Progress 08/01/08 to 08/01/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Over the course of this project 45 separate studies of 32 different drugs were administered and samples collected and sent to 5 collaborating laboratories in the US and 2 laboratories overseas. In total, over 46,000 blood samples were collected and 23,000 urine samples were collected. Twenty-five publications in peer-reviewed journals were published by 61 collaborating authors over the course of these studies. PARTICIPANTS: The members of the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium, a collaborative of 25 organizations, and the Florida State Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering requested that studies be conducted. Seven analytic laboratories in 5 states and 2 foreign countries participated in the analysis of samples collected. Seven doctoral students participated in the program and 5 obtained PhD degrees during the study period. Four masters degree students completed their degrees during the study period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pari-Mutuel regulatory agencies on the state, national and international levels, horse regulatory agencies and equine veterinarians will all use the information developed to improve the regulation of equine athletic activities and the safety of the equine and human participants in those activities. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information will be useful to practicing veterinarians to improve the efficacy and safety of their drug treatment regimens. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
As a result of these studies, rule changes have been promulgated in Pari-Mutuel racing that have eliminated the use of anabolic steroids and reduced the permitted concentration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses racing. Pending regulations will likely affect the use of corticosteroids in racing as well and support the elimination of all race day drug administration. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have helped refine the clinical use of these drugs and will help prevent the development toxicities due to these drugs in clinical veterinary practice.
Publications
- Colahan, P., Jackson, C., Rice, B., Szabo, N. and Jones, J. (2010). The effect of sildenafil citrate administration on selected physiological parameters of exercising Thoroughbred horses. Proceeding of the 8th ICEEP, Equine Vet J 42 Suppl 38:606-612.
- Moeller, B., Sams, R ., Giunjab, J., Szabo,N., Colahan, P., and Stanley, S. (2011) An inter-laboratory study of the pharmacokinetics of testosterone following intramuscular administration to Thoroughbred horses. J Vet Phramacol and Ther.34(6):588-93.
- Rumpler, M., Sams, R., and Colahan, P. (2011) Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate following intravenous administration in the horse. J Vet Phramacol Ther 34(6):605-8.
- Moeller, B., Sams, R., Guingab-Cagmat, J., Szabo, N., Colahan, P., and Stanley, S. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of Stanozolol in Thoroughbred Horses Following Intramuscular Administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (In press).
- Soma, L., Uboh, C., Liu, Y., Li, X., Robinson, M., Boston, R., Broome, T., and Colahan. P. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular, intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administrations of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in horses and its effects on endogenous hydrocortisone. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (In press).
- Rumpler, M., Sams, R., and Colahan, P. (2011) Regulatory control of glycopyrrolate in performance horses using validated UHPL C/MS_MS methods. J. Chromatography B (In press).
- Rumpler, M., Sams, R., and Colahan, P. (2011) Validation of a LC/MS/MS method for quantification of glycopyrrolate in horse plasma. Journal of Analytical Toxicology (pending).
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Fifteen studies of 14 drugs were conducted during the 2009 to 2010 fiscal year. Pharmacokinetic studies of fluphenazine, glycopyrrolate, acepromazine, pyrilamine, lidocaine, and methocarbamol were conducted. Elimination studies of fluphenazine, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, and methocarbamol were conducted. Bioavailability studies were conducted for albuterol, xylazine and hydroxyzine and its metabolite, cetirizine. Samples form these studies were shipped to the cooperating analytic laboratories. Abstracts were submitted and accepted to 2 international meetings, the International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians (ICRAV) and the International Conference of Equine Exercise Physiology (ICEEP). An abstract was accepted to the ICRAV and 3 abstracts were accepted to the ICEEP. Events: An oral presentation and an abstract were presented at the ICRAV in New Zealand. Two manuscripts were submitted and accepted for publication, one each to the ICRAV and ICEEP. Four quarterly reports were sent to each of the funding agencies, the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium and the Florida State Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
During the 2009-2010 period date developed form the studies conducted lead to the promulgation of racing regulations forbidding the administration of anabolic steroids to racing horses and provided requirement for the elimination time needed for horses that had treated with anabolic steroids.
Publications
- P Colahan, C Chou, M Johnson, B Rice, P Kubilis, and R Sams 2010 The combined effects of prednisolone sodium succinate administration on selected hematologic and hormonal parameters in athletically conditioned in Thoroughbred horses. In the Abstracts of the 18th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Queenstown, NZ, , R and W Communications, New Market, UK, p78.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies of boldenone, testosterone, stanozolol, nadrolone, methacarbomol, buthorphanol, pyrillamine, glycopyrrolate, detomidine, acepromazine, firocoxib, lidocaine, mepivacaine, and clenbuterone in Thoroughbred horses completed sample collection and moved to sample assay. Assays of the anabolic steroids, stanozolol, testosterone, boldenone and nandrolone, were completed. Sample collection and assay of samples taken from Standardbred horses following the administration of boldenone were also completed. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic behavior of boldenone in the two breeds indicated that the elimination of boldenone in Standardbred horses was considerably shorter (approximately 60%) that in Thoroughbred horses. Because the same guidelines for withdrawal from treatment are applied to all breeds participating in Pari-Mutuel competitions, such a discrepancy is of tremendous importance. The obvious implication is that medication rules for different breeds cannot necessarily be uniform. However, needed the drug pharmacokinetics information for different horse breeds is totally absent from the literature. The pharmacokinetic behavior of different drugs in different breeds must be investigated to determine those differences that are of medical and legal significance and enable appropriate rule making. Determination of the duration of effect of COX inhibition following the administration of a therapeutic regimen of the COX 2 selective inhibitor, firocoxib was completed. It was demonstrated that the COX 2 inhibitory effect persisted for 4 days after the last firocoxib administration. This prolonged duration of effect has implications for pre-competition examinations performed to determine if horses are sufficiently sound and healthy to compete. The validity of those examinations may be compromised if prolonged anti-inflammatory or pain relieving effects obscure the clinical parameters evaluated in those examinations. Study of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and different dose rates are needed to insure the safety of horses and their riders during athletic competitions. Studies of the effects of acupuncture on the pulmonary function of athletic horses were completed. Horse suffer inflammatory lower airway disease and reduced athletic performance and long term debilation due to this condition. The analysis of the pulmonary data is underway to determine if this debilitating condition can be treated by methods that do not involve medication. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this information are horse trainers and veterinarians and people that participate in equine sports. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The findings of the pharmacokinetic studies conducted over this year indicate that considerable further study must be undertaken to provide adequate information on the use of medications in competing horses. Differences between breeds must delineated so that appropriate treatment regimens can be established and so that the rules concerning the use of drugs in competing horse are appropriate. The prolonged duration of effects of some pain relieving and anti-inflammatory medication also require further investigation. These drugs are known to be toxic so that dosing at unnecessarily frequent intervals increases the potential for toxicity. Also medication rules for athletic competitions must be adequate to ensure the efficacy of pre-performance examinations and subsequently the safely of human and equine participants.
Publications
- Tangjitjaroen W, Huisheng X, and Colahan P*: The therapeutic actions of traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for the treatment of equine respiratory diseses. AM J Trad Chinese Med 4(1):7- 21, 2009.
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