Progress 05/01/09 to 04/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Participants included youth at the San Carlos Alternative High School, Mt. Turnbull Academy Alternative High School, San Carlos Rehabilitation and Detention Center, Boys and Girls Club, and adults at the San Carlos Skill Center for gardening programs, and the above listed youth based schools/organizations for nutrition. 2 Adults sought gardening advice through office visits. In the areas of Cattle Production, Ranch Financial and Range Management clientele included the 5 San Carlos Cattle Associations, and the R100 Tribal Ranch. In the Horse Training project, audiences include youth and adults who have horses or an interest in horses. Preschool program participants were 4 Headstart Preschools, 2 Apache Childcare Centers, 1 Youth Home, 2 Childcare Readiness Centers, and 2 home-based caregivers and their children. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? We have conducted workshops and technical assistance to Cattle Association Board members and staff, and tribal professionals in the areas of cattle and range management and ranch financial management, which has been ongoing. We have also trained 150 youth, 4 teachers, 1 staff and 2 tribal agency employees in gardening techniques, as well as 30 preschool professionals in nutrition, gardening, early literacy, and physical activity. We just began an adult gardening class in 2014, training 20 adults, and in 2012, a 4-H leader trained 17 youth in gardening techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? We have published local newspaper articles, presented visual displays, abstracts and posters at the state, national, and international level. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Goals for the new project year are quite different than from the previous 5 year cycle, so we plan to recruit 4-H leaders and help those leaders start at least one 4-H club per year; continue preschool programming aimed at increasing nutrition, gardening, reading, and physical activity and work more with youth-adult partnerships in the livestock and gardening areas, as well as to expand gardening opportunities in the community.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Some of the goals were realigned, due to the agent moving down to part time work starting in 2009, and our secretary/instructional specialist moving away. We changed from using high school interns teaching 6-10 classes in gardening in nutrition, to the agent teaching primarily gardening and some nutrition at 2 Alternative High Schools, Boys and Girls Club and the San Carlos juvenile Rehabilitation and Detention Center, with an average of 50 youth from elementary to high school involved. The agent applied and received a $200,000 three-year First Things First state grant to provide nutrition, gardening, early literacy, and physical activity training, as a subcontractor with United Way, for the preschool ages 0-5. The office now employees a full- time Instructional Specialist, Sr., Juan Arias, in that program. Our needs assessments in the agriculture, natural resources, and youth areas were done in 2011 and 2013 for ag/natural resources and 2012 for youth. Participants wanted to see water resources and solar pumping, as well as financial management for ranches, for which we have done 4 workshops, with plans to do one more, plus finish up other projects requested in the future. The participants in the youth survey requested to see 4-H clubs revitalized, but we have had difficulties with university requirements, which are much more stringent with relation to recordkeeping and leader certification. This caused problems with tribal sovereignty (where we had to request the SC Apache Tribe’s permission to do and preferred method of doing criminal background checks) as well as with leader enrollment, although we attempted recruitment in 2012 and early 2014, with little success, but will continue these efforts, and look for more creative ways to get leaders and youth involved.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Tuttle, S.L., Waits, J.O., Martinez, C.L., Benally, J.Y., Livingston, M.R., Alden, E.A., & Masters, L. (2013). Overcoming barriers to participatory extension and development. Journal of the Association of International Agriculture and Extension Education, 20(2).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Tuttle, S.L. (2013). The history of immigration and demographic trends in the Western United States. Rural Connections: A Publication of the Western Rural Development Center, 1(8). http://wrdc.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/pub__2846540.pdf
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Tuttle, S.L. Overcoming barriers to participatory extension and development. Abstract Presented at the Association of International Agriculture and Extension Education conference, Fort Worth, TX on May 19, 2013
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Progress 05/01/12 to 04/30/13
Outputs
OUTPUTS: San Carlos Agriculture, Livestock Production, Range Management: Water Resources for Cattle and Ranches Workshop No.2: 31 participant learned about windmill/solar systems for cattle pastures, climate change, range management during drought/wet periods, had a ranch tour showing windmill technologies. Natural Horsemanship Workshop for Youth and Adults: 47 participants, a demonstration/practice of basic/intermediate horse training techniques. 8 riders watched the trainer show use the techniques, using his and their horses, and practiced the maneuvers. 4-H Youth Development: With a $5000 People's Garden grant, the agent initiated 5 gardens at 2 Alternative High Schools; SC 4-H Club; Boys and Girls Club; SC Rehabilitation/Detention Center. Youth learned about plant needs, MyPlate, garden prep and planting, soils, food labels, harvesting/storing seeds, taste testing vegetables/fruits, making smoothies, organic foods. Number of Contacts: Mount Turnbull Academy: Adults 35, Youth 315; SC Alternative School: Adults, 34, Youth 197; 4-H Club Garden: Adults 29, Youth, 52; Boys and Girls Club: Youth, 161; SC Rehabilitation and Detention Center: Adults 25, Youth, 96; Total contacts for Youth Gardening/Nutrition classes: Adults, 123; Youth, 821. Volunteers totaled 102 contacts, Volunteer Hours 249 ($5318.64 @ $21.36/hours). The agent obtained a First Things First State grant for $57,427, a subcontract with United Way for preschool education in nutrition/gardening. The agents VISTA volunteer displayed photos of gardening projects in the Globe/San Carlos STEM festival, and the UA CALS conference. PARTICIPANTS: The extension agent conducted a youth programs needs assessment through her half-time VISTA volunteer, Sarah Renkert. Sarah interviewed 25 people who work and/or live on the reservation, using a snowball sample, where people interviewed recommend further interviewees. Therefore we contacted some individuals whom we did not know before. We found that some of those people had not heard of us before-therefore we have been working on a communications campaign to publicize our workshops/activities. The assessment found the following main themes: Continuing the gardening and school programs; Re-invigoration of the 4-H Club program; Opportunities for adult courses; Cattle and livestock education. Embedded in these major themes, several other issues surfaced: The reservation needs more positive activities for youth; Activities that strengthen traditional Apache culture are important; The community needs more volunteers, including youth volunteers; Parents and Tribal Council should be actively involved in youth programs; Helping youth prepare for the future by tutoring, career planning, and workplace training; The UA Extension office needs to publicize and market their programs better to the public; Collaboration with more reservation organizations is needed. We continue to partner with professionals from schools and tribal agencies to deliver 4-H youth programs, and work with the San Carlos NRCD, the 5 cattle associations, and R-100 Tribal Ranch to deliver cattle and range programs. TARGET AUDIENCES: Cattle Association Board Members, Office, and Ranch Staff ; R100 Tribal Ranch Manager, Directors and Staff; San Carlos Natural Resources Interdisciplinary Team; San Carlos Alternative School students and teachers; Mount Turnbull Academy administrators, students, and teachers; San Carlos Boys and Girls Club and Bylas Little Warriors Afterschool Program; 5 San Carlos Reservation Headstart Preschools and 2 Apache Kids Daycare; The San Carlos Tribal community PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
San Carlos Agriculture, Livestock Production and Range Management: Water Resources for Cattle and Ranches Workshop No.2: An evaluation showed participants learned about solar pumps/ windmills; working on windmill/windmill operation; climate change/how it impacts us; drought preparation; program funding, and plan to: use information to improve the ranch; find more information on solar pumps; use to help others. Ash Creek Cattle Association repaired two windmills. They began to re-use wind power to bring water to cattle, providing water during drought. Natural Horsemanship Workshop for Youth and Adults: 8 Riders practiced 8 riding techniques. Riders/observers learned how much pressure to apply to the horse without applying too much. Riders/participants learned about/ practiced humane handling and began to use horses in a sustainably: offering positive recreation for youth; and strengthening the traditional Apache horsemanship. San Carlos Youth Development: The agent made 2 new linkages with SC Rehabilitation/ Detention Center and United Way. The 4-H club program started again, with 17 Garden Club members. 17 junior high, 19 high school youth at Boys and Girls Club and 15 4-H gardening club members learned about/practiced gardening techniques/nutrition principles. 4-H club members also learned how to harvest traditional Apache crops. An evaluation with students in the gardening/nutrition program revealed that participants liked the classes: growing /eating produce was fun, useful; they went outside; developed hand-eye coordination; it was a healthy activity; folks had never tried the foods before or knew that composting could make soils; they learned where food comes from /food safety. They stated that they will use what they learned to plant their garden at home (11 responses), tell others how to garden, buy more healthy food, encourage family members to be healthy, make their own smoothies and potato chips. A student wrote: "I loved the class this year!" Five teachers echoed this sentiment. The Tribal Chairman's assistant stated: "The Chairman says that you do good work."
Publications
- Tuttle, S., Martinez, C., Masters, L., Benally, J., Livingston, M., and Alden, E. 2012. Methodology and Techniques of Participatory and Extension Development Projects. Journal of International Agricultural Extension Education 19(3).
- Tuttle, S., Martinez, C., Masters, L., Benally, J., Livingston, M., and Alden, E. Accepted for the 2013 Conference of the Association of International Agricultural Extension Education, Fort Worth, Texas, May 19-22.
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Progress 05/01/11 to 04/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: San Carlos Agriculture, Livestock Production, Range Management: Water Resources for Cattle and Ranches Workshop: 15 participants; they learned about propane watering systems for pastures, climate change, tank/trough management, funding possibilities, and had a ranch tour showing water resource technologies. Cattle Association Office Record keeping: Trent Teegerstrom, agricultural economics specialist, and the agent spoke with Cattle Association Office staff on completing the record keeping data entry from 2010, and they both agreed to continue the project in April 2012. 4-H Youth Development: Youth Gardening/Nutrition Projects: The office had 18 contacts in 4 different meetings to plan 6 school gardens and Junior Master Gardener (JMG) educational programs for 2011. Students tilled 2 gardens. The agent conducted 6 JMG gardening/nutrition classes with a class of 3 students at San Carlos Alternative School, with 15 total contacts (1 adult, 14 youth). In 2012, San Carlos and Mount Turnbull Academy Alternative Schools planted gardens. Additionally, there were 12 JMG classes with 58 youth and 23 adult total contacts at these schools. The gardening projects were funded by a $5000 Peoples Garden grant. A 4-H Open House greeted 16 youth and 10 adults. 4-H clubs started again, with enrollment in steer (6), horse (15), gardening (18), archery (19), arts and crafts (10), and sewing (5). One 4-H leader is certified at this time. The horse-steer club meeting had 5 adults and 6 youth. PARTICIPANTS: The extension agent held 1 meeting San Carlos NRCS district conservationist and 1 meeting with the San Carlos NRCD for planning cattle and range workshops. We continue to partner with professionals from schools and tribal agencies to deliver 4-H youth programs. TARGET AUDIENCES: Cattle Association Board Members, Office, and Ranch staff San Carlos Natural Resources Interdisciplinary Team San Carlos Alternative School students and teachers Mount Turnbull Academy administrators, students, and teachers The San Carlos Tribal community PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: After a 5 year hiatus due to tribal sovereignty issues with the UA mandated criminal background check for volunteers working with youth, the 4-H club program has been re-established, as the agent worked with the San Carlos Health and Welfare Committee and the UA 4-H Director, to allow background checks to be done at the San Carlos Detention Center instead of by the UA third party agency.
Impacts
Water Resources for Cattle and Ranches Workshop-A round robin evaluation the extension agent conducted asked the following questions: What did you learn from the workshop-how will you use it Attendees stated they learned 8 techniques-plan to use the following: use of larger pipe vs. smaller pipe; capacity of water storage tanks, will use to design water systems for cattle; there is more than one way to do things with water, will use whenever needed for a ranch; NRCS over engineers water systems, will use to simplify water design; other ways to pump water to ponds and tanks, will use to have Ash Creek Cattle Association look more into it; ways of pumping water to tanks/ponds, will go forward with new ideas on the ranch; solar panels, which the participant never has used and new type of plastic pipe, wish Anchor 7 Cattle Association could use it; how to protect valves in the water troughs from wildlife; currently do not have these, but they would be a good addition. Youth Gardening-Nutrition Projects: The agent made new links with San Carlos Alternative School and the Gila County/Mormon Humanitarian Project. Projects were in the seed stage. The class at San Carlos Alternative School learned about garden planning/preparation, foods with vitamins A/C, and healthy smoothie preparation. They used math skills for garden planning, and made 3 types of nutritious smoothies. They said they will make smoothies at home. In 2012, a new class of 5 constructed a compost bin. They learned how to plant spring crops. One student told the agent that he had never had a hands-on class like the JMG class-before he had only spent hours at the computer finishing reading requirements. Students in the fall class earned 1/4-1/2 school credit. A former Tribal Council member stated- I have heard good things about you in the community: that you work with the Tribe's goals, and try to do a good job.
Publications
- Tuttle, S., Martinez, C., Masters, L., Uhlman, K., Waits, J., Farrell, G., and Adolf, M. 2011 Are Participatory Methods of Extension Education Sustainable Journal of International Agricultural Extension Education 18(2). Published. (40%)
- Tuttle, S., Martinez, C., Masters, L., Benally, J., Livingston, M., and Alden, E. .Methodology and Techniques of Participatory and Extension Development Projects. (In Press). 2011. Accepted for the 2012 Conference of the Association of International Agricultural Extension Education. Nakorn Pathom Province, Thailand, May 21-24, 2012.
- Masters, L., Tuttle, S. The Evolution of Extension Research and Education Methods From Colonialism to Participatory. 2011. Association of International Extension Education (AIAEE) 27th Annual Conference Proceedings; Windhoek, Namibia. http://www.aiaee.org/attachments/article/1440/14.pdf (10%)
- Tuttle, S., Martinez, C., Masters, L., Benally, J., Livingston, M., and Alden, E. 2012. History, Origins, Methodology, and Techniques of Participatory and Extension Development Projects. (In Press) Accepted for presentation at the National Association of Community Development Extension Professionals (NACDEP) Conference. Park City, Utah. May 22, 2012. (35%)
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Progress 05/01/10 to 04/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Progress Narrative: (Note: the Extension Agent has been on extended sick leave from November 12 to present-April 15. The Extension Program Assistant position is vacant. Globe Extension Office has maintained limited contact with the reservation and responded to public requests). San Carlos Agriculture, Livestock Production, Range Management: Western Sustainable Agriculture (WSARE) Professional Development Grant Planning Meeting: The agent met with five Cattle Association Board Members and one private rancher to plan grant proposal and grant activities. San Carlos Cattle Association All-Board Meeting: The agent presented a proposal to 16 attendees to employ a high school student to enter data into the Cattle Association computer system developed by the Cattle Office, UA Extension, and a consultant. She also discussed and planned the Range Cattle and Ranch Horse Workshop with the group. Range Cattle and Ranch Horse Workshop: 20 participants attended and learned about range cattle nutrition, veterinary care; horse nutrition; horse body score conditioning, saddle fitting/ riding equipment demonstrations; and pasture weed management with a weed species mounted display. Three Community Garden Planning Meetings: The agent organized two meetings with tribal coworkers (3, 4 attendees); and one public meeting with 6 participants, to discuss developing traditional Apache gardens. San Carlos 4-H Youth Development: Junior Master Gardener Project: The agent met twice with 9 students and 2 teachers, from Mount Turnbull Academy, an alternative high school, who learned about soils, plant needs, vitamins A and D, and making nutritional smoothie drinks, through classroom sessions paired with hands-on activities. Natural Resource Youth Practicum Camp: The agent worked with tribal coworkers to plan and implement a youth camp based on natural resources careers, grades 7-12. She did two presentations there (17 youth, 9 adults; 20 youth, 9 adults), employing a project WET lesson using a hands- on activities on water flow in the landscape, and the other on cattle water resources. 4-H Quality Assurance Workshop: The agent assisted the Gila County 4-H Agent instructing an animal quality assurance workshop with 3 youth and 3 adult participants. Cattle Office Job Interviews: The agent interviewed 11 high school students for the data entry job at the Cattle Office; one was chosen. The agent also negotiated with the San Carlos Apache Tribe, through the tribal Health and Welfare Committee, to provide an alternative volunteer criminal background check using the San Carlos Police Department, as the Tribe did not want to use the University of Arizona systems background check. PARTICIPANTS: The extension agent held one planning meeting San Carlos Cattle Association Board members and tribal agency personnel, an in depth appreciative inquiry. We continue to partner with professionals from schools and tribal agencies to deliver 4-H youth programs. TARGET AUDIENCES: Cattle Association Board Members, Office, and Ranch Staff San Carlos Natural Resources Interdisciplinary Team San Carlos High School administrators, students, and teachers and teachers aides High School Agriculture Committee Mount Turnbull Academy administrators, students, and teachers The San Carlos Tribal community PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The agent used the information from the WSARE grant planning meeting to write the grant proposal, which was funded at $2479 for two workshops and a planning meeting. This grant provided funds for the Range Cattle and Ranch Horse Workshop. Written evaluations from this workshop were taken, but due to illness, the agent has not been able to analyze them. Observational impacts included attendees participating through listening, discussion, hands-on activities, and questions in a thoughtful manner. An interesting discovery, during the weed management session, was that one of the weeds was actually a traditional medicinal plant, as voiced by a participant. Discussion of community gardens came up with the following recommendations: traditional plants should be grown in central, accessible, and safe areas, where soils are good; we still need more public involvement, however. T-11 Ranch received a $3000 grant to develop Apache seeds for the gardens. Written evaluations were taken for the Junior Master Gardener sessions, but the agent was not able to analyze them due to sick leave. The students showed much enthusiasm during the smoothie activity, which was their favorite. Junior high students showed enthusiastic interest in the water flow exercise at the Natural Resources Practicum, trying to guess which way it would flow on their rocks and recognizing the patterns were not as most thought initially. The agent is waiting for final approval from the Health and Welfare Committee on the alternative volunteer criminal background check, before recruiting 4-H volunteers. The agent had been trying to get the high school student data entry job approved by the Cattle Associations for two years, in order to add data to make the computerized recordkeeping system functional; approval was granted, and the student worked 160 hours for a stipend; she learned computer use, data entry techniques, and positive work habits. The Career and Technical Education Teacher Supervisor said, We definitely need more of these kinds of jobs. Eleven high school students learned how to perform on a job interview, something they had never done before, which is good experience as they seek employment in the future: the high school agriculture teacher stated: the more we can do this kind of thing, the better!
Publications
- Tuttle, S.L., Dambeck, A., Adolf, M., Masters, L. Livingston, M. Hunt Crowley, T., Benally, J., Alden, E., 2010. Indian Country and County Extension: A Comparison of Personnel Administration and Proponents of Community Support. Proceedings of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association Conference, May 20-22, 2010, Tucson, AZ.
- Masters, L., Tuttle, S., Livingston, M., Adolf, M., Moore, G., Benally, J., Crowley, T., Hiller, J.G. 2010. Extension Research Guidelines for North American Indian Tribal Lands. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference, Association for International Agricultural and Extension, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Progress 05/01/09 to 04/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: San Carlos Agriculture, Livestock Production, Range Management: Range Livestock Nutrition 43 participants, focused on beef industry changes, rangeland management and supplementation. Cattle Eye and Vaccination Demo and Practice 10 participants observed and practiced eye disease treatments and vaccination techniques. Cattle Associations Extension Planning Meeting 16 participants, cattle association board members, tribal agency personnel, and UA extension faculty conducted an appreciative inquiry to review past extension programming and choose the high points during that time, in order to move forward with planning. Each participant expressed 3 wishes for the extension programming in the future: updating computer records; reaching more youth and association members; associations financial/organizational stability, including finding reliable workers; restocking plan for all 5 associations; pasture rotation and better use of pastures; pooling associations resources to buy supplements and market cattle; improving water resources for cattle; preparing for climate change; using EQUIP funds for purchasing equipment; training for servicing windmills, maintaining dirt tanks and solar water systems. Organic Wheat and Farming Workshop: provided to White Mountain Apache Reservation at their request, with 20 participants who learned about farming on the Navajo reservation; financial management for organic wheat; basic soils, fertilization, and irrigation for wheat crops in the Whiteriver area; and a soil sampling field demo. San Carlos 4-H Youth Development: Junior Master Gardener Nutrition Sessions: Seven interns recruited from the previous school year (08/09) completed an extensive internship teaching 6 first grade classes from January to May. 135 students and 7 interns completed 10 gardening and nutrition activities to earn their Golden Ray certificate from Junior Master Gardener (JMG) Nutrition program. Boys and Girls Club JMG Nutrition program: 40 to 80 youth met twice per week to complete 10 nutrition and gardening activities, as well as fitness and public speaking sessions. You Are What Youth Eat Community Activity: 109 youth and 19 volunteers learned concepts of healthy lifestyles, including nutrition, physical exercise, and avoidance of underage drinking, practiced physical fitness activities and consumed a healthy meal. Mount Turnbull Academy JMG Nutrition program: 19 alternative high school students met once per week for 5 sessions of 8 nutrition and gardening activities. Total contacts for the JMG Nutrition program: 1818 (225 individuals). Our Instructional Specialist, Celestina Fast Horse, was instrumental in organizing and teaching the classes, with her .3 FTE appointment provided by a Federal SNAP-E grant (formerly Food Stamp education grant) for one year. PARTICIPANTS: The extension agent held one planning meeting San Carlos Cattle Association Board members and tribal agency personnel, an in depth appreciative inquiry. We continue to partner with professionals from schools and tribal agencies to deliver 4-H youth programs, expanding our existing programs with San Carlos High and Primary schools and Diabetes Prevention, to include Boys and Girls Club, the Wellness Center, the Fitness Center, and Mount Turnbull Academy. TARGET AUDIENCES: Cattle Association Board Members, Office, and Ranch Staff; San Carlos Natural Resources Interdisciplinary Team; San Carlos High School administrators, students, and teachers and teachers aides; San Carlos Primary administrators, students, and teachers and teachers aides; High School Agriculture Committee; Boys and Girls Club members; Mount Turnbull Academy administrators, students, and teachers; The San Carlos Tribal community. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: There have been no modifications to the project.
Impacts
Evaluations from the Range Livestock Nutrition Workshop indicated an increase of awareness and knowledge of cattle nutrition; including supplementation, body score conditioning and plant nutritional value; and cattle disease. Participants planned to use the information from the workshop in various ways: applying knowledge to their operations; use for school youth; decide how to meet their needs; apply basic herd management before applying workshop tools. Both the Organic Wheat Workshop and the Cattle Eye and Vaccination Workshop increased knowledge and awareness of farming management and cattle health topics: White Mountain Apache will plan future workshops on organic pest control and irrigation systems in 2010. In the 4-H Youth Development Program, we formed 3 new links with community organizations: Mount Turnbull Academy, the Wellness Center and the Fitness center, and also formed 4 community and 1 national linkage for funding of Healthy Lifestyle community activities. 10 students at Mount Turnbull Academy earned one quarter academic credit in horticulture for completing the JMG Nutrition course. On evaluations, they stated that they learned about gardening and nutritional concepts: soils, planting and growing plants, healthy diets, fruits and their vitamins, and making smoothies. 7 high school interns learned how to teach gardening/nutrition activities, and acquired planning and leadership life skills. On the evaluation, one intern stated: I know now that I can teach a gardeners class to little kids, and help them stay healthy and pursue my career as a teacher/sports doctor. Another stated that she now plans a career as a teacher, after teaching youth in the program. 135 first grade students achieved certification through JMG national program for completing gardening and nutrition activities, including planting a garden, a public service activity, which should help youth to choose healthy foods and begin to learn how to grow their own foods, which is important in a community with a high incidence of diabetes (Arizona Health Information, 2005).
Publications
- Tuttle, S.L., Dambeck, A., Adolf, M., Masters, L.S., Livingston, M., and Hunt Crowley, T., Alden, E., Moore, G, Benally, J, Farrell,Jr., G., Indian Country Extension: a Comparison of Programs in the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension System. 2009. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference, Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- Masters, L., Tuttle, S.L., Livingston, M.,Adolf, M., Moore, G., Benally, J., Hunt Crowley, T., and Hiller, J.G. (2009). Extension Guidelines for North American Tribal Lands. Poster presented at the 25th Annual Conference, Association of International Agricultural and Extension Education. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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