Progress 08/15/09 to 08/14/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Large groups or "pods" of broodstock from crosses among top-performing Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) families have been made available to industry to enable two of the three major commercial oyster hatcheries to produce large numbers of seed for the West Coast industry and foreign markets. Hatcheries and growers receiving seed derived from MBP-selected broodstock have reported better growth and survival compared to oysters obtained from wild broodstock. The superior performance of MBP families compared with families from wild broodstock has been confirmed in numerous MBP test trials. New stocks of Pacific (Midori strain) and Kumamoto oysters were produced from oysters imported from the Ariake Sea, southern Japan, where water summer temperatures commonly exceed 20 degC and oyster herpes virus is endemic. The Midori and Kumamoto stocks have been released to industry for use as broodstock after an exhaustive quarantine process to ensure that they did not transmit diseases from source populations. Preliminary results indicate that the Midori strain has a deeper cup compared with West Coast stocks and has been reported by growers to perform better in the warmer conditions (e.g. Sonora, Mexico). Incorporation of the new Kumamoto stocks into the West Coast broodstock population will overcome current issues associated with inbreeding of existing Kumamoto stocks. Field trials indicate that the new Kumamoto stocks have a deeper cup than current West Coast stocks and show comparable growth and survival rates. MBP has also worked with industry to develop a broodstock amplification and management plan whereby hatcheries amplify selected families to produce large quantities of broodstock for commercial production. Four "pods" were produced in each of 2010, 2011 and 2012. These "pods" can be crossed without significant inbreeding for at least 12 years into the future, after MBP has ceased to exist in its present form. PARTICIPANTS: The project has supported two faculty research assistants, two classified technicians and several temporary workers. Level funding over the years has resulted in elimination of salary support for graduate students. MBP works in partnership with numerous industry partners who provide sites for testing oysters as well as logistical support, including Taylor Shellfish and Bayshore, WA, Oregon Oyster and Nevor Shellfish Farm, OR and Katchemak Bay, AK. MBP also provides opportunities for linkage with other research programs and grants. The USDA-ARS has established a Shellfish Genetics program at HMSC to carry out research in support of the breeding program. Grants have also been funded by Alaska Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant and NOAA's Oyster Disease Research Program to carry out research associated with MBP. These grants have provided funding for graduate students who use MBP facilities and animals. During the oyster seed crisis in 2007 to the present, MBP has worked closely with the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association to secure funds to address the problem as well as with hatcheries to develop methods to treat seawater to improve its quality for rearing oyster larvae. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) is the West coast oyster industry, although breeding programs on the East coast, U.S. and abroad have also benefited from the results of the program. Outreach to the industry is a major focus of MBP. We achieve this through attendance, presentation and workshops at industry meetings as well as visits to hatcheries and growers. In addition, we prepared brochures, posters and other literature for distribution to industry. MBP has established a web site: http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/mbp/index.html PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The seed crisis has resulted in MBP research on solving the seawater quality problems that have impacted two of the major West Coast hatcheries. Introduction of new Kumamoto broodstock has resulted in some dilution of effort to select superior Pacific oyster broodstock.
Impacts
Performance data of oysters from the fourth generation of the breeding program (after 3 generations of selection) were obtained in 2009 after all cohorts were harvested. Cohorts 18 and 20 showed yields that were significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with those of non-selected controls. The differences between MBP families and non-selected control families were greatest at a test site with higher summer mortality; supporting the observation that improvements in yield are usually due to greater survival. Cohorts 22, 23 and 24 were produced in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. They are planted at a sub-tidal Yaquina Bay, Oregon (hosted by Oregon Oyster Company), Oyster Bay, Sound Puget Sound (hosted by Taylor Shellfish Inc.) and Netarts Bay, Oregon (hosted by Nevor Shellfish Farm). These cohorts each consist of about 80 families, including control families from unselected broodstock. Performance traits will be measured and analyzed using AsREML in order to establish genetically superior broodstock. In 2006, new broodstock of the Kumamoto oyster were obtained from Japan and held in quarantine conditions at the Hatfield Marine Science Center. Existing West Coast Kumamoto broodstock are inbred, resulting in poor performance of offspring. The new Kumamoto broodstock were spawned in 2006 and families of the F1 generation reared to the adult stage and conditioned for spawning. F1 families were spawned in 2008 to produce the F2 generation. All generations have been subjected to an intensive suite of disease exams. No diseases were reported and F2 spat were released from quarantine and planting in Oregon and Washington waters in 2009. Field test results indicate that shell depth is greater and yields are similar to those of West Coast Kumamoto stocks. In addition, new Pacific broodstock were obtained from southern Japan in 2004 and subjected to similar quarantine and disease-inspection procedures as the new Kumamoto oyster stocks. The hypothesis was that seed from southern Japan would more likely be resistant to summer mortality problems and perhaps herpes virus because this virus in endemic to southern Japan. F2 seed was planted in Oregon waters in 2007 and 2008 together with controls consisting of typical West coast Miyagi oysters and their performances compared. Harvests of the new stocks in 2010 and early 2011 indicated that yields were lower than those of West Coast Miyagi stocks, mainly because of lower growth rates; however, cup shape was deep and comparable to that of Kumamoto oysters.
Publications
- Publications Lang, P.L., Bayne, C.J, Camara, M.D., Cunningham, C., Jenny, M.J., and Langdon C.J. 2009. Transcriptome profiling of selectively-bred Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas families that differ in tolerance of heat shock. Marine Biotechnology, 11: 650-668. Lang, R.P., Langdon, C.J., Taris, N.G. and M.D. Camara. 2010. Can laboratory assays be used to predict field performance of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) families planted in coastal waters Aquaculture, 306: 68-79.
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Progress 08/15/10 to 08/14/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: CRIS REPORT - Project ORE00359K 07/01/2008-06/30/2011 Outputs Two of the three major commercial oyster hatcheries are using MBP broodstock to produce large numbers of seed for the West Coast industry and foreign markets. Larvae from crosses among selected inbred lines (e.g. Adam x Eve) are reported to perform better than larvae from unselected "wild" broodstock under stressful hatchery conditions associated with upwelling events. Very favorable reports have been received from growers receiving seed from progeny derived from MBP-selected broodstock. New stocks of Pacific and Kumamoto oysters that were derived from oysters imported from the Ariake Sea, southern Japan, have been released to industry for use as broodstock. The new Pacific stocks will hopefully perform better in warmer conditions, such as those found in Puget Sound, California and Mexico. Anecdotal accounts from Mexico indicate that survival of progeny from the new Pacific stocks is greater than existing West Coast stocks. Incorporation of the new Kumamoto stocks into the West Coast broodstock population will overcome issues associated with inbreeding of existing Kumamoto stocks. Preliminary results indicate that the new Kumamoto broodstock are comparable in shell shape to West Coast stocks. Trials are underway to compare growth and yield characteristics of the new Kumamoto stocks with those of West Coast stocks. A service contract was developed between Oregon State University and a private company, Austin Creek Inc., located in Netarts Bay, Oregon, to distribute and sell MBP broodstock to commercial hatcheries. Large quantities of broodstock have been sold to industry since 2009 and the proceeds used to support the repository. MBP has also worked with industry to develop a broodstock amplification and management plan whereby the hatcheries amplify selected families for future use as broodstock. Four "pods" were produced in each of 2010 and 2011 and another four are planned in 2012. These "pods" can be crossed without concern for inbreeding and yet it will be possible to maintain genetic diversity for at least 12 years into the future, after MBP has ceased to exist in its present form. Reduced seed production from commercial hatcheries due to poor water "quality", coupled with lack of commercial set in Willapa Bay, have resulted in a lack of adequate seed for commercial oyster farmers on the West Coast. MBP has worked closely with industry to develop methods to improve water quality by treatment of incoming seawater with mechanical and biological processes. In 2009, performance of larvae was shown to be correlated with periods of upwelling of acidified seawater from depth. Other researchers at Oregon State University are now working on seawater treatment methods for hatcheries. PARTICIPANTS: The project has supported two faculty research assistants, two classified technicians and several temporary workers. Level funding over the years has resulted in elimination of salary support for graduate students. MBP works in partnership with numerous industry partners who provide sites for testing oysters as well as logistical support, including Taylor United, WA, Oregon Oyster, Bayshore Rankin, WA, and Katchemak Bay, AK. MBP also provides opportunities for linkage with other research programs and grants. The USDA-ARS has established a Shellfish Genetics program at HMSC to carry out research in support of the breeding program. Grants have also been funded by Alaska Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant and NOAA's Oyster Disease Research Program to carry out research associated with MBP. These grants have provided funding for graduate students who use MBP facilities and animals. During the oyster seed crisis in 2007 to the present, MBP has worked closely with the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association to secure funds to address the problem as well as with hatcheries to develop methods to treat seawater to improve its quality for rearing oyster larvae. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) is the West coast oyster industry, although breeding programs on the East coast, U.S. and abroad have also benefited from the results of the program. Outreach to the industry is a major focus of MBP. We achieve this through attendance, presentation and workshops at industry meetings as well as visits to hatcheries and growers. In addition, we prepared brochures, posters and other literature for distribution to industry. MBP has established a web site: http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/mbp/index.html PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Performance data of oysters from the fourth generation of the breeding program (after 3 generations of selection) of the rotational breeding scheme were obtained in 2009 after all cohorts were harvested. Cohorts 18 and 20 showed yields that were significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with those of non-selected controls. The differences between MBP families and non-selected control families were greatest at a test site with higher summer mortality; supporting the observation that improvements in yield are usually due to greater survival. Cohorts 22 and 23 were produced in 2010 and 2011, respectively. They are planted at the sub-tidal Yaquina Bay site (hosted by Oregon Oyster Company), the Oyster Bay site, Sound Puget Sound (hosted by Taylor United) and Netarts Bay (hosted by Austin Creek Inc.). These cohorts each consist of about 80 families, including control families from unselected broodstock. Performance traits will be measured and analyzed using AsREML in order to establish genetically superior broodstock. In 2006, new broodstock of the Kumamoto oyster were obtained from Japan and held in quarantine conditions at the Hatfield Marine Science Center. Existing West Coast Kumamoto broodstock are inbred, resulting in poor performance of offspring. The new Kumamoto broodstock were spawned in 2006 and families of the F1 generation reared to the adult stage and conditioned for spawning. F1 families were spawned in 2008 to produce the F2 generation. All generations have been subjected to an intensive suite of disease exams. No diseases were reported and F2 spat were released from quarantine and planting in Oregon and Washington waters in 2009. Final harvests will take place in fall 2011; however, preliminary measurements indicate that shell shape and post-metamorphic growth rates are similar to those of West Coast Kumamoto stocks. In addition, new Pacific broodstock were obtained from southern Japan in 2004 and subjected to similar quarantine and disease-inspection procedures as the new Kumamoto oyster stocks. The hypothesis was that seed from southern Japan would more likely be resistant to summer mortality problems and perhaps herpes virus because this virus in endemic to southern Japan. F2 seed was planted in Oregon waters in 2007 and 2008 together with controls consisting of typical West coast Miyagi oysters and their performances compared. Harvests of the new stocks in 2010 and early 2011 indicated that yields were lower than those of West Coast Miyagi stocks, mainly because of lower growth rates; however, cup shape was deep and comparable to that of Kumamoto oysters.
Publications
- Publications Camara, M.D., Evans, S., and Langdon, C. 2008. Parental relatedness and survival of Pacific oysters from a naturalized population. J. Shellfish. Research, 27: 323-336. Camara, M.D., Davis, J.P., Sekino, M., Li, G., Langdon, C.J., Evans, S., Hedgecock, D. 2008. The Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea is neither rare nor threatened by hybridization in the northern Ariake Sea. J. Shellfish. Research, 27: 313-322. Evans, S., M.D. Camara and C. Langdon. 2008. Heritability of shell pigmentation in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture, 286: 211-216. Stick, D.A., Langdon, C.J., Banks, M.A., Camara, M.D. 2008. Eighteen novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Olympia Oyster, Ostrea conchaphila/lurida. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9: 153-155. Lang, P.L., Bayne, C.J, Camara, M.D., Cunningham, C., Jenny, M.J., and Langdon C.J. Transcriptome profiling of selectively-bred Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas families that differ in tolerance of heat shock. Marine Biotechnology, 11: 650-668. Lang, R.P., Langdon, C.J., Taris, N.G. and M.D. Camara. 2010. Can laboratory assays be used to predict field performance of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) families planted in coastal waters Aquaculture, 306: 68-79.
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Progress 08/15/09 to 08/14/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Commercial oyster hatcheries have used MBP broodstock to produce large numbers of seed for the West Coast industry and foreign markets. In 2009, very favorable reports have been received from growers receiving seed from progeny derived from MBP-selected broodstock. Collaborative work has continured with two commercial oyster hatcheries (Whiskey Creek Hatchery, OR, and Taylor Hatchery, WA) to try to solve water-quality problems that have severely impacted larval production. Reduced seed production, coupled with lack of commercial set in Willapa Bay, has resulted in a lack of adequate seed for commercial oyster farmers on the West Coast. The involvement of MBP in addressing the seed crisis was necessary because without satisfactory conditions for larval production it is not possible to effectively use selected MBP broodstock. In 2009 in response to this need, MBP built a seawater spray system coupled with a macroalgal bioreactor to reduce levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in incoming seawater because they have been correlated with poor larval performance. Preliminary results are encouraging with pCO2 levels below 300 micro-atmos. New stocks of Pacific and Kumamoto oysters that were derived from oysters imported from Japan have been released to industry for use as broodstock. Additional crosses have been deposited in a commercial repository. In addition, trials are underway to compare their characteristics with those of West Coast Kumamoto stocks. A service contract was developed between Oregon State University and a private company, Austin Creek Inc., located in Netarts Bay, Oregon, to distribute and sell MBP broodstock to commercial hatcheries. Large quantities of broodstock have been sold to industry in 2009 and 2010 andthe proceeds used to support the repository. MBP has also worked with industry to develop a broodstock amplification and management plan whereby the hatcheries amplify selected families for future use as broodstock. PARTICIPANTS: The project has supported two faculty research assistants, two classified technicians and several temporary workers. Level funding over the years has resulted in elimination of salary support for graduate students. MBP works in partnership with numerous industry partners who provide sites for testing oysters as well as logistical support, including Taylor United,WA, Oregon Oyster, Bayshore Rankin, WA, and Katchemak Bay, AK. MBP also provides opportunities for linkage with other research programs and grants. The USDA-ARS has established a Shellfish Genetics program at HMSC to carry out research in support of the breeding program. Grants have also been funded by Alaska Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant and NOAA's Oyster Disease Research Program to carry out research associated with MBP. These grants have provided funding for graduate students who use MBP facilities and animals. During the oyster seed crisis in 2007 to the present, MBP has worked closely with the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association to secure funds to address the problem as well as with hatcheries to develop methods to treat seawater to improve its quality for rearing oyster larvae. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) is the West coast oyster industry, although breeding programs on the East coast, U.S. and abroad have also benefited from the results of the program. Outreach to the industry is a major focus of MBP. We achieve this through attendance, presentation and workshops at industry meetings as well as visits to hatcheries and growers. In addition, we prepared brochures, posters and other literature for distribution to industry. MBP has established a web site: http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/mbp/index.html PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The seed crisis has resulted in MBP research on solving the seawater quality problems that have impacted two of the major West Coast hatcheries. Introduction of new Kumamoto broodstock has resulted in some dilution of effort to select superior Pacific oyster broodstock.
Impacts
Performance data of oysters from the fourth generation of the breeding program (after 3 generations of selection) of the rotational breeding scheme were obtained in 2009 after all cohorts were harvested. Cohorts 18 and 20 showed yields that were significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with those of non-selected controls. The differences between MBP families and non-selected control families were greatest at a test site with higher summer mortality. In 2006, new broodstock of the Kumamoto oyster were obtained from Japan and held in quarantine conditions at the Hatfield Marine Science Center. Existing West Coast Kumamoto broodstock are inbred, resulting in poor performance of offspring. The new Kumamoto broodstock were spawned in 2006 and families of the F1 generation reared to the adult stage and conditioned for spawning. F1 families were spawned in 2008 to produce the F2 generation. All generations have been subjected to an intensive suite of disease exams. No diseases were reported and F2 spat were released from quarantine and planting in Oregon and Washington waters in 2009. In addition, new Pacific broodstock was obtained from southern Japan in 2004 and subjected to similar quarantine and disease-inspection procedures as the new Kumamoto oyster stocks. The hypothesis was that seed from southern Japan would more likely be resistant to summer mortality problems and perhaps herpes virus because this virus in endemic to southern Japan. F2 seed was planted in Oregon waters in 2007 and 2008 together with controls consisting of typical West coast Miyagi oysters and their performances compared.
Publications
- Lang, P.L., Bayne, C.J, Camara, M.D., Cunningham, C., Jenny, M.J., and Langdon C.J. 2010. Transcriptome profiling of selectively-bred Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas families that differ in tolerance of heat shock. Marine Biotechnology, 11: 650-668.
- Lang, R.P., Langdon, C.J., Taris, N.G. and M.D. Camara. 2010. Can laboratory assays be used to predict field performance of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) families planted in coastal waters Aquaculture, 306: 68-79.
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