Progress 12/01/08 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: The public (homeowners), professional nursery producers, industry and university scientists. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project has provided training for 2 visiting scientists, 2 Ph.D. students and 1 MS student in the last five years. Each of these visitors and students has or will have published the results of their projects, dissertations and thesis. Students and PI’s have presented results at regional and national meetings. Personnel in the lab have gained knowledge and skills in molecular genetics, population analyses and breeding. Research collaborations were formed with other private, state and federal agencies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Three new C. kousa cultivars were released and are now available to Tennessee, USA and Japanese growers. Individual nursery producers have been contacted and offered budwood for clonal (vegetative) propagation of the cultivars. These cultivars were introduced at numerous field days and arboretum talks open to the public as well as colleagues. The C. kousa cultivars and work with the endangered species (Pityopsis ruthii ) were presented at regional and national horticultural and conservation meetings. Most of the investigations have been or will be published in international, peer-reviewed journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? End of project.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The overall objective for the project was to develop/identify ornamental plants adapted to the mid-south region and that are marketable in the United States and the world. During this project, three new cultivars of Cornus kousa with excellent horticultural characteristics selected and developed: 1) ‘Empire’, a very robust and tall columnar tree; 2 ) ‘Red Steeple’, a medium-sized columnar tree with some red foliage; and 3) ‘Pam’s Mountain Bouquet’, which is a spreading tree that exhibits fused bracts. All three cultivars are resistant to dogwood powdery mildew and dogwood anthracnose; no insect pest problems were identified. Although C. kousa cultivars are usually grown in northern clines, these trees are well-adapted to southern zones. Furthermore, the cultivars are expected to do well in Japanese markets where C. kousa is the preferred dogwood species. Interspecific and intraspecific breeding between and with C. kousa and C. florida were conducted. F1 progeny have been planted in the field and should bloom in the next two to three years. Molecular genetic projects were completed with redbud (Cercis canadensis and other Cercis species) and viburnum (Viburnum species). In these studies, the genetic diversity, relatedness and identification of cultivars and species were explored. During the project period, we also worked with Pityopsis ruthii, an endangered species only found in a few locations in Tennessee that has good commercial ornamental potential. This species is well-adapted to drought/heat stresses and is also resistant to submersion in water. Tissue was collected (with the proper permits) and cloned individuals that have been grown in various locations. The plants appear to be very well-adapted to greenhouse growing conditions and landscape environments as well as varied geographic locations and environments. However, it does have a few disease and pest problems. Breeding experiments were conducted with unique genotypes and have made selections from F1 intraspecific hybids and interspecific hybrids with P. graminifolia, a sympatric species. These hybrids are being evaluated in the greenhouse. Interspecific hybrids between C. kousa (powdery mildew resistant) and C. florida (powdery mildew susceptible) were made and progeny are being evaluated in the field. Flowering requires about five-to-seven years. Almost all of the interspecific hybrid seedlings are susceptible to powdery mildew. Intraspecific crosses between red- and white- bracted C. kousa cultivars were made and progeny are growing in the nursery. Disease incidence was low. Flowering will not occur for several more years. Three trees have been selected from a field planting of open pollinated (half-sib) C. kousa seedlings and have unique horticultural traits including columnar habits and fused bracts. The fused bracted cultivar ‘Pam’s Mountain Bouquet’ was hybridized to a red-bracted C. kousa cultivar in an attempt to introduce color into the fused bracts. Seedlings are currently growing in the nursery. In addition, several C. kousa trees are being evaluated for late-blooming and bract characteristics. Progeny from crosses between white- bracted and red-bracted cultivars of C. florida as well as backcrosses to red -bracted cultivars of C. florida were made and are now growing in the field. Flowering of the progeny is expected to occur during the spring of 2014. All crosses appear to be susceptible to powdery mildew. Crosses between powdery mildew resistant cultivars and red-bracted cultivars of C. florida were made and progeny have been planted in the field. All progeny appear to be susceptible to powdery mildew. A ‘pseudo’ F2 flowering dogwood population was recently developed from a cross of ‘Cherokee Brave’ (red-bracted) × ‘Appalachian Spring’ (white-bracted). The foliage of 94 F2 plants segregated into green- and red- leaved phenotypes and was visually rated for color on five spring dates over three years (2007 – 2009). Chi-square analyses of observed segregation of phenotypes indicated that a complementary gene interaction form of epistasis controls foliage color with a 9:7 two gene ratio. We propose the symbols rl1 and rl2 for the genes controlling this trait. The same segregating pseudo-F2 population was evaluated with 255 simple sequence repeat markers and used to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for foliage color. Four different QTLs were identified, and were found to have a low percentage of phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs. QTL instability was detected over time, providing evidence of the complex genetics for red pigment expression in flowering dogwood. No progress was made on biological control of dogwood powdery mildew. The biocontrol agents either could not be established on leaf disks or if established, completely overgrew the leaf surface and did not permit inoculation with the pathogen. The rate of proliferation of microshoots from axillary buds or the rooting of shoots of yellowwood was not significantly improved compared to previous studies. Additionally, the stability of cultures over time was not significantly different compared to previous results.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Trigiano, R.N., T. A. Rinehart, M.E. Dee, P. A. Wadl, L. E. Poplaski and B. H. Ownley. 2014. First Report of Aerial Blight of Ruths Golden Aster (Pityopsis ruthii) caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the United States. Plant Dis. (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wadl, P.A., T. A. Rinehart, A. J. Dattilo, M. Pistrang, L.M. Vito, R. Milstead, and R.N. Trigiano. 2013. Propagation and conservation of the federally endangered perennial species Pityopsis ruthii. HortScience (in press).
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A single custom, normalized library for Roche/454 sequencing was prepared and sequenced for C. florida bract ('Cherokee Brave') and leaf ('Appalachian Spring' and 'Cherokee Brave') tissue. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 1,621,644 reads that were assembled into 63,029 unique sequences, comprising 42,946 isotigs (26,627 isogroups) and 20,083 singletons. From the sequencing reads 5,670 EST-SSRs were identified and primer pairs were designed for 94 randomly selected loci. After PCR screening of the 94 loci with DNA from four C. florida individuals nine polymorphic loci were selected for further analysis. Twenty-two taxa, comprising six species of Cornus and an interspecific hybrid, were amplified with nine polymorphic EST-SSRs. The number of alleles detected for all samples ranged from 3-to- 10. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.05 to 0.67 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.36 to 0.84. Cross species transfer of EST-SSRs from C. florida to related Cornus species was determined by calculating for each locus the number of alleles and number of genotypes. Amplification success was highest in the big- bracted species as all loci amplified in C. florida and C. kousa x C. nuttallii and eight loci amplified in C. elliptica and C. kousa. However, only three loci amplified in C. alba, C. alternifolia, and C. sericea. For C. florida, the number of alleles ranged from 2- to- 8 and the number of genotypes detected ranged from 2- to- 9. All except 2 loci were polymorphic for the samples of C. kousa x C. nuttallii. Likewise, all loci that amplified were polymorphic for C. sericea. The samples of C. alba and C. elliptica were homozygous at all loci that amplified. There are 11 recognized Cercis species, but identification can be ambiguous using morphological characters, which are largely quantitative and continuous. Three species are widely used in ornamental plant breeding including three varieties of C. canadensis from North America, and two Asian species, C. chingii and C. chinensis. Fifty-one taxa were sampled comprising eight species of Cercis and a closely related species, Bauhinia faberi. Sixty-eight polymorphic SSRs were used to asses genetic relationships between species and cultivars. The number of alleles detected for all samples ranged from 2- to- 20 and included 22 loci (32%) that detected 10 or more alleles. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.00- to- 0.61 with a mean of 0.27, whereas expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.06- to- 0.92 and a mean of 0.61. Cross species transfer within Cercis was extremely high, with 55 loci that amplified at 100%. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This work confirms the applicability of flowering dogwood EST-SSRs for the breeding and genetics of flowering dogwood and other Cornus species. We expect to optimize more EST-SSRs in order to accelerate breeding of flowering dogwood cultivars with improved disease resistance, heat or drought tolerance, and other aesthetically appealing ornamental traits. The EST-SSRs discovered from the transcriptome of flowering dogwood and transcriptomes from other model species will impact molecular phenotyping of ornamental species for discovery of genes that are adaptations to potential climate changes such as rainfall and temperature. Results of the redbud study support previously reported phylogenetic relationships of the North American and western Eurasian species and indicate suitability of these markers for mapping studies involving C. canadensis and C. chinensis. Results also support pedigrees from ornamental tree breeding programs for the widely cultivated C. canadensis and C. chinensis species, which are important ornamentals in the US and comprised the majority of the samples analyzed.
Publications
- Trigiano, R.N., P.A. Wadl, D. Dean, D. Hadziabdic, B.E. Scheffler, F. Runge, S. Telle, M. Thines, J. Ristaino, and O. Spring. 2012. Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci from Peronospora tabacina, the cause of blue mold of tobacco. Mycologia 104(3): 633-640. DOI:10.3852/11-288.
- Wang, X., P. A. Wadl, A. Wood-Jones, G. Windham, R. N. Trigiano, M. Scruggs, C. Pilgrim, and R. Baird. 2012. Characterization of expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat markers for Aspergillus flavus: emphasis on variability of isolates from the southern United States. Mycopathologia. 174:371-382. DOI 10.1007/s11046-012-9573-4.
- Wadl, P.A., R.N. Trigiano, D. J. Werner, M. R. Pooler, and T. A. Rinehart. 2012. Simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) from Cercis canadensis show wide cross-species transfer and utility in genetic studies. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 137 (3):189-201.
- Porter, J. A., H. Y. Wetzstein, D. Berle, P. A. Wadl, and R. N. Trigiano. 2012. Molecular analysis of the genetic relatedness of georgia plume, a rare, threatened endemic, for the development of conservation strategies. HortScience 47(5): 563-569.
- Hansen, J.A., W.E. Klingeman, J.K. Moulton, J.B. Oliver, M.T. Windham, A. Zhang and R.N. Trigiano 2012. Molecular phylogeny of Synanthedonini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) using Cytochrome Oxidase I. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 105(4): 520-528.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) populations were studied in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park with 18 SSR markers. Two genetic clusters exist within the park separated by the main dividing ridges of the Great Smoky Mountains. The differentiation of the clusters is subtle, but statistically significant, with gene flow evident through low-elevation corridors indicating nonrandom mating that occurs between related individuals despite wide dispersal of seeds. Considerable genetic diversity of flowering dogwood in the park still exists at the population level. A segregating pseudo F2 population of 94 individuals of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), together with 255 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, was used to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for foliage color. Foliage color segregated into green- and red-leaved phenotypes and was visually rated for color on five spring dates over three years. Repeated measures single-marker categorical analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified four putative QTLs (CF309C, CF792A, CF367B and CF367C) on three linkage groups. Dispersal of flowering dogwood pollen in an orchard was evaluated by performing parentage analyses on open pollinated seedlings collected from a single maternal tree. Although the majority of paternal trees were located within the 12 m (39.4 ft) radius of the study area, the trees most likely to have donated pollen were some of those located the greatest distance from the mother tree. Unusual pollen movement may be explained, in part, by asynchronous flowering times of trees within the study or by genetic similarities exhibited between the mother tree and potential pollen donors in the area. Insect pollinators for C. florida and C. kousa were assessed in East Tennessee. Visitation rate data were compiled throughout the flowering period of both tree species across a range of environmental conditions. Visitors to C. florida varied considerably across sites and between years, however bees in the Andrenidae and Halictidae were consistently present. Although halictid bees were also common visitors to C. kousa, the most common visitors were scarab, cerambycid, and cantharid beetles. The genetic diversity of 16 cultivars of V. dilatatum and 2 hybrids with V. japonicaum was investigated using 11 microsatellite loci identified from a GT-enriched genomic library constructed from 'Asian Beauty'. All cultivars could be identified with the markers. These markers also transferred to a number of other taxa within the Adoxaceae. Twelve microsatellite loci were developed for the endangered species Pityopsis ruthii and had between three to seven alleles per locus. Flower receptacles or leaf segments of P. ruthii were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in combination with 6-benzyladenine (BA). Hyperhydricity and rooting of developed shoots was problematic, but viable plants were regenerated using both explants sources and established in the greenhouse. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The study of Cornus florida populations in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park confirms that despite losses due to disease, the genetic diversity is still adequate to ensure the health of this important tree species. The mating "corridors" found in the study probably indicate seed dispersal by birds and ensure gene flow. The development of QTLs for C. florida is important for breeding trees with red color. The QTLs will allow selection/assessment of seedlings for color characteristics prior to a 5 -7 year maturation period. Identification of specific natural pollinators for both C. florida and C. kousa will aid in breeding since protocols have been developed using insect pollinators within closed (caged) environments. Also, knowing the natural pollinators will allow for the evaluation of pollen movement (gene flow) within native populations. The genus Viburnum is a very complex and poorly defined group of closely related plants. The molecular markers that were developed are expected to help refine the phylogenetic relationship of V. dilatatum to other species and genera within the Adoxaceae. They will also aid in breeding for new cultivar development, and assisting with early detection and screening of plants that have escaped cultivation. Pityopsis ruthii is an endangered species that only occurs in restricted habitats along two river systems in east Tennessee. The tissue culture protocols developed for regeneration of plants from flower receptacles and leaf explants can produce thousands of plants in a relatively short time span. The production of plants and placement in suitable habitats are paramount to the recovery of the species. The molecular markers will permit assessment of genetic diversity of the species and if gene flow occurs between the two river systems.
Publications
- Hadzaidbdic, D., X. Wang, P. A. Wadl, T. A. Rinehart, B. H. Ownley and R. N. Trigiano. 2012. Genetic deveristy of flowering dogwoods in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Tree Gene. and Genomes (in press).
- Rhoades, P.R., W.E. Klingeman, R.N. Trigiano and J.A. Skinner. 2011. Evaluating pollination biology of Cornus florida and C. kousa (Cornaceae: Cornales). Kansas Entomological Soc. (in press).
- Dean, D., P. A. Wadl, X. Wang , W.E. Klingeman, B. H. Ownley, T. A. Rinehart, B.E. Scheffler, and R. N. Trigiano. 2011. Characterization of eleven novel microsatellite markers from Viburnum dilatatum. HortScience 46 (11):1456-1459.
- Wadl, P. A., A. J. Dattilo, B. E. Scheffler, and R. N. Trigiano. 2011. Development of microsatellite loci for the endangered species Pityopsis ruthii (Asteraceae). Amer. J. Bot. doi:10.3732/aj0b.110010
- Rhoades,P.R., P. A. Wadl, W. E. Klingeman, R. N. Trigiano, J. Skinner. 2011. Using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to measure pollen flow in a flowering dogwood orchard. J. Enviorn.Hort. 29(4):175-179.
- Wadl, P. A., A.J. Dattilo, L.M. Vito, and R. N. Trigiano. 2011. Micropropagation of Pityopsis ruthii, an endemic and endangered species. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 106: 513-516. . DOI 10.1007/s11240-011-9930-x
- Wang, X., P. A. Wadl, R. Cabrera, B. E. Scheffler, C. Pounders, M. Pooler, T. A. Rinehart, and R. N. Trigiano. 2011. Genetic diversity estimates among crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.) cultivars based on simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 136(2):116-128.
- Wadl, P. A., A. M. Saxton, X. Wang, V. R. Pantalone, T. A. Rinehart, and R. N. Trigiano. 2011. Simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers associated with red foliage in Cornus florida L. Mol. Breed. 27:409-416. DOI 10.1007/s11032-011-9551-4
- *Wadl, P.A., D. Dean, Y. Li, L. M. Vito, B. E. Scheffler, D. Hadziabdic, M. T. Windham, and R. N. Trigiano. 2011. Development and characterization of microsatellites for switchgrass rust fungus (Puccinia emaculata). Conservation Genet. Res. 3:185-188. DOI 10.1007/s12686-010-9320-4
- Trigiano, R.N., A. J. Dattilo, and P. A. Wadl. 2011. First report of powdery mildew on Ruth's Golden Aster (Pityopsis ruthii) caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Erysiphe cichoracearum). Plant Dis. 95 (7): 879.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Most of the information generated by the research of this project was disseminated to our primary audience, the scientific community, via referred journal publications. We do also share information on breeding advances and plant selections with nursery production stakeholders via telephone conversations and site visits. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) populations have experienced severe declines caused by dogwood anthracnose. Mortality has ranged from 48-98%, raising the concern that genetic diversity has been reduced significantly. Genetic variation in areas affected by anthracnose was as high as or higher than areas without die-offs. We found evidence of four widespread, spatially contiguous genetic clusters in eastern United States. These observations suggest that high dispersal rates and large effective population sizes have so far prevented rapid loss of genetic diversity. In another study, a 'pseudo' F2 flowering dogwood population was developed from crosses of 'Cherokee Brave' x 'Appalachian Spring'. The F2s plants segregated into green and red leaved phenotypes. Foliage color for 94 F2 plants was visually rated for color on five dates over three years (2007 - 2009). Chi-square analysis of observed segregation of phenotypes indicated that complementary gene interaction form of epistasis controls foliage color. The symbols rl1 and rl2 were proposed for the genes controlling this trait. Cross species transferability of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) is common and allows SSRs isolated from one species to be applied to closely related species increasing the utility of previously isolated SSRs. In this study, 36 SSRs were tested using 44 taxa from 18 Cornus species and hybrids for cross species transferability and genetic diversity was assessed for each locus using polymorphism information content (PIC). Cross species transferability of SSR loci was higher in more closely related species than in more distantly related taxa. Evidence was found for conserved primer sites within Cornus as determined by the amplification of SSR loci in the taxa examined. The SSR loci tested in this study will be useful in future breeding, population, and genetic studies within Cornus. SSR markers have also been developed for Cercis canadensis (redbud) and Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), two very important ornamental tree species. In a related study, molecular markers were developed for Puccinia emaculata, a rust typically found on agronomic cultivars of switchgrass, but now reported on some ornamental cultivars of the plant. Impacts: We now know that although many dogwood trees were lost to disease, the genetic diversity of the species was not compromised and indicates that dogwoods will not disappear in our forest and urban communities. Our genetic marker studies with various plants will aid our breeding efforts to produce better ornamental woody plants that have disease resistance, new forms and colors and will contribute to a more sustainable ornamental landscape. The development of molecular markers for switchgrass rust will allow us to study the genetics of the fungus and spread of the disease among and between agronomic and ornamental varieties.
Publications
- Wadl, P.A., D. Dean, Y. Li, L. M. Vito, B. E. Scheffler, D. Hadziabdic, M. T. Windham, and R. N. Trigiano. 2010. Development and characterization of microsatellites for switchgrass rust fungus (Puccinia emaculata). Conservation Genet. Res. (in press). DOI 10.1007/s12686-010-9320-4
- Wadl, P.A., X. Wang, V. R. Pantalone and R. N. Trigiano. 2010. Inheritance of red foliage in flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.). Euphytica 176 (1) 99-104. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-010-0219-7.
- Hadziabdic, D., B.M. Fitzpatrick, X.Wang, P.A. Wadl, T.A. Rinehart, B.H. Ownley, M.T. Windham, and R.N. Trigiano. 2010. Genetic diversity of flowering dogwood maintained despite massive mortality caused by dogwood anthracnose. Genetica 138(9-10): 1047-1057. 10.1007/s10709-010-9490-8
- Wadl, P. A., X. Wang, J. K. Moulton, S. C. Hokanson, J. A. Skinner, T. A. Rinehart, S. M. Reed, V. R. Pantalone, and R. N. Trigiano. 2010. Transfer of Cornus florida and C. kousa simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to selected Cornus (Cornaceae) species. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Soc. 135 (2): 279-288.
- Rinehart, T., R. Trigiano, P. Wadl, D. Johnson, M. Pooler, and B. Scheffler. 2010. Characterization of eight microsatellite DNA markers for the native redbud tree (Cercis canadensis). Molec. Ecol. Res. 10: 751-754.
- Wang X., D. Dean, P. Wadl, D. Hadziabdic, B. Scheffler, T. Rinehart, and R. Trigiano. 2010. Development of microsatellites from crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.). HortScience 45(5): 842-844.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: An instrument used to visualize SSR amplification products was compared to existing technologies. A genetic linkage map for Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) was constructed using a mapping population of 94 individuals derived from a cross between two F1 trees (pseudotestcross). 255 SSR markers were placed on eleven linkage groups (n = 11), which spanned a total of 1,175 centimorgans (cM). Intraspecific and interspecific breeding was conducted with C. florida and C. kousa. Honeybees were used as pollinators in closed systems with both species. Seedlings from controlled crosses were germinated and grown, and the parentage assessed with SSR markers developed independently for both species. PARTICIPANTS: Collaboration with scientists at USDA, Southern Horticulture Research Laboratory, Poplarville, MS. : Drs. Timothy A. Rinehart and James M. Spiers. USDA: USDA, Genomic Laboratory, Stoneville, MS: Dr. Brian E. Scheffler. TARGET AUDIENCES: Largely Horticulturist and Molecular Genetics. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The QIAxcel System provided adequate visualization of PCR products although it did not have the high resolution of either the ABI3130xl or CEQ8000 systems. However, lower resolution was acceptable and the QIAxcel system was less expensive and more efficient to operate. The machine allows for the high volume throughput necessary to analyze markers and develop maps. The construction of a linkage map for flowering dogwood is among only a few for ornamental woody plants and will allow exploration of the genome, gene discovery and marker-assisted selection -quantative trait loci - QTLs - in the dogwood breeding program. Individual C. kousa and C. florida trees are self-incompatible, which allows breeders not to emasculate. Honey bees are efficient in moving pollen between compatible genotypes of both Cornus species. Interspecific hybrids are difficult to make because of different flowering times, whereas intraspecific hybrids are easily achieved. Intraspecific hybrids had morphological characteristics of both parents and SSR alleles belonging to both parents were confirmed in the seedlings using our marker technology. The honey bee-mediated pollination system is well-suited to breeding dogwoods.
Publications
- Wang, X., T. A. Rinehart, P.A.Wadl, M.T.Windham, J. M. Spiers , D.H. Johnson, R. N. Trigiano. 2009. A new electrophoresis technique to separate microsatellite alleles. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 (11): 2432-2436
- Wang, X., P. A. Wadl, D. H. Johnson, T. A. Rinehart , B. E. Scheffler, M. T. Windham, J. M. Spiers, R.N. Trigiano. 2009. A linkage map for flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) based on microsatellite markers. Euphytica 165:165-175. DOI 10.1007/s10681-008-9802-6.
- Wadl, P.A., J. A. Skinner, J. R. Dunlap, T.A. Rinehart, S. M. Reed, V. R. Pantalone and R. N. Trigiano. 2009. Breeding intra-specific flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and kousa dogwood (C. kousa) hybrids. HortScience 44(6):1527-1533.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project just began and there is no progress to report. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This project just began and there is no progress to report.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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