Source: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA submitted to NRP
RISK IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION FOR AGRICHEMICALS AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0217031
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2008
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2013
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611
Performing Department
Unknown Department
Non Technical Summary
In order to evaluate whether aquatic plants and/or animals may be negatively affected by man-made chemicals or conditions, it is necessary to know the identity of potentially risk-inducing constituents, how often they are present in the water, and at what levels are they present. These studies focus on characterizing the presence of potentially risk-inducing pesticides in localized watersheds. Additionally, work will also focus on determining the effects of identified pesticides and condition on denitrifying microflora and other aquatic plants and invertebrates.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1120399200033%
1330210200033%
2030210115017%
3140210115017%
Knowledge Area
133 - Pollution Prevention and Mitigation; 112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 314 - Toxic Chemicals, Poisonous Plants, Naturally Occurring Toxins, and Other Hazards Affecting Animals; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
0210 - Water resources; 0399 - Watersheds and river basins, general;

Field Of Science
2000 - Chemistry; 1150 - Toxicology;
Goals / Objectives
1. Characterize potential exposure of aquatic resources (i.e. invertebrates, plants, etc.) to pesticides. 2. Characterize the potential effects of agrichemicals on freshwater and estuarine aquatic flora and fauna. 3. Develop and evaluate performance of potential Best Management Practices
Project Methods
In order to evaluate whether an ecological risk might exist, it is necessary to know the identity of potentially risk-inducing constituents, how often they are present in the water, and at what levels are they present. These studies will measure pesticide presence and/or loadings discharged in runoff/drainage water from well-defined sub-watersheds, residential developments, ornamental nurseries, and possibly other land-uses in order to identify pesticides of potential concern to denitrifying microflora and other aquatic organisms. Automated surface water samplers and manual sampling strategies will be used to collect runoff water samples during discrete events and/or at calendar-based intervals. Pesticides targeted will include carbamates, organo-phosphorus, organo-nitrogen, pyrethroid, and phenylpyrazoles labeled for use in residential/golf landscapes. Pesticides will be quantified by GC-TSD, GC-ECD, GC-MSD, and/or HPLC-FL/PDA. Additionally, non-target exposure of environmental resources due to agrichemical application practices will be measured using targets to assess non-target deposition on ground and water surfaces. In order to evaluate whether an ecological risk might exist, it is also necessary to know how endemic organisms may be affected by the constituents of concern. This involves literature searches if information relevant to local needs are available. If previous research has not been reported regarding the specific organisms of interest, then that data must be generated. For this project, organisms will be limited to plants, aquatic invertebrates, and endemic denitrifying microflora since they often occupy keystone positions within aquatic ecosystems. Target pesticides/constituents will be determined based on monitoring studies described above. Environmental risk mitigation refers to reducing the stress created by contaminants in the environment. The final objective of this project focuses on best and better management practices and small-scale, innovative bioremediation strategies for reducing the exposure of environmental resources to agrichemicals. Enrichment of surface waters with nitrogen and phosphorus has already been identified as an environmental problem in much of the US. An efficient denitrification bioreactor was developed and proof-of-concept was achieved under the last CRIS. Future studies focused on completion of denitrifying bioreactor development will: 1) determine sizing requirements for design of bioreactors under a given nitrate loading-flow rate scenario, 2) determine carbon consumption rates, 3) determine the impact of selected nursery pesticides on denitrification efficacy of the potential bioremediation system and 4) screen drainage water at local nurseries to determine possible pesticides-of-high-risk. Studies will also focus on development of phosphorus-removal modules and the development of methods for removing pesticides from contaminated surface water.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Environmental managers and scientists. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results from this overall cris project provide a basis for developement of presentations and teaching materialsfor inclusion in the PI's complementary extension program. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Will develop new project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Fipronil, a relatively new insecticide more recently developed than organophosphates and pyrethroids, has been detected in surface water draining from agricultural and urban-developed areas. This insecticide is primarily lost through subsurface and surface drainage from terrestrial areas where it has been applied. Invasive aquatic plants often need to be managed in these receiving water bodies to prevent loss of recreational and functional values (e.g., drainage), especially in subtropical and tropical areas. One insect of particular interest is the chironomid midge Cricotopus lebetis Sublette, which may be a useful augmentative biocontrol agent for the invasive aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royale. Exposure of aquatic organisms, especially insects, to fipronil may significantly impact nontarget populations. These studies investigated the sensitivity of C. lebetis to fipronil exposures ranging from 24 to 96 h. The LC50 observed for each exposure interval was 7.26 μg/L (24 h), 2.61 μg/L (48 h), 1.78 μg/L (72 h), and 1.06 μg/L (96 h). The LC90 values observed were 47.18 μg/L (24 h), 9.55 μg/L (48 h), 6.45 μg/L (72 h), and 4.81 μg/L (96 h). Behavioral changes were seen at all fipronil concentration levels, where larvae exited the plant and exhibited abnormal behavior, such as restricted movement and lack of feeding. Results indicate that acute lethality occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations of fipronil. Another major accomplishment was associated with development of a potential best management practice for protecting water quality. Nitrate losses in surface runoff water from nursery production areas can be significant. This study evaluated the potential use of microbial-based (denitrification), flow-through bioreactors for their nitrate-remediation ability. Duplicate bioreactor systems were constructed at a local foliage plant nursery. Each bioreactor system consisted of four 242 L tanks with connections alternating between bottom and top. Each tank was filled with approximately 113 L of Kaldness media to provide surface area for attachment of native microflora. Molasses was supplied as a carbon source for denitrification and water flow rates through the systems ranged from 5 to 18 L min_1 during tests. Automatic water samplers were used to collect composite samples every 15 min from both the inflow and the exit flow water. Results indicate consistent removal of 80-100% of the nitrate flowing into the systems. Accumulation of ammoniacal and nitrite nitrogen did not occur, indicating that the nitrate-nitrogen was removed from the water, and not simply transformed into another water-soluble species. Occasions where removal rates were less than 80% were usually traced to faulty delivery of the carbon source. Results indicate that modular microbial-based bioremediation systems may be a useful tool for helping water managers meet stringent nitrogen water quality regulations, especially at nurseries with limited space for expansion of water retention facilities.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wilson, P.C. and J.P. Albano. 2013. Novel flow-through bioremediation system for removing nitrate from nursery discharge water. J. Environ. Management 132:192-198
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Stratman, K.N., P.C. Wilson, W.A. Overholt, J.P. Cuda, and M.D. Netherland. 2013. Toxicity of fipronil to the midge, Cricotopus lebetis Sublette. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 76:716-722
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Yao, H., J. Lu, J. Wu, Z. Lu, P.C. Wilson, and Y. Shen. 2013. Adsorption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics by wastewater sludge biochar: role of the sludge source. Water Air Soil Pollut. 224:1370
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wilson, P.C. and R. Koch*. 2013. Influence of exposure concentration and duration on effects and recovery of Lemna minor exposed to the herbicide norflurazon. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 64:228-234.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wilson, P.C. and Y. Lin. 2013. Effects of exposure period duration on the response of Lemna minor exposed to the herbicide metolachlor. Abstract Book of the 34th Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 17-21, Nashville, TN, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Yang, Y-Y, J. Lu, P.C. Wilson, and G. Toor. 2013. Trace organic compounds in the drainfield of onsite wastewater treatment systems. Abstract 155-14:3017, Soil Science Society of America, Long Beach, CA, USA.


Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Environmental managers (natural resources), nursery managers,researchers, extension agents, farm managers Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Results from research allowed assessment of risks of pesticides to aquatic organisms in southern florida. Studies also provided proof-of-concept for using a bioreactor system for efficiently removing nitrate from surface water in space-limited nurseries.Results charachterized the losses of copper, pesticides,and nutrients in runoff water from citrus groves and ornamental plant nurseries; and documented the reduction in nitrate contamination of surface drainage water when nurseries transition to slow-release fertilizer formulations. Useful pesticide analysis methods were developed for quantifying pyrethroid insecticides in emulsion-prone surface water samples, and for analysis of carmabate insecticides in sediments. Toxicity studies characterized the toxicicity of fipronil to the midge lavae, Cricotopu lebetis; as well as the herbicides norflurazoon and simazine to Vallisneria americana. These studies also evealuated the effects of exposure duration (to norflurazon)on potential recovery of Lemna minor, a surrogate aquatic macrophyte.

Publications


    Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

    Outputs
    OUTPUTS: Given the widespread use of norflurazon and its common presence in surface water, the objectives of this study were to evaluate 1) the effects of norflurazon on the surrogate aquatic macrophyte, L. minor, and 2) the potential recovery of L. minor following removal of norflurazon. Plants were exposed for 10 days followed by a recovery period in which the plants were not exposed to the herbicide. Other studies evaluated the potential interactions of the herbicide atrazine and metolachlor in non-target aquatic macrophytes using L. minor as a surrogate. Summaries of results from these studies and previously reported outputs were reported in the form of peer-reviewed journal articles, abstracts, and presentations at regional, national, and international meetings. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

    Impacts
    Results from the herbicide recovery study showed reductions in frond production as early as 2 days after treatment (DAT) at concentrations greater than or equal to 250 ug/L. The observed no observable adverse effects concentrations (NOAEC) and lowest observable adverse effects concentrations (LOAEC) during the 2, 6, and 10 d exposure periods were 100/250, 10/25, and 10/25 ug/L, respectively, for total frond production. The estimated EC50 for total frond production was 24.9 +/- 4.1 ug/L (6 d exposure). Symptoms of norflurazon toxicity (bleaching of foliage) were apparent within 2 DAT for concentrations greater than or equal to 25 ug/L with 30-39% of the fronds within each treatment exhibiting symptoms of toxicity. After 6 and 10 d exposure, 69-77% and 80-95% of these plants showed toxic symptoms. Symptoms of toxicity for the 10 ug/L treatment first appeared 4 DAT (51% of fronds symptomatic), peaked at 91% 8 DAT, and were only 2% 10 DAT indicating recovery. Norflurazon toxicity was eventually reversible at all concentrations once it was removed from the nutrient solutions. After 17 d recovery (27 DAT), growth rates for all concentrations less than or equal to 250 ug/L were similar to the controls. Growth rates for all treatment concentrations recovered to control levels after 28 d recovery (38 DAT). These studies increased our understanding of the potential risks of norflurazon to non-target macrophytes, and provides a good protocol for evaluating potential recovery of other contaminants.

    Publications

    • 2) Wilson, P.C., B.J. Boman, and J.P. Albano. 2012. Copper losses in surface runoff from flatwoods citrus production areas. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 89:751-754.
    • 1) Wilson, P.C. and R. Koch. 2012 (online). Influence of exposure concentration and duration on effects and recovery of Lemna minor exposed to the herbicide norflurazon. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. DOI 10.1007/s00244-012-9834-8.
    • 3) Pannu, M.W., G.S. Toor, G.A. OConnor, and P.C. Wilson. 2012. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne triclosan in food crops. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31:2130-2137.
    • 6) Wilson, P.C. and J.P. Albano. 2012. Potential remediation of nitrate-contaminated water in space-limited areas using microbial-based bioreactors. Abstract Book of the 33rd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 11-15, Long Beach, CA, USA. (abstract)
    • 7) Wu, J., J. Lu, P.C. Wilson, and Y. Lin. 2012. Surface water contamination within residential-use areas with organo-nitrogen/organo-phosphate pesticides. Abstract Book of the 33rd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 11-15, Long Beach, CA, USA. (abstract)
    • 8) Wilson, P.C. and J.P. Albano. 2012. Reducing nitrate in drainage and runoff water using bacterial-based bioreactors and slow-release fertilizer formulations. American Society for Horticultural Science Colloquium entitled, Regulating Water Quality: Current Legislation, Future Impacts, July 30th-August 2nd, Miami, FL. (abstract)
    • 4) Smith, R.D., P. C. Wilson, and S. Daroub. 2012. Determination of the effects of contaminant mixtures on aquatic macrophytes. International Ecology (INTECOL) International Wetlands Conference, June 3rd-8th, Orlando, FL. (abstract)
    • 5) Lu, J., J. Wu, P.J. Stoffella, and P.C. Wilson. 2012. Potential bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in leafy vegetables. Abstract Book of the 33rd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 11-15, Long Beach, CA, USA. (abstract)
    • 9) Toor, G.S., P.C. Wilson, and Y.-Y. Yang. 2012. A state-of-the-art onsite wastewater treatment system facility to investigate fate and transport of contaminants. 2012 Land Grant and Sea Grant National Water Conference, May 20th-24th, Portland, OR. (abstract)
    • 10) Wu, J., L. Lu, Y. Lin, and C. Wilson. 2012. Contamination of surface water within residential-use areas with fipronil, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil sulfone. Indian River Lagoon Research Symposium, Harbor Branch, Fort Pierce, FL. (abstract)
    • 11) Wilson, P.C. and J.P. Albano. 2012. Nitrate removal from contaminated surface water using a microbial-based bioremediation system. Indian River Lagoon Research Symposium, Harbor Branch, Fort Pierce, FL. (abstract)


    Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

    Outputs
    OUTPUTS: Results from studies were published in peer-reviewed journals. Additionally, abstracts were published and presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry meetings, held in Boston, MA. Results were also shared with extension agents at an extension in-service training in Hastings, FL. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

    Impacts
    Much uncertainty exists regarding the discharge characteristics of terrestrial-use herbicides into aquatic systems. Research evaluated the temporal distribution and concentrations of five commonly used herbicides (atrazine, bromacil, metolachlor, norflurazon, and simazine) in a typical South Florida watershed. These systems received drainage water from a variety of land-uses, including residential, pastures, and citrus production. Herbicides were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS/SIM. Atrazine was most frequently detected (87% of samples) in the canal serving the residentially developed sub-basin, with mean, median, and maximum concentrations of 0.65, 0.43, and 6.67 ng/mL, respectively. Norflurazon was most frequently detected (90-95% of samples) in the systems serving agricultural production areas. Bromacil, metolachlor, and simazine were detected in 14-36%, 1.8-10%, and 10-35% of the samples, respectively. Bromacil+norflurazon was the most commonly detected (240 samples of 1060 total) binary combination of herbicides; whereas bromacil+norflurazon+simazine was the most frequently detected tertiary combination (58 samples). While detectable concentrations were present for significant periods of time, risks of acute toxicity were relatively low; affecting <1% of the potentially affected fraction (PAF) of plant species based on 90th centile exposure concentrations and 10th centile effects concentrations from species sensitivity distributions. The potential use of a 1.34 ha constructed wetland for removing norflurazon and simazine from surface water as evaluated. The total length of the wetland was 400 m and width was 35 m. The plant community within the system consisted primarily of Panicum repens, Atternanthera plodoxeroides, and Bacopa caroliniana. Norflurazon and simazine, derived from commercial formulations, were injected (51.1 g active ingredient each) directly into the water pumped into the wetland over a 2 h period. Water samples were collected from the wetland upstream of the dosing system at 3 h intervals from the beginning through 360 hours and at the exit point at 1, 2, and 3 h intervals for the periods of 0-24, 25-48 and 49-360 h after dosing, respectively. Neither herbicide was detected in the inflow water during the entire study. Norflurazon was first detected at the exit 19 h after dosing and simazine after 23 h. Discharge patterns of the two herbicides differed dramatically. Norflurazon tended to bleed off from the wetland with no distinct peak concentration. However, the mobile fraction of simazine was discharged over a 58 h period. Mean/maximum/median detectable concentrations of the herbicides were 3.9+/-1.7 / 8.1 / 3.4 ng/mL for norflurazon, and 11.9+/-6.8 / 23.6 / 12.0 ng/mL for simazine, respectively. The total mass of norflurazon and simazine discharged from the exit during the 15 d study were 51.7 g and 26.9 g, indicating 0% and 47.4% removal from the surface water by the system.

    Publications

    • Lu, J., J. Wu, T. Chen, C. Wilson, X. Hao, J. Qian, Y. Su, and C. Liu. 2011. Acid tolerance of an acid mine drainage bioremediation system based on biological sulfate reduction. Bioresources Technology. (In press)
    • Wilson, P.C. and B.J. Boman. 2011. Characterization of Selected Organo-nitrogen Herbicides in South Florida Canals: Exposure and Risk Assessments. Sci. Total Environ. 412/13:119-126.
    • Wilson, P.C., H. Lu, and Y. Lin. 2011. Norflurazon and Simazine Removal from Surface Water Using a Constructed Wetland. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 87:426-430.
    • Campbell, K., S.B. Wilson, Z. He, and P.C. Wilson. 2011. Web-based interactive teaching tools for native plant identification. HortTech. 21:504-508.
    • Wu, J., Y. Lin, J. Lu, and C. Wilson. 2011. Copper clean-up procedure for ultrasonic extraction and analysis of pyrethroid and phenylpyrazole pesticides in sediments by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Sci. Tot. Environ. 409:3482-3491.
    • Wilson, P.C. and J.P. Albano. 2011. Impact of Fertigation versus Slow Release Fertilizer Formulations on Nitrate Enrichment of Nursery Drainage Water. HortTech. 21:176-180.
    • Waria, M., G. O'Connor, G. Toor, and C. Wilson. 2011. Phytoaccumulation of triclosan (TCS) from biosolids-amended soils. Abstract Book of the 32nd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 13-17, Boston, MA, USA.
    • Lu, J., J. Wu, and C. Wilson. 2011. Analysis of bisphenol A in a leafy vegetable using an isotope dilution technique, liquid-liquid extraction, and gc-tandem ms analysis. Abstract Book of the 32nd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 13-17, Boston, MA, USA.
    • Wu, J., L. Lu, Y. Lin, and C. Wilson. 2011. Surface water contamination associated with fipronil use in residential landscapes. Abstract Book of the 32nd Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 13-17, Boston, MA, USA.


    Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

    Outputs
    OUTPUTS: Results from a chlorothalonil non-target deposition study at a commercial foliage plant nursery were published in the Journal of Environmental Quality. Results from a 3-yar canal surface water monitoring study were presented and an abstract published at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry meetings held in Portland, Oregon. A method that we developed for extracting and analyzing emulsion-prone surface water samples was published in the Journal of Chromatography A. Results from a nitrate runoff characterization study were published in HortTechnology. Results from the bioreactor remediation project were shared with local growers, interested stakeholders, and other professionals through the USDA-ARS Floral and Nursery Crops Researchers Workshop (Cleveland, OH) local extension engagements. Toxicity results for Vallisneria Americana exposed to simazine and bromacil were published in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

    Impacts
    The extraction/analysis method developed for analysis of pyrethroid pesticides in emulsion-prone surface water samples provides researchers with a more efficient and precise method for analyzing samples. The nitrate-in-runoff characterization study provided quantitative concentration, flow, and loading data reflecting actual nitrate discharges possible at containerized plant nurseries. This information is needed for designing remediation systems. The pesticide monitoring projects are providing data to help identify active ingredients for which future studies focusing on best management practices development, fate, and toxicological studies will be designed. The Vallisneria study provided managers with threshold toxicity values for simazine and bromacil.

    Publications

    • Wu, J., J. Lu, P.C. Wilson, Y. Lin, and H. Lu. 2010. Effective liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method for analysis of pyrethroid and phenylpyrazole pesticides in emulsion-prone surface water samples. J. Chromatography A 1217: 6327-6333.
    • Wilson, P.C., C. Riiska, and J. Albano. 2010. Non-target Deposition and Losses of Chlorothalonil in Irrigation Run-off Water from a Commercial Foliage Plant Nursery. J. Environ. Qual. 39(6): 2130-2137.
    • Wilson C. and J.P. Albano. 2010. Nitrate concentrations in nursery drainage water during transition from a full fertigation program to a slow-release fertilizer program: a real nursery experience. Proc. South. Nurs. Assoc. Res. Conf. 55(in press).
    • Wilson, P.C., M. Mozdzen, C. Riiska, and J.P. Albano. 2010. Nitrate concentrations and loadings in surface runoff waters from ornamental plant production nurseries. HortTechnol. 20(2):325-330.
    • Wilson, P.C. and S.B. Wilson. 2010. Toxicity of simazine and bromacil to Vallisneria americana. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 29:201-211. (Published online 25 September 2009)
    • Wilson, P.C., B. Boman, Y. Lin, and H. Lu. 2010. Identification and Quantification of Selected Pesticides Entering the St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon. Abstract Book of the 31st Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 7-11, Portland, OR, USA.
    • Wilson, P.C. 2010. Potential impacts of nursery management practices on water quality. Florida State Horticulture Society, Crystal River, FL.
    • Owen, J.R., S.A. White, W. Bauerle, J. Albano, P.C. Wilson, T. Yeager, and T. Bilderback. 2010. Nursery Production technologies for enhancing water quality protection and water conservation. 2010 Land Grant & Sea Grant National Water Conference. February 21-25, Hilton Head, SC, USA.
    • Wu, J., Y. Lin, and P.C. Wilson. 2010. An ultrasonic extraction method for analysis of pesticides in sediments. Florida Scientist (Florida Academy of Sciences) 73:51.


    Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

    Outputs
    OUTPUTS: Results from a norflurazon+simazine in surface water remediation research project were presented and an abstract published at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry meetings held in Tampa, FL. Results from a pesticide extraction method development project were published in the journal, Bulletin of Environ. Contamin. and Toxicology. Results from a nitrate remediation bioreactor project were shared with local growers, interested stakeholders, and other professionals through the National Floriculture Tour and local extension engagements. Results from the pesticide exposure characterization projects were presented to citrus grove managers and advisors during extension training sessions held for the Indian River Citrus Show and the Certified Crop Advisors. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

    Impacts
    The final method developed for extracting carbamate pesticides from soils provides researchers with a more environmentally friendly and precise method for analyzing samples. Tthe bioreactor development project has provided proof-of-concept for the larger-scale development of a system for nitrate removal from enriched water. The pesticide monitoring projects are providiing data to help identify active ingredients for which future studies focusing on best management practices development, fate, and toxicological studies will be designed.

    Publications

    • Lu H., Y. Lin, and P.C. Wilson. 2009. Organic-solvent-free extraction method for determination of carbamate pesticides in soil and sediment samples. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 83:621-625.
    • Vieira F.C.B., Z.L. He, C. Wilson, and C. Bayer. 2009. Speciation of aluminum in solution of an acidic sandy soil amended with organic composts. Communications in Soil and Plant Analysis. 40:2094-2110.
    • Wilson, S.B., K.L. Muller, P.C. Wilson, M.R. Incer, P.J. Stoffella, and D.A. Graetz. 2009. Evaluation of a new container media for Aglaonema production. Comm. Soil Sci and Plant Analysis 40:2673-2687.
    • White, S. and C. Wilson. 2009 (March/April). Green nursery production practices part 2: nitrate remediation for nurseries. The South Carolina Nurseryman, South Carolina Nursery and Landscape Asscoiation, p. 39.
    • White, S. J. Owen, and C. Wilson. 2009 (January/February). Green nursery production practices part 2: nitrate remediation for nurseries. The South Carolina Nurseryman, South Carolina Nursery and Landscape Asscoiation, p. 27.
    • Lu, H., Y. Lin, B. Boman, and C. Wilson. 2008. Reduction of norflurazon and simazine in surface water using a vegetated flow-way. Abstract Book of the 29th Society of Environmental Toxicology meeting, November 16-20, Tampa, FL, USA.