improve weed control in onion through the use of multiple reduced-rate herbicide applications and reduced tillage (strip-tillage). Micro-propagation continues with approximately 30 native juneberry plants that were identified as superior selections from the entire state of North Dakota. Clones of most of the selections have been planted into two field nurseries (Williston and HRA). Fruit yield and quality were collected from a variety trial to compare approximately 20 juneberry cultivars (HRA). Field trials continue at the Northern Plain Potato Growers irrigated and dryland research sites to evaluate the potential danger from glyphosate drift as well as herbicide carryover risks. Field trials have also been conducted to evaluate new herbicide formulations and new herbicides and desiccants for use on potatoes. Field trials continue in support of the potato breeding program. Research was discussed at the Oakes Research Extension Center field day, the Northern Plains Potato Growers field day, and the NDSU Horticulture field day. Results were reported at the North Central Weed Science Society Annual Conference, the American Society for Horticulture Science Annual Conference, the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council research review, the North Plains Potato Growers Association research report and recording conference, the International Crop Expo, the Wild World of Weeds, and the North Dakota Weed Control Research Report. PARTICIPANTS: Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (PI) provided oversight to the research including design, sampling, analyses, and reporting. She coordinated labor, equipment and vehicle needs to complete field sampling and analyses. Collin Auwarter, Research Specialist, contributed in coordinating field crews and dates, field sampling, data collection and entry, as well as data analyses and report writing. Jim Loken, Ph D. candidate, conducted field sampling, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. Grant Mehring, M.S. candidate, conducted field sampling, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. Naa Korkoi Ardayfio, M.S. candidate, conducted field sampling and laboratory procedures, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this research included producers, university research and extension personnel, agricultural lenders and loan officers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Growers are eager to adopt the micro-rate technology in onion. The manufacturer of oxyfluorfen has added supplemental labeling allowing application to dry bulb onions at the first true leaf growth stage in states leading the nation in onion production, which does not include ND. Trials have demonstrated the importance of early-season weed control when growing onion for the fresh market and the difficulties in obtaining early-season weed control in the upper Midwest with the current weed management options. Strip-tillage in wheat stubble can replace the need for a barley companion crop in order to reduce wind damage to onion seedlings. The use of micro-rates for early broadleaf weed control in onion production using strip-tillage has been very effective. Growers are closely monitoring onion and weed emergence and are incorporating options developed from the research results. Over 200 native juneberry plants have been rated for potential inclusion in a nursery planting to identify new varieties for North Dakota. Approximately 30 biotypes have been micro-propagated for field screening in North Dakota. Potato seed producers have been shown the potential danger from glyphosate drift late in the growing season. Potato plants in the late bulking stage do not show visual injury from glyphosate drift, but the herbicide is translocated into daughter tubers and dramatically affects seed piece sprouting and seedling emergence. Commercial potato growers (both irrigated and non-irrigated production) are also aware of the potential danger to current season tuber yield and grade from glyphosate drift. Not all cultivars respond alike to glyphosate drift. Similarly, the potato growth stage and environmental conditions when glyphosate drift occurs, affects potato response with regard to tuber yield and grade. Of the four processing cultivars evaluated with simulated glyphosate drift rates, 'Bannock' was the most sensitive and 'Ranger Russet' was the least sensitive. Annual testing of commercial cultivars and advance selections found recent introductions from the NDSU potato breeding program are not sensitive to metribuzin. Testing of generic herbicides for use on potatoes has reduced costs associated with weed management. High-value crop production helps diversify farming operations, increase net returns, and help to revitalize rural areas in North Dakota. Research has been conducted to help growers understand the value of crop diversification, to address production issues, and to demonstrate profitable yet sustainable production practices. With the development of effective early-season broadleaf weed control in onion, growers have been able to achieve a net return on investment of approximately $3500/acre.
Publications
- Ardayfio, N. K. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2012. Juneberry cultivar evaluation in North Dakota. Proc. of the Tri-University Plant Sciences Graduate Student Symposium, Univ. Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada.
- Mathew S., H. Hatterman-Valenti, and P. Mayland. 2012. Effect of Low Temperatures in Conjunction with Herbicide Application on Canada Thistle. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. Abstr. 65, Weed Sci. Soc. Amer, Lawrence, KS.
- Mehring, G., H. Hatterman-Valenti, and C. Auwarter. 2012. Weed Control with Cover Crops in Irrigated Potato. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. Abstr. 165, Weed Sci. Soc. Amer, Lawrence, KS.
- Stenger, J. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2012. Effects of Grow Tubes and Pruning at Transplanting on Grapevine Establishment in the Upper Midwest. Amer. Soc. Enol. Vitic. East. Sect. Abstr. 16, Amer. Soc. Enol. Vitic., Davis, CA.
- Zuk, A. and H. Hatterman-Valenti, and M. K. Tokach. 2012. Cold Hardiness of Native and Ornamental Grasses in Two Zone Four Locations in North Dakota. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Abstr. 232, Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Alexandria, VA.
- Ardayfio, N. K. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2011. Juneberry cultivar evaluation in North Dakota. Assoc. for the Advancement of Industrial Crops, Medicinal and Nutraceuticals Abstr. 7. Assoc. for the Advancement of Industrial Crops Ann. Mtg.
- Mehring, G., and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2011. Using cover crops for weed control in potato production. Proc. of the Tri-University Graduate Student Symposium, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.
- Auwarter, C. P. and H.M. Hatterman-Valenti. 2011 Use of diquat plus pyraflufen-ethyl combinations as a desiccant in red potato (Solanum tuberosum) North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 44 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H.M., J.R. Loken and C.P. Auwarter. 2011 Use of micro-rates for weed control in onion. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 208 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
|
Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In field trials at the Oakes Research Extension Center, Carrington Research Extension Center, the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) at Fargo, and the Horticulture Research Arboretum, an off-station site with the NDAES, as well as on farm trials near Great Bend, Hample, and Dawson ND, we continued to evaluate methods to improve weed control in onion through the use of multiple reduced-rate herbicide applications (micro-rate) and reduced tillage (strip-tillage). Micro-propagation continues on approximately 30 native juneberry plants that were identified as superior selections from the entire state of North Dakota. Fruit yield and quality was collected from a variety trial to compare approximately 20 juneberry cultivars. Field trials continue at the Northern Plain Potato Growers irrigated and dryland research sites to evaluate the potential danger from glyphosate drift as well as herbicide carryover risks. Field trials have also been conducted to evaluate new herbicide formulations and new herbicides and desiccants for use on potatoes. Field trials continue in support of the potato breeding program. A field trial was conducted at the Carrington Research Extension Center to evaluate the use of cover crops in irrigated and non-irrigated potato production. Research was discussed at the Oakes Research Extension Center field day, the Northern Plains Potato Growers field day, and the North Dakota Horticulture Society field day. Results were reported at the North Central Weed Science Society Annual Conference, the American Society for Horticulture Science Annual Conference, the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council research review, the North Plains Potato Growers Association research report and recording conference, the International Crop Expo, the Wild World of Weeds, and the North Dakota Weed Control Research Report. PARTICIPANTS: Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (PI) provided oversight to the research including design, sampling, analyses, and reporting. She coordinated labor, equipment and vehicle needs to complete field sampling and analyses. Collin Auwarter, Research Specialist, contributed in coordinating field crews and dates, field sampling, data collection and entry, as well as data analyses and report writing. Jim Loken, Ph D. candidate, conducted field sampling, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. Grant Mehring, M.S. candidate, conducted field sampling, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. Naa Korkoi Ardayfio, M.S. candidate, conducted field sampling and laboratory procedures, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this research included producers, university research and extension personnel, agricultural lenders and loan officers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Growers are eager to adopt the micro-rate (reduced rate, multiple application) technology in onion. The manufacturer of oxyfluorfen has added supplemental labeling allowing application to dry bulb onions at the first true leaf growth stage in states leading the nation in onion production, which does not include ND. Trials have demonstrated the importance of early-season weed control when growing onion for the fresh market and the difficulties in obtaining early-season weed control in the upper Midwest with the current weed management options. Trials have also shown that using strip-tillage in wheat stubble can replace the need for a barley companion crop in order to reduce wind damage to onion seedlings. The use of micro-rates for early broadleaf weed control in onion production using strip-tillage has been very effective. Growers are closely monitoring onion and weed emergence and are incorporating options developed from the research results. Over 200 native juneberry plants have been rated for potential inclusion in a nursery planting to identify new varieties for North Dakota. Approximately 30 biotypes are being micro-propagated for field screening in North Dakota. Potato seed producers have been shown the potential danger from glyphosate drift late in the growing season. Potato plants in the late bulking stage do no show visual injury from glyphosate drift, but the herbicide is translocated into daughter tubers where it can dramatically affect seed piece sprouting and seedling emergence. Commercial potato growers (both irrigated and non-irrigated production) are also aware of the potential danger to current season tuber yield and grade from glyphosate drift. Not all cultivars respond alike to glyphosate drift. Similarly, the potato growth stage and environmental conditions when glyphosate drift occurs, affects potato response with regard to tuber yield and grade. Yield decreases can vary by three-fold under irrigation depending upon air temperature extremes during or shortly after the simulated spray drift. Red Norland, the most popular red cultivar planted in the valley is also more sensitive to glyphosate compared to Red Lasoda and Sangrie, the next two most popular red cultivars. Annual testing of commercial cultivars and advance selections has shown that recent introductions from the NDSU potato breeding program are not sensitive to metribuzin. Testing of generic herbicides for use on potatoes has reduced costs associated with weed management. High-value crop production helps diversify farming operations, increase net returns, and help to revitalize rural areas in North Dakota. Research has been conducted to help growers understand the value of crop diversification, to address production issues, and to demonstrate profitable yet sustainable production practices. With the development of effective early-season broadleaf weed control in onion, growers have been able to achieve a net return on investment of approximately $3500/acre.
Publications
- Mehring, G.H. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2010. Weed suppression with winter annual cover crops in dryland potato. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 43 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Loken, J.R. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2010. Postemergence herbicides with adjuvants for early season weed control in onion. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 112 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Mehring, G.H. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2010. Weed suppression with winter annual cover crops in irrigated potato. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 114 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. and C. P. Auwarter. 2011. Glyphosate drift injury to three red potato cultivars. Potato Assoc. Am., 95th Ann. Mtg. Potato Assoc. Am., program and abstracts, abstr. 15.
- Mehring, G.H. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2010. Weed suppression with cover crops in irrigated potato. Potato Assoc. Am., 95th Ann. Mtg. Potato Assoc. Am., program and abstracts, abstr. 42.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. and C. P. Auwarter. 2011. Does glyphosate drift droplet concentration affect irrigated potato yield Potato Assoc. Am., 95th Ann. Mtg. Potato Assoc. Am., program and abstracts, abstr. 84.
- Mehring, G.H. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2011. Using cover crops for weed suppression in dryland potato production. Potato Assoc. Am., 95th Ann. Mtg. Potato Assoc. Am., program and abstracts, abstr. 85.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. and C. P. Auwarter. 2011. Pre-emergence weed control with fomesafen in potato. Potato Assoc. Am., 95th Ann. Mtg. Potato Assoc. Am., program and abstracts, abstr. 94.
- Auwarter, C. P. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2010. Weed control and potato cultivar safety with fomesafen. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 42 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
|
Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In field trials at the Oakes Research Extension Center, the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) at Fargo, on farm trials near Whapeton ND, and the Horticulture Research Arboretum (an off-station site with the NDAES), we continued to identify methods to improve weed control in onion through the use of multiple reduced-rate herbicide applications and reduced tillage (strip-tillage). Micro-propagation continues on approximately 30 native juneberry plants that were identified as superior selections taken from across the state of North Dakota. A variety trial was initiated to compare fruit yield and quality of approximately 20 juneberry cultivars. Field trials continue at the Northern Plain Potato Growers irrigated and dryland research sites to determine the potential danger of glyphosate drift on potatoes. Field trials have also been conducted to identify new herbicide formulations and new herbicides and desiccants for use on potatoes. Field trials continue in support of the potato breeding program. Activities: Research was discussed at the Williston Research Extension Center field day, the Northern Plains Potato Growers field day, and the NDSU Horticulture field day. Results were reported at the North Central Weed Science Society Annual Conference, the American Society for Horticulture Science Annual Conference, the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council research review, the North Plains Potato Growers Association research report and recording conference, the International Crop Expo, the Wild World of Weeds, and the North Dakota Weed Control Research Report. PARTICIPANTS: Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (PI) provided oversight to the research including design, sampling, analyses, and reporting. She coordinated labor, equipment and vehicle needs to complete field sampling and analyses. Collin Auwarter, Research Specialist, contributed in coordinating field crews and dates, field sampling, data collection and entry, as well as data analyses and report writing. Jim Loken, Ph D. candidate, conducted field sampling, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. Grant Mehring, M.S. candidate, conducted field sampling, data entry and analysis, report writing, presentation of results. Two summer undergraduate student employees in which one was involved with the NDSU Plant Sciences Fellowship program in collaboration with the Universidad de Concepcion in Chillan, Chile. They attended field days and participated in field sampling, processed samples, and assisted with plot maintenance. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this research included producers, university research and extension personnel, agricultural lenders and loan officers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Growers are eager to adopt the micro-rate technology in onion. The manufacturer of oxyfluorfen has added supplemental labeling allowing application to dry bulb onions at the first true leaf growth stage in states leading the nation in onion production, which does not include ND. Trials have demonstrated the importance of early-season weed control when growing onion for the fresh market and the difficulties in obtaining early-season weed control in the upper Midwest with the current weed management options. Trials have also shown that using strip-tillage in wheat stubble can replace the need for a barley companion crop in order to reduce wind damage to onion seedlings. The use of micro-rates for early broadleaf weed control in onion production using strip-tillage has been very effective. Growers are closely monitoring onion and weed emergence and are incorporating options developed from the research results. Over 200 native juneberry plants have been rated for potential inclusion in a nursery planting to identify new varieties for North Dakota. Approximately 30 biotypes are being micro-propagated for field screening in North Dakota. Potato seed producers have been shown the potential danger from glyphosate drift late in the growing season. Potato plants in the late bulking stage do no show visual injury from glyphosate drift, but the herbicide is translocated into daughter tubers where it can dramatically affect seed piece sprouting and seedling emergence. Commercial potato growers (both irrigated and non-irrigated production) are also aware of the potential danger to current season tuber yield and grade from glyphosate drift. Not all cultivars respond alike to glyphosate drift. Similarly, the potato growth stage and environmental conditions when glyphosate drift occurs, affects potato response with regard to tuber yield and grade. Yield decreases can vary by three-fold under irrigation depending upon air temperature extremes during or shortly after the simulated spray drift. Red Norland, the most popular red cultivar planted in the valley is also more sensitive to glyphosate compared to Red Lasoda and Sangrie, the next two most popular red cultivars. Annual testing of commercial cultivars and advance selections has shown that recent introductions from the NDSU potato breeding program are not sensitive to metribuzin. Testing of generic herbicides for use on potatoes has reduced costs associated with weed management. Field trials continue with the use of fomesafen applied pre-emergence to irrigated potatoes so that growers with triazine resistant weeds have a safe and effective weed management option.
Publications
- Hatterman-Valenti, H., A. Pitty, and M. Owen, 2010. Environmental effects on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) epicuticular wax deposition and herbicide absorption. Weed Sci. (in press).
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. 2010. North Dakota State University horticulture and forestry program assessment. HortTechnology 20:678-682.
- Loken, J. R. and H. M. Hatterman-Valenti. 2010. Multiple applications of reduced-rate herbicides for weed control in onion. Weed Technology 24:153-159.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. M. and C. P. Auwarter. 2010. Sensitivity of Three Red Potato Cultivars to Glyphosate Drift. Hortscience. 45(8):S128.
- Auwarter, C. P. and H. Hatterman-Valenti. 2009. Use of fomesafen in irrigated potatoes. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 49 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. and C. P. Auwarter. 2009. Glyphosate drift to dryland red potatoes. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 50 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Hatterman-Valenti, H. and C. P. Auwarter. 2009. Effect of glyphosate droft droplet concentration to irrigated potatoes. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 162 [CD-ROM Computer File]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
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