Progress 07/01/09 to 06/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The main outputs of this project were two rodent feeding studies that were conducted and all of the samples and date collected. The outputs in these included development of research diets and methods of sample collection and analysis. In addition to publications and presentations at meetings the information collected in this project was shared with members of the National Dairy Research Program (NDRP). This is a group composed of individuals from the dairy industry as well as researchers that discusses the best direction for future dairy research to go in. Another output of this work was an appreciation of the potential health benefits of a fraction of milk, the milk fat globule membrane. Based on data collected in this project the Dairy Research Institute has committed to funding further projects in my lab. Other outputs of this work can be seen in the citations the publications have received. One publication in the Journal of Ag and Food Chem has received 11 citations in 3 years. A second has one citation in one year. Last, an open access book chapter that contained data from this project has been downloaded 3835 times since June of 2011. PARTICIPANTS: The work in this project was conducted by the PI, by Dr. Korry Hintze, an NDFS faculty collaborator and a graduate student in Dr. Ward's Lab, Albert Zhou. Three undergraduate students participated in an animal study conducted by Albert Zhou, Thiel Lehman, Phillip Basset and Brent Pickett. For a human study conducted in 2011, Dr. Eadric Bressel assisted. In addition, support was provided in the form of materials from a collaborator, Rafael Jimenez, at California Polytechnic University in San Luis, Obisbo, California. The PI formulated the diets, assisted in the animal experiment, and assisted in the data analysis. Dr. Hintze was responsible for the design of the animal experiment and conducted the aberrant crypt foci analysis. The graduate student was chiefly responsible for taking care of the animals, for data collection and for the preparation of the manuscript. For the human study, Dr. Bressel contributed to the study design and to the conduct of the human study. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of this work is food and nutrition scientists, food product developers and nutrition professionals. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The overall purpose of this project was to investigate potential beneficial bioactivities of an underappreciated fraction of milk, the fat globule membrane. This material is produced in significant quantities each year as a byproduct of butter manufacture. However, it does not generate much commercial value as there are no known health benefits of consuming it. Whey protein used to have little value, but this has changed with the scientific demonstration that it is a great source of available amino acids. Thus, whey protein used to be discarded, and now it actually generates more value than the cheese it is co produced from milk with. Could the same thing happen with milk fat globule membrane In this project we showed that this material can prevent colon tumors from forming in rats that have been treated with a carcinogen. While it has been recognized for several years that one component of milk fat globule membrane, sphingomyelin, has anticancer potential, this effect had not been shown with the whole material. In a second set of experiments we showed that milk fat globule membrane appears to strengthen the gut barrier against inflammatory stress in mice. In addition, it appears to modulate the composition of the microbes living in the gut. Based on these results we conducted an acute feeding study in runners. Running at high intensities causes gut leakiness and we hypothesized that this milk fraction may prevent it. Our results indicated that the material appears to protect the gut, but the results were not quite statistically significant (p=0.06). While this project is completed, we are moving forward with further human studies feeding the material chronically. The focus of this work is on determining effects on gut health in overweight individuals. Dr. Ward used the findings of this project to outline future needs and interesting research areas that should be explored to ultimately derive more commercial value from this dairy byproduct.
Publications
- Zhou, A. L., Hintze, K. J., Jimenez, R., & Ward, R. E., (2012). Dietary fat composition influences tissue lipid profile and gene expression in Fisher-344 rats: Lipids, 47(12): 1119-1130. (Published).
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In early 2011 a feeding study was conducted with a novel animal diet supplemented with milk polar lipids. To assess the impact of these experimental diets, several analytical methods were developed. In addition, a human feeding study was conducted which entailed developing methods to assess gut permeability and methods to induce gut permeability in runners. A manuscript resulting from this project was accepted in early 2011 by the Journal of Dairy Science. In addition, a second manuscript was submitted to the journal Lipids in August. That manuscript was not accepted. However, after a discussion with the journal editor it was suggested a few extra analyses might lead to its acceptance. Those analyses were conducted in the Fall and we are currently editing the manuscript to add the new data. A book chapter was solicited, reviewed and accepted detailing the work on this project for the book Biotechnology of Biopolymers. Dr. Ward was invited to speak in a symposium at the annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association in New Orleans. A PhD student of Dr. Ward, Albert Zhou, gave two oral presentation and one poster presentation at the American Oil Chemists meeting in Cincinnati, OH detailing work on this project. In addition, Albert Zhou also gave an oral presentations at the Intermountain Graduate Research Symposium at Utah State University and a poster presentation at the Institute of Food Technologists Bonneville meeting in Salt Lake City, UT. One interesting impact of this project stems from a publication that was accepted in 2010. Based on some novel findings, Dr. Ward was invited to speak at the annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association. In addition, Dr. Ward was invited to summarize his findings in a solicited review in the Journal of Dairy Science. PARTICIPANTS: The work in this project was conducted by the PI, by Dr. Korry Hintze, an NDFS faculty collaborator and a graduate student in Dr. Ward's Lab, Albert Zhou. Three undergraduate students participated in an animal study conducted by Albert Zhou, Thiel Lehman, Phillip Basset and Brent Pickett. For a human study conducted in 2011, Dr. Eadric Bressel assisted. In addition, support was provided in the form of materials from a collaborator, Rafael Jimenez, at California Polytechnic University in San Luis, Obisbo, California. The PI formulated the diets, assisted in the animal experiment, and assisted in the data analysis. Dr. Hintze was responsible for the design of the animal experiment and conducted the aberrant crypt foci analysis. The graduate student was chiefly responsible for taking care of the animals, for data collection and for the preparation of the manuscript. For the human study, Dr. Bressel contributed to the study design and to the conduct of the human study. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of this work is food and nutrition scientists, food product developers and nutrition professionals. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Based on work conducted in both 2010 and 2011 we have determined that milk polar lipids protect the gut from stress induced by systemic inflammation. In addition, our analyses have revealed that milk polar lipids prevent the build up of toxic free fatty acid in the livers of mice fed diets high in fructose. The first finding was published in the Journal of Dairy Science and the second finding is detailed in a manuscript currently under review in the journal Lipids.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In early 2010 a publication was accepted based on data collected in 2009. The main findings were that the milk fat isolate has anti colon cancer properties. In 2010 the third objective was pursued after the first due to the availability of funds from an externally funded research grant. This resulted in a novel diet formulation, a rodent feeding study, and many methods for determining the impact of the dietary manipulation. Lastly, it also resulted in the data collected and the submission of a manuscript which is currently in review. PARTICIPANTS: The work in this project was conducted by the PI, by Dr. Korry Hintze, an NDFS faculty collaborator and a graduate student. In addition, support was provided in the form of materials from a collaborator, Rafael Jimenez, at California Polytechnic University in San Luis, Obisbo, California. The PI formulated the diets, assisted in the animal experiment, and assisted in the data analysis. Dr. Hintze was responsible for the design of the animal experiment and conducted the aberrant crypt foci analysis. The graduate student was chiefly responsible for taking care of the animals, for data collection and for the preparation of the manuscript. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of this work is food and nutrition scientists, food product developers and nutrition professionals. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
According to our data, gene expression analysis of the colonic mucosa did not reveal differential expression of candidate colon cancer genes and the sphingolipid profile of the mucosa was not affected by diet. In addition, while there were notable differences in plasma and red blood cell lipids, there was no relationship to cancer protection. Our results support the findings that dietary sphingolipids are protective against colon carcinogenesis yet extend this finding to milk fat globule membrane, a food ingredient which is currently available in the market place. The long term impact of this work is to determine if an under appreciated component of milk can gain value in the marketplace. To date, this project has uncovered some promising results indicating value. However, as the first manuscript was only accepted this year, it is unclear to what extent this will happen.
Publications
- Snow, D.R., Jiminez-Flores, R., Ward, R.E., Campbell, J., Young, M.J., Nemere, I., Hintze, K. 2010. Dietary milk fat globular membrane reduced the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACG) in Fischer-344 rats. Journal of Ag and Food Chem., 58:2157-2164.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The first aim of this project is to determine the effect of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in preventing aberrant crypts, which are precancerous lesions, in rats given an injection of dimethylhydrazine (DMH). To achieve this aim, milk fat globule membrane was isolated from buttermilk and incorporated into the AIN-76A animal diet. The experiment was conducted with three groups. One control set of animals fed the typical AIN-76A diet and a second group of animals fed the same diet, but with anhydrous milk fat as the fat source. The treatment animal group received the AIN-76A diet with MFGM incorporated. The experiment was conducted with 17 animals per group and an additional 4 animals per group were fed the diets, but were not treated with the cancer-inducing drug, dimethylhydrazine. At the end of the feeding study the animals were harvested and many tissues were collected for subsequent analysis which are ongoing. PARTICIPANTS: The work in this project was conducted by the PI, by Dr. Korry Hintze, an NDFS faculty collaborator and a graduate student. In addition, support was provided in the form of materials from a collaborator, Rafael Jimenez, at California Polytechnic University in San Luis, Obisbo, California. The PI formulated the diets, assisted in the animal experiment, and assisted in the data analysis. Dr. Hintze was responsible for the design of the animal experiment and conducted the aberrant crypt foci analysis. The graduate student was chiefly responsible for taking care of the animals, for data collection and for the preparation of the manuscript. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of this work is food and nutrition scientists, food product developers and nutrition professionals. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The major finding thus far in this project is that milk fat globule membrane(MFGM) is protective against the formation of the precancerous lesions in animals injected with dimethylhydrazine compared to animals fed the two control diets. This result is in agreement with studies that have found that a component of MFGM, sphingomyelin, protects animals injected with DMH against the formation of precancerous lesions. The results are exciting, as MFGM is readily available as a food ingredient, whereas isolating the sphingomyelin to add to foods is not practical.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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