Progress 08/15/09 to 08/14/11
Outputs
Target Audience: The immediate beneficiaries of the project are the meadowfoam growers and grass seed producers in Oregon. Biopesticides from meadowfoam meal would also be beneficial to growers of high value nursery and organic crops in Oregon, California, Washington, and Idaho. The genomic tools developed are expected to contribute to basic knowledge about the genetic regulation of oil content and quality and glucosinolate biosynthesis and degradation in meadowfoam and related species. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A graduate student in the Weed Science program at OSU, Suphannika Intanon, conducts research on the efficacy of activated meadowfoam seed meal as an herbicide, under the supervision of Carol Mallory-Smith. She presented results from her research in a poster at the Western Society of Weed Science Annual Meeting in 2011. An undergraduate student, Daniel Bratton, investigated methods for extracting glucosinolates to make a sprayable bioherbicide from meadowfoam seed meal, under the supervision of Fred Stevens. This work was part of his student internship in the BioResource Research Program at OSU. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? To regenerate seed for future trials and breeders seed increases, MF189, MF190, MF191, MF192, and the cultivars ‘Starlight’ and ‘Ross’ were produced in isolated field plots in collaboration with the OMG Meadowfoam Oil Seed Growers Cooperative. The OMG assists the breeding project at OSU to identify growers' fields for seed increases and to refine selection criteria to meet grower and end-user needs and priorities. OSU scientists present research findings at the annual OMG meeting and participate in OMG field days. New crop cultivars and bioproducts developed through this project are made available through the OMG network for rapid dissemination and adoption by growers. Poster presentations of research results of the project were presented at the American Society of Agronomy Meetings and the Western Society of Weed Science meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Meadowfoam provides a unique and renewable source of industrial oil and is valued as a winter annual rotation crop. Genetically superior cultivars are needed to increase production and profitability of meadowfoam oil. Experimental varieties MF189 and MF190 had significantly higher seed yield in trials than their source populations, and will be further evaluated for possible release. Selection for resistance to Fusarium disease was also effective in these germplasm pools. Enzyme activated meadowfoam meal (MSM) showed more bioherbicidal activity in soil than pelleted forms. Liquid formulations of MSM and seed extracts were developed. Availability of a marketable biopesticide made from MSM will increase the competitiveness of meadowfoam in the vegetable oil market and decrease the need for petroleum-based production of pesticides. Obj. 1) Improve breeding populations: Recurrent half-sib selection was implemented in two breeding populations to develop new varieties. MF189 was selected from an elite population (OMF58 C5) that performs well under a range of N fertility levels and plant densities. MF190 was selected from a germplasm collection (GJ Pool) with diverse morphological and biochemical traits. MF189 and MF190 were evaluated in yield trials in 2009-10. Plant stands were affected by an extended frost. Seed yield of MF189 was 1652 kg/ha compared to 1296 kg/ha for the source population, showing significant gains from selection. Seed yield of MF190 was 1509 kg/ha compared to 1293 kg/ha for the widely grown variety ‘Ross’. Average oil content was 27.0% and no differences were detected among varieties. To make further advances, 400 plants from OMF58 C6 were selfed and outcrossed in an isolated nursery to produce new half-sib families for evaluation next season. Obj. 2) Improve resistance to disease and insect pests: Fusarium is a new disease of meadowfoam that causes death of crown tissue and increases lodging. We hypothesized that Scaptomyza spp. (meadowfoam fly or MFF) infestation might predispose plants to Fusarium infection. Selections were made for high and low disease in OMF58 C5 and in the GJ Pool to create four synthetics, which were included in trials with MF189 and MF190. Genotypes were compared using 0, 1 and 2 sprays of bifenthrin to control MFF damage. No interactions were observed between genotypes and insecticide treatments for any traits measured, indicating that Fusarium disease reaction was not significantly affected by MFF infestation. Response to spray treatments was linear for seed yield, ranging from a mean of 1321 kg/ha for no spray to 1472 kg/ha for two insecticide sprays. High and low disease selections differed for many traits, including disease severity, lodging, and oil yield. Seed yields for low disease synthetics were 1479 (OMF58) and 1408 (GJPool) kg/ha. Seed yields for high disease synthetics were 1379 (OMF58) and 1185 (GJPool) kg/ha (LSD=282). Glucosinolate content of leaves was correlated with Fusarium disease resistance (r=0.63) and oil yield (r=0.73). Obj. 3) Develop autofertile synthetics: Autofertile cultivars are desired to reduce the need for honeybees. To quantify potential inbreeding depression in Limnanthes alba ssp. alba, bulks of random S1, S2 and S3 lines derived from OMF58 C5 were evaluated in a field trial. Seed yield of the noninbred population was 2249 kg/ha, but was reduced to 1283, 886, and 497 kg/ha with successive generations of selfing. To reduce inbreeding depression, it will be necessary to select simultaneously for high yield and increased seed set in the absence of pollinators. Developing cultivars with the potential to set seed when conditions for pollination are unfavorable may be a better goal than fully autofertile cultivars. Obj. 4) Develop novel inbred lines and synthetic cultivars: A set of random S3 lines from OMF58 C5 was planted in the field but did not survive a hard frost in December. Our recurrent selection scheme was revised to include a selfing phase in the greenhouse prior to creating new half-sib families in an isolated nursery. This provides an efficient means for spinning off more advanced lines or synthetic cultivars with novel characteristics, as part of ongoing population improvement efforts. In 2010, 221 plants from the GJPool C1 were selfed to initiate the next selection cycle. Obj. 5) Develop molecular breeding tools: More than 120 SSR markers have been developed from repeat sites mined from a developing seed EST library and a genomic DNA library. A candidate gene approach has been used to map and develop markers for oil synthesis genes and glucosinolate synthesis and degradation genes that determine the unique seed oil and glucosinolate profiles of meadowfoam. Obj. 6) Develop biopesticidal products from meadowfoam seed meal: Meadowfoam seed meal (MSM) contains the glucosinolate, glucolimnanthin (GLN). Degradation products of GLN have the potential to inhibit seed germination of other species, but the myrosinase enzyme that catalyzes GLN degradation is inactivated by commercial oil extraction methods. Treating MSM with ground, enzyme-active meadowfoam seeds metabolizes GLN to its two major metabolites, ITC (3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate) and nitrile (3-methoxyphenyl acetonitrile). A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 3% MSM in three different forms (seed meal, activated meal, and meal pellets) on suppression of lettuce emergence and growth in a sandy loam soil. HPLC was used to quantify GLN and its degradation products in the days after meal incorporation (DAI). Lettuce seeds were sown in MSM-treated pots on 0, 6, and 12 DAI. Seedling emergence up to 14 days after planting (DAP) and shoot biomass at 21 DAP were measured. GLN was metabolized within 1 day for activated meal, 9 days for meal, and 12 days for meal pellets. Nitrile in activated MSM lasted longer than other degradation compounds. ITC was only detected in activated meal. Activated MSM provided the best suppression of lettuce emergence and growth, reducing biomass by 94% when lettuce was planted on the same day that activated meal was applied. Herbicidal effects lasted less than 6 days after MSM application. Rapid degradation of bioactive compounds in the soil should permit MSM to be used preplanting for weed control. Proteins and other substances in solid MSM can react with ITC, which may reduce potency of activated MSM. Research was conducted to develop a sprayable liquid formulation to improve stability and ease of use and reduce shipping costs of MSM-based bioherbicides. Our approach was to prepare a GLN extract from MSM, prepare an enzyme extract from meadowfoam seeds, and then incubate these together to produce a liquid bioherbicide. Matrix experiments were performed to optimize both the extraction and incubation solvents. Myrosinase is efficiently extracted from meadowfoam seeds using 2% salt or 20% ethanol in water. The presence of ethanol during incubation of MSM extracts with seed extracts was found to increase the production of nitrile. The proportion of ethanol in water used as solvent for GLN extraction from MSM also affected nitrile production. Obj. 7) Evaluate herbicides for meadowfoam: Three herbicides are registered for use on meadowfoam: clethodim, clopyralid, and s-metolachlor. There is a need to control a broader spectrum of weeds with greater crop safety. Trials to evaluate options for effective herbicidal control of weeds in meadowfoam were conducted for a second year. Fluroxypyr and clopyralid were evaluated as single treatments and as a pre-mix (Wide Match) for broadleaf weed control. The pre-mix of fluroxypyr and clopyralid provided better overall weed control than either herbicide alone. S-metolachlor, ethofumesate, and sulfentrazone were applied alone and in combination to evaluate weed control efficacy and crop tolerance. Efforts are underway to acquire herbicide labels for sulfentrazone (Spartan) and ethofumesate (Nortron) for use on meadowfoam.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Kling, J.G., C. Mallory-Smith, J.F. Stevens, M.B. Slabaugh, R. Reed, J. Zhang, S. Intanon, and G. Hoffman. 2010. Progress in breeding meadowfoam as a crop with unique oil quality and seedmeal properties. Poster presented at the American Society of Agronomy Meetings, Long Beach, CA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Intanon, S., A.G. Hulting, C. Mallory-Smith, F. Stevens, J. Kling, and R. Reed. 2011. The use of meadowfoam seed meal as a soil amendment to suppress seed germination. Western Soc. of Weed Sci. Abstract 29.
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Progress 08/15/10 to 08/14/11
Outputs
Target Audience: The immediate beneficiaries of the project are the meadowfoam growers and grass seed producers in Oregon. Biopesticides from meadowfoam meal would also be beneficial to growers of high value nursery and organic crops in Oregon, California, Washington, and Idaho. The genomic tools developed are expected to contribute to basic knowledge about the genetic regulation of oil content and quality and glucosinolate biosynthesis and degradation in meadowfoam and related species. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A graduate student in the Weed Science program at OSU, Suphannika Intanon, conducts research on the efficacy of activated meadowfoam seed meal as an herbicide, under the supervision of Carol Mallory-Smith. Daniel Bratton, an undergraduate student in the BioResource Research Program at OSU, investigated methods for extracting glucosinolates to make a sprayable bioherbicide from meadowfoam seed meal. This work was part of his student internship in Fred Steven’s laboratory. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? To regenerate seed for future trials and breeders seed increases, experimental varieties MF189, MF190, MF191, MF192, and MF197 were produced in isolated field plots in collaboration with the OMG Meadowfoam Oil Seed Growers Cooperative. The OMG assists the breeding project at OSU to identify growers' fields for seed increases and to refine selection criteria to meet grower and end-user needs and priorities. OSU scientists present research findings at the annual OMG meeting and participate in OMG field days. New crop cultivars and bioproducts developed through this project are made available through the OMG network for rapid dissemination and adoption by growers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Meadowfoam provides a unique and renewable source of industrial oil and fills an important niche as a winter annual that can be grown in rotation with grass seeds. Genetically superior meadowfoam cultivars are needed to increase on-farm productivity, profitability, and the supply of meadowfoam oil. An effective selection system for improving disease resistance, seed yield and oil content was implemented in an elite breeding population. Selections for autofertility were made to reduce dependence on commercial honeybees. Methods for field application of meadowfoam seed meal (MSM) were identified and highlight potential benefits of MSM both as a bioherbicide and as an organic fertilizer. Efficient methods for producing an active, sprayable biopesticide based on MSM were also developed. Availability of a marketable biopesticide product will increase the competitiveness of meadowfoam in the vegetable oil market and decrease the need for petroleum-based production of synthetic pesticides. Objective 1) Improve breeding populations: Seed yields of meadowfoam cultivars bred at OSU have increased substantially in the past twenty years, but changes in seed oil content have been modest. To determine the best strategy for improving oil content, samples from 2007-08 field trials were submitted to the OSU seed lab for NMR analysis. Oil content varied from 24.6 to 29.5% among families, with a heritability of 80%. Measurements on parental plants grown in the greenhouse or at wide spacing in the field did not correlate well with results from field plots grown at recommended plant densities, indicating that selection must be based on results from field trials. OMF58 C6 is an elite population that has been improved for seed and oil yield through recurrent selection. In 2010-11, 270 new half-sib families from OMF58 C6 were screened in replicated trials. Families were evaluated for Fusarium, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, and oil content. Heritability estimates for these traits were 68.9, 57.4, 75.3, and 74.9 percent, respectively. Families with high oil yield will be intermated to produce new experimental varieties. A subset of 100 families from OMF58 C6 was evaluated for germination percentage after harvest, to quantify genetic variation for seed dormancy. Genotypes were replicated in two separate fields; one field had been fallow and had a high level of mineralizable N. Seed size and yield were greater in the high fertility field. Average germination in the low fertility field was 75.5% compared to 83.4% in the fallowed field. Heritability for seed germination was low (36.3%), providing more evidence that dormancy can be influenced by the seed production environment. Objective 2) Improve resistance to disease and insect pests: Previous studies showed that selection for Fusarium disease using a 1-9 rating scale was an effective means for reducing disease severity and lodging. Our recurrent selection scheme has been modified to include a generation of selfing prior to formation of half-sib families, providing additional opportunities to select for disease resistance. In the new scheme, half-sib families for progeny trials are produced on S1 lines rather than individual plants, so seed quantities are not limiting. S1 lines can be evaluated for highly heritable traits in the nursery. To generate new half-sib families from the GJ Pool C1, 221 S1 families were planted in short rows in an isolated nursery. Families with low disease and good plant type were selected to advance to progeny trials in 2011-12. Objective 3) Develop autofertile synthetics: 400 plants from three partially autofertile varieties that were derived from crosses with L. alba ssp. versicolor were grown in the greenhouse without pollinators. Observations were made on the relative maturity and height of anthers and stigmata. Plants that had synchronous flowering and high seed set were selected. The process was repeated to obtain S2 lines with higher levels of autofertility. Objective 4) Develop novel inbred lines and synthetic cultivars: Because our recurrent selection scheme has been modified to include a generation of selfing prior to formation of half-sib families, development of inbred lines and synthetics with novel characteristics can be a natural spinoff of our ongoing breeding process. Lines with unique germination and oil characteristics were selected for further inbreeding. Objective 5) Develop molecular breeding tools: Efforts were made to consolidate results from several genetic studies that were previously undertaken in our laboratory. Transcriptome analysis of meadowfoam embryos identified key genes essential to synthesis of the unusual very long chain fatty acids characteristic of Limnanthes seeds and indicated that the prevalence of Δ5 desaturation in meadowfoam triacylglycerol is due to an abundance of transcripts from a small gene family encoding a specialized acyl-CoA desaturase. A new genetic map for meadowfoam was developed that includes 123 SSR markers and eight candidate gene markers for important seed constituents. Mapped genes in the lipid biosynthetic pathway include 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), Δ5 desaturase (Δ5DS), lysophosphatidylacyl-acyl transferase (LPAT), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Mapped genes in glucosinolate biosynthetic and degradation pathways include CYP79A, myrosinase (TGG), and epithiospecifier modifier (ESM). A manuscript describing this research was prepared. Objective 6) Develop biopesticidal products from meadowfoam seed meal: Methods were developed for the production of a liquid-based bioherbicide from meadowfoam seed meal (MSM). It was determined that glucosinolate-containing extracts of MSM can be combined with active-enzyme-containing liquid extracts of meadowfoam seed to form a fermented product rich in bioactive glucosinolate breakdown products (GBPs). The relative amounts of GBPs formed were dependent upon the extraction solvent for MSM, the extraction solvent for seed, and the fermentation matrix. Aqueous extraction and fermentation led to formation of products rich in the isothiocyanate (ITC), while addition of an organic solvent ethanol caused a relative increase in the breakdown of glucosinolate to the nitrile product. The shelf-life of myrosinase extracted from seeds using either 20% ethanol or 2% NaCl in water was also investigated and showed good stability after 122 days when stored at 4 °C. Methods developed are promising for the production of economic and stable bioherbicides from the abundant by-product MSM. Objective 7) Evaluate herbicidal potency of meadowfoam seed meal: Meadowfoam seed meal (MSM) has glucosinolate degradation compounds that are reported to be herbicidal. In a greenhouse study, the herbicidal effect of soil amended with 3% activated MSM (1% fresh seed and 99% seed meal) lasted six days after seed meal incorporation and provided 94% suppression of lettuce emergence and growth. Two field studies were conducted to evaluate the use of MSM for weed control in lettuce. Three seed meal concentrations: 3%, 5%, and 7%, and two different forms of MSM, nonactivated and activated, were used. Both fertilizer and bioherbicide effects were observed with the use of MSM as a soil amendment. The 7% activated seed meal provided the best control of monocot (barnyardgrass) and dicots (nightshade, sharppoint fluvellin, and wild carrot) compared to other treatments while there was a more pronounced fertilizer effect of treatments in the second experiment. Lettuce aboveground biomass was 4 to 6 times greater in meal-amended treatments than in the control treatment. Nitrate in lettuce tissues of meal-amended treatments also was greater. In the second experiment, diversity indices including species richness, diversity index, and evenness confirmed that weed diversity varied with seed meal concentrations. The highest rate of seed meal produced the smallest increases in weed diversity compared to other treatments.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Velasco, P., M.B. Slabaugh, R. Reed, J. Kling, V.K. Kishore, J.F. Stevens, and S.J. Knapp. 2011. Glucosinolates in the new oilseed crop meadowfoam: natural variation in Section Inflexae of Limnanathes, a new glucosinolate in L. floccosa, and QTL analysis in L. alba. Plant Breeding 130: 352359.
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Progress 08/15/09 to 08/14/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) seed oil has a high content of stable, long-chain fatty acids, which give it unique physical and chemical properties. Oil from this new crop is a basic feedstock for the manufacture of cosmetics and has potential for use in biolubricants, biopesticides, and other products. Genetically superior cultivars are needed to increase on-farm productivity, grower profits, and the supply of meadowfoam oil. Modified recurrent half-sib selection schemes were implemented in two breeding populations to develop new experimental varieties for evaluation and possible release. MF189 and MF191 were selected from an elite population (OMF58 C5) that performs well under a range of nitrogen fertility levels and plant densities. MF190 and MF192 were selected from a genetically diverse germplasm collection (GJ Pool) that varies in plant morphology and biochemical traits. In the 2009-10 season, selections for high seed yield (MF189 and MF190) were compared with selections for low and high Fusarium disease in a replicated field trial. Genotypes were compared using 0, 1 and 2 sprays of bifenthrin to control damage due to meadowfoam fly (Scaptomyza spp). To regenerate seed for future trials and breeders seed increases, MF189, MF190, MF191, MF192, and the cultivars Starlight and Ross were produced in isolated field plots, in collaboration with the OMG Meadowfoam Oil Seed Growers Cooperative. To quantify potential inbreeding depression for autofertile varieties derived from Limnanthes alba ssp alba, bulks of random S1, S2 and S3 lines derived from OMF58 C5 were evaluated in a replicated field trial. Another primary research objective has been to develop a marketable bioherbicide from meadowfoam seed meal (MSM). MSM constitutes about 70% of harvested crop yield, but current commercial outlets for the meal are limited. Meadowfoam contains the glucosinolate, glucolimnanthin (GLN), whose degradation products have the potential to inhibit seed germination of other plant species. However, the myrosinase enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of GLN is inactivated by commercial oil extraction methods. Our previous studies revealed that treating MSM with ground, enzyme-active meadowfoam seeds metabolizes GLN to its two major metabolites, ITC (3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate) and nitrile (3-methoxyphenyl acetonitrile). Greenhouse experiments were conducted by a graduate student, Suphannika Intanon, to determine optimum formulations for the bioherbicide. Although the activated meal has much higher herbicidal potency than untreated MSM, this solid preparation contains numerous other substances, including protein, which can react with ITC. Research was conducted to develop a sprayable liquid formulation in order to improve the stability, ease of application and shipping costs of a meadowfoam-based bioherbicide. Our approach was to prepare a GLN extract from MSM, prepare an enzyme extract from meadowfoam seeds, and then incubate these together to produce a more purified bioherbicide product. Work has progressed on optimizing these three processes, with the help of Daniel Bratton, an undergraduate student in OSU's BioResource Research Program. PARTICIPANTS: Collaborators in the Department of Crop and Soil Science at Oregon State University include Dr. Jennifer Kling (plant breeder), Dr. Carol Mallory-Smith (weed scientist), and Dr. Mary Slabaugh (molecular biologist). Dr. Kling oversees all of the breeding activities in the field and greenhouses, and Dr. Slabaugh manages the molecular genetic research for the project. Dr. Carol Mallory-Smith has conducted experiments to evaluate the safety and efficacy of potential herbicides for weed control in meadowfoam. A graduate student in the Weeds program, Suphannika Intanon, conducts research on the efficacy of activated meadowfoam seed meal as an herbicide. Dr. Fred Stevens and Dr. Ralph Reed are collaborators from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Oregon State University. They established methods for enhancing herbicidal activity of meadowfoam seed meal by addition of enzyme-active seed material that converts glucolimnanthin into active degradation products. They have worked with Mr. Mike Martinez of Natural Plant Products (NPP) and the OMG Meadowfoam Oil Seed Growers Cooperative to investigate various formulations of the seed meal to develop a biopesticide product for commercial use. An undergraduate student, Daniel Bratton, investigated methods for extracting glucosinolates to make a sprayable bioherbicide from meadowfoam seed meal. This work was part of his student internship in the BioResource Research Program at OSU. Mr. Jerry Hatteberg and Mr. Charles Ortiz of OMG have collaborated with the breeding program at OSU to identify growers' fields for seed increases and to refine selection criteria to meet grower and end-user needs and priorities. OSU scientists present research findings at the annual OMG meeting and participate in OMG field days. In 2008 a memorandum of understanding was signed between OSU, OMG and Dr. Virginia Lehman of Blue Moon Farms, LLC. The purpose of the agreement is to promote the exchange of germplasm and enhance breeding capacity and impact through collaboration with the private seed sector. TARGET AUDIENCES: The immediate beneficiaries of the project are the meadowfoam growers and grass seed producers in Oregon. Biopesticides from meadowfoam meal would also be beneficial to growers of high value nursery and organic crops in Oregon, California, Washington, and Idaho. The genomic tools developed are expected to contribute to basic knowledge about the genetic regulation of oil content and quality and glucosinolate biosynthesis and degradation in meadowfoam and related species. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This project supports agronomic, genetic, and biochemical research to increase the productivity and profitability of the oilseed crop meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.). Meadowfoam provides a unique and renewable source of industrial oil and fills an important niche as a winter annual that can be grown in rotation with grass seeds. In a field trial comparing selections for high seed yield (MF189 and MF190) with selections for low and high Fusarium disease, no interactions were observed between genotypes and insecticide treatments for any traits measured. Freezing winter weather reduced plant stands, but MF189 and MF190 were more cold tolerant than other varieties in the trial. MF189 produced 441 kg oil/ha, which significantly exceeded low and high disease selections from the source population (OMF58 C5) by 9.6% and 20.5%, respectively. MF190 produced 409 kg oil/ha, which exceeded low and high disease selections from the source population (GJPool) by 6.9% (p=0.09) and 28.8% (p<0.001). These results show that significant progress has been achieved in developing high yielding cultivars of meadowfoam. Glucosinolate (GLN) content of leaves was positively correlated with Fusarium disease resistance (r=0.63) and oil yield (r=0.73) in this trial, which indicates that there is potential to select dual purpose cultivars that provide both high quality oil and a potent raw material for biopesticides. Autofertile cultivars are desired to reduce the need for commercial honeybees. In a trial comparing bulks of random inbred lines derived from OMF58 C5, the seed yield of the noninbred population was 2249 kg/ha, but was reduced to 1283, 886, and 497 kg/ha with successive generations of selfing. To develop autofertile varieties, it will be necessary to select simultaneously for high yield potential and self fertility. Technologies for enhancing the herbicidal activity of meadowfoam meal (MSM) are being refined for large-scale production. Availability of a marketable biopesticide based on MSM will increase the competitiveness and profitability of meadowfoam in the vegetable oil market and decrease the need for petroleum-based production of synthetic pesticides. In greenhouse studies the combination of 3% MSM with 1% active seed meal completely inhibited lettuce seedling emergence for six days after incorporation. The activated meal was more effective than either 3% MSM alone or 3% MSM in pelleted form. Matrix experiments were performed to optimize both the extraction and incubation solvents used to obtain a sprayable liquid formulation from MSM. Myrosinase, the active enzyme, is efficiently extracted from meadowfoam seeds using either 2% salt or 20% ethanol in water. The presence of ethanol during incubation of MSM extracts with seed extracts was found to increase the production of nitrile, which has more potent herbicidal activity than ITC. The proportion of ethanol in water used as solvent for MSM extraction was also found to affect nitrile production. New crop cultivars and bioproducts developed through this project are made available to an existing network (OMG Meadowfoam Oil Seed Growers Cooperative) for rapid dissemination and adoption by growers.
Publications
- Reed, R., Morre, J., Stevens, J.F. (2010). Characterization of phytoecdysteroids by positive and negative ion LC-MS/MS after derivatization with hydroxylamine reagents. 58th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry, May 23-27, 2010, Salt Lake City, Utah (poster).
- Stevens, J.F. and Reed, R.L. (2011). Chapter 10: Glucosinolate degradation products in fermented meadowfoam seed meal and their herbicidal activities. In: Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Vol. 41 (Gang, D.R., Ed.), Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4419-6961-3.
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