Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall goal of this research are 1) to develop cost-effective protein based latex adhesives to replace or partially replace petroleum based adhesives for wood veneer applications; 2) to conduct cost analysis and VOC for the products. We have accomplished the proposed objectives. We have published 17 referee articles and 20 conference presentations and invited seminars. We have closely worked with industrial collaborators for commercial feasibility testing and evaluations. Technologies developed from this project are currently evaluated by Henkel, Elmer's Glue, and SBT companies. Major accomplishments are highlighted below. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Xiuzhi (Susan) Sun, University Distinguished Professor of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Dr. Donghai Wang, Professor of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University, Ms. Guangyan Qi, Postdoc Research Associate of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Ms. Lu Zhang, M.S student of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Mr. Ningbo Li, PhD student of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University, TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean growers, farmers, companies who process proteins from soybeans will be the immediate beneficiaries of the investigation by finding new applications of soy meal for adhesives. Corn/wheat/sorghum related farmers and industries will also benefit from this study to find a way to utilize proteins from biofuel processing. The general public will benefit from the results, because soy adhesives are environmentally friendly. In addition, the findings from this project will advance the bioadhesives knowledge base and stimulate future developments within the biobased adhesive industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Protein structure and composition studies: We studied the morphology and phase separation of hydrophobic clusters, networks, and aggregates of soy globular protein polymers, induced by using a reducing agent using microscopic instruments. The morphology and phase separation of these hydrophobic clusters are sensitive to protein structure and composition, pH, and ionic-strength. 2. Protein based adhesives for labeling and wood veneer: The newly developed soy protein based latex adhesives can be cured at either room temperature or elevated temperature and showed high wet adhesion strength. Soy protein based latex adhesives have a great potential to replace or partially replace petroleum-based adhesives for wood veneer, labeling, and other applications. 3. Pilot scale processing and cost analysis: Samples from pilot scale have been sending to related companies for performance evaluation. Cost analysis using the pilot scale processing information provided meaningful data. To date, cost for retail bottle glues (i.e., craft glue, construction glue, wood veneer, wood repair) and particleboard adhesives are comparable to synthetic chemical based adhesives, but still expensive compare with urea formaldehyde based wood adhesives. In Summary, the modified soy protein provided some functional groups, such as carboxylic, hydroxyl and amino groups, which cross-linked with hydroxylmethyl groups of various synthetic latex adhesives and calcium related inorganic or organic salts to form complex network. Such complex promotes adhesion strength and water resistance. The soy protein based latex adhesives can be cured at either room temperature or elevated temperature and showed high wet adhesion strength. Soy protein based latex adhesives have a great potential to replace or partially replace petroleum-based adhesives for wood veneer, labeling, and other applications (office glues, foundry glue). We have better understanding of soybean protein structure and adhesion properties. The knowledge from this research will have significant impact on the green industry through the development and demonstration of novel, environmentally friendly technologies for use in adhesives, paints and coatings. The PIs of this project continue working on this project in collaboration with industries, that will accelerate the commercialization of biobased adhesives and resin technologies in the near future.
Publications
- Qi, Guangyan and Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2011, Soy Protein Adhesive Blends with Synthetic Latex on Wood Veneer, J American Oils Chemistry, 88 (2), 271- 281
- Sun, Xiuzhi Susan, 2011, Soy Protein Polymers and Adhesion Properties, J Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 5: 1-24
- Li, N.,Y. Wang, M. Tilley, SR. Bean, X, Wu, X. S. Sun, and D. Wang. 2011. Adhesive Performance of Sorghum Protein Extracted from Sorghum DDGS and Flour. J. Polymers and the Environment 19 (3) 755-765
- Guoping Yu, H. Liu, K. Venkateshan, S. Yan, J. Cheng, X. S. Sun, and D. Wang, 2011. Functional, physiochemical, and rheological properties of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) protein. Transactions of the ASABE, 54(2): 555-561
- Guangyan Qi, Ningbo Li, Donghai Wang, Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2013, Physicochemical properties of soy protein adhesives modified by 2-octen-1-ylsuccinic anhydride, Industrial Crops and Products, (accepted)
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall goal of this research are 1) to develop cost-effective protein based latex adhesives to replace or partially replace petroleum based adhesives for wood veneer applications; 2) to conduct cost analysis and VOC for the products. We have accomplished most proposed objectives and started pilot scale processing in Sep 2011. Samples from pilot scale are being sent to related companies for performance evaluation. Meanwhile, we are conducting cost analysis using the pilot scale processing information. We have published 4 referee articles related to this project. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Xiuzhi (Susan) Sun, Professor of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Dr. Donghai Wang, Associate Professor of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University, Ms. Guangyan Qi, PhD student of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Mr. Ningbo Li, PhD student of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University, TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean growers, farmers, companies who process proteins from soybeans will be the immediate beneficiaries of the investigation by finding new applications of soy meal for adhesives. Corn/wheat/sorghum related farmers and industries will also benefit from this study to find a way to utilize proteins from biofuel processing. The general public will benefit from the results, because soy adhesives are environmentally friendly. In addition, the findings from this project will advance the bioadhesives knowledge base and stimulate future developments within the biobased adhesive industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The modified soy protein provided some functional groups, such as carboxylic, hydroxyl and amino groups, which cross-linked with hydroxylmethyl groups of various synthetic latex adhesives and calcium related inorganic or organic salts to form complex network. Such complex promotes adhesion strength and water resistance. The soy protein based latex adhesives can be cured at either room temperature or elevated temperature and showed high wet adhesion strength. Soy protein based latex adhesives have a great potential to replace or partially replace petroleum-based adhesives for wood veneer, labeling, and other applications (office glues, foundry glue). We have better understanding of soybean protein structure and adhesion properties. The knowledge from this research will have significant impact on the green industry through the development and demonstration of novel, environmentally friendly technologies for use in adhesives, paints and coatings. The price of raw materials (soy meal and soy flour) for soy protein adhesive increased from $0.10-$0.25/lb to $0.26 - $1.0/lb since 2010, which would be the hurdle for commercialization of this technology. The research team of this project is seeking ways to reduce the production cost of soy protein adhesives.
Publications
- Guangyan Qi; Karthik Venkateshan; Xiaoqun Mo; Lu Zhang and Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2011, Physicochemical properties of soy protein: effects of subunit composition, J Agr & Food Chem 59,9958-9964
- Qi, Guangyan, Ningbo Li, Donghai Wang, and Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2011, Physicochemical characterization of soy protein adhesive obtained by in situ sodium bisulfite modification during acid precipitation, J of American Oil Chemistry Society DOI 10.1007/s11746-011-1909-6
- Mo, Xiaoqun, Donghai Wang, and Xiuahi Susan Sun, 2011, Physico-chemical properties of B, and a'a subunits isolated from soybean B-conglycinin. J of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 59, 1217-1222.
- Qi, Guangyan and Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2011, Soy Protein Adhesive Blends with Synthetic Latex on Wood Veneer, J American Oils Chemistry, 88 (2), 271- 281
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall goal of this research are 1) to develop cost-effective protein based latex adhesives to replace or partially replace petroleum based adhesives for wood veneer applications; 2) to conduct life cycle analysis for the products developed in objectives 1 using BEES model developed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology. In the past year, we conducted research on application of soy protein latex protein adhesives on paper labeling and wood veneer. One referee article was published in Industrial Crops and Products and one referee article was accepted by Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society (in press). PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Xiuzhi (Susan) Sun, Professor of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Dr. Donghai Wang, Associate Professor of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University, Ms. Guangyan Qi, PhD student of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Dr. Jeanne Shera, Postdoc Research associate of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Mr. Ningbo Li, PhD student of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean growers, farmers, companies who process proteins from soybeans will be the immediate beneficiaries of the investigation by finding new applications of soy meal for adhesives. Corn/wheat/sorghum related farmers and industries will also benefit from this study to find a way to utilize proteins from biofuel processing. The general public will benefit from the results, because soy adhesives are environmentally friendly. In addition, the findings from this project will advance the bioadhesives knowledge base and stimulate future developments within the biobased adhesive industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No relevant changes were made to this project.
Impacts
Soy protein based latex adhesives have been evaluated and characterized on paper labeling and wood veneer following standard methods. For paper labeling study, peel strength of soy latex protein on glass substrate increased rapidly with curing time and resulted in paper cohesive failure at about 150s of curing time, compared with 180s form soy protein isolate and soy flour suspension and 10 min for polyvinyl acetate based adhesives. At higher curing temperature, less curing time for soy latex adhesives was needed to reach the same peel strength. Soy latex adhesive had the best water resistance in terms of "sweating" peel strength. When blended with soy latex protein and commercial glue, it showed shorter curing time, higher water resistance and lower viscosity. Thermal and morphological studies showed that no chemical reaction occurred between soy protein and polyvinyl acetate based adhesives. For wood veneer application, six commercial synthetic adhesives based on different formulation were selected to blend with soy latex adhesives (SLA). Dry adhesion strength of SLA and its blends with commercial glue were all similar with 100% wood cohesive failure. Water resistance of commercial adhesives was improved by blending with SLA to a different extent. For example, the wet adhesion strength of SLA/urea formaldehyde (UF) (40/60) blends was 6.4 MPa with 100% wood cohesive failure, as compared to 4.66 MPa of UF and 3.6 MPa of SLA. Viscosity of the adhesive blends was reduced significantly and reached to the lowest value at 40% to 60% SLA, which is beneficial for adhesive penetrating into the wood surface. Infrared spectra, thermal properties, and morphological images indicated that chemical reactions occurred between soy protein and UF molecules. Soy protein provided some functional groups such as carboxylic, hydroxyl and amino groups, which cross-linked with hydroxymethyl groups of pressure bond glue, and also acted as an acidic catalyst for the self-polymerization of urea formaldehyde based resin. The newly developed soy protein based latex adhesives can be cured at either room temperature or elevated temperature and showed high wet adhesion strength. Soy protein based latex adhesives have a great potential to replace or partially replace petroleum-based adhesives for wood veneer, labeling, and other applications. The outcomes from this research will have significant impact on the green industry through the development and demonstration of novel, environmentally friendly technologies for use in adhesives, paints and coatings.
Publications
- Guangyan Qi, Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2010. Soy protein adhesive blends with synthetic latex on wood veneer. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. In press.
- Guangyan Qi, Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2010. Peel Adhesion Properties of Modified Soy Protein Adhesive on Glass Panel. Industrial crops and products. 32, 208-212.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall goal of this research are 1) to develop cost-effective protein based latex adhesives to replace or partially replace petroleum based adhesives for wood veneer applications; 2) to conduct life cycle analysis for the products developed in objectives 1 using BEES model developed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology. In the past year, we initially studied protein structure and adhesion properties, and started with soybean flour as raw materials to prepare soy latex like adhesives. Wood cherry veneer was used as substrate for adhesion testing. Three referee articles were published in Biomacromolecules, The Transactions of the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers),and Journal of American Oil Chemistry. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Xiuzhi (Susan) Sun, Professor of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Dr. Donghai Wang, Associate Professor of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University, Ms. Lu Zhang, Master student in Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Dr. Jeanne Shera, Postdoc Research associate, in Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University, Dr. Ying Wang, Postdoc Research associate of Bio & Agr Engineering, Kansas State University TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean growers, farmers, companies who process proteins from soybeans will be the immediate beneficiaries of the investigation by finding new applications of soy meal for adhesives. Corn/wheat/sorghum related farmers and industries will also benefit from this study to find a way to utilize proteins from biofuel processing. The general public will benefit from the results, because soy adhesives are environmentally friendly. In addition, the findings from this project will advance the bioadhesives knowledge base and stimulate future developments within the biobased adhesive industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Protein hydrophobic interaction has been considered the most important factor dominating protein folding, aggregation, gelling, self-assembly, adhesion, and cohesion properties. Most hydrophobic groups are buried inside of the soy protein polymer. Once these hydrophobic groups are moved to the surface, the protein polymer becomes more interactive and reactive with other hydrophobic polymers and chemicals. We studied the morphology and phase separation of hydrophobic clusters, networks, and aggregates of soy globular protein polymers, induced by using a reducing agent using microscopic instruments. The morphology and phase separation of these hydrophobic clusters are sensitive to protein structure and composition, pH, and ionic-strength. Most of the clusters are in spherical-shape architecture and mainly consist of hydrophobic polypeptides. Rod-shape clusters were also observed at higher ionic strength, and mainly consist of hydrophilic polypeptides. The ratio of hydrophobic/hydrophilic is important to facilitate the formation of hydrophobic clusters in an environment with a certain pH value and ionic strength. Two main polypeptides (glycinin and conglycinin) from soy protein were isolated and studied for their structure and adhesion properties. Sodium bisulfite-induced disulfide-bond cleavage increased the surface hydrophobicity of modified glycinin. Hydrophobic force is the main driving force for glycinin aggregation, and the balance between hydrophobic and electrostatic forces make glycinin form chain-like aggregates. Adhesive strength and water resistance of glycinin dropped significantly at lower levels of sodium bisulfite and then increased as amount of sodium bisulfite increased up to a certain level. Sodium bisulfite caused changes in conglycinin secondary structure and promoted ionization of lysine residues as indicated by FT-IR results. Contact angle is an important factor affecting adhesion properties. Contact angle of conglycinin on cherry wood reached its minimum at 6 g/L sodium bisulfite and 24 g/L on glass. Water resistance of conglycinin was also improved. An obvious increase in adhesion strength of the protein occurred at lower concentration of sodium bisulfite, and high sodium bisulfite concentration sharply reduced the adhesive performance of conglycinin. One of the most important research concepts in this project is to identify protein structures on adhesion properties and then design processing conditions to improve adhesion strength and water resistance. Results showed that addition of sodium bisulfite as reducing agent for protein modification are effective ways to improve adhesion properties.
Publications
- Shera, Jeanne, and Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2009, Effect of Peptide Sequence on Surface Properties and Self-Assembly of an Amphiphilic pH-Responsive Peptide, Biomacromolecules, 10(8): 2201-2206
- Wang, Donghai, X. Susan Sun, G. Yang, Y. Wang, 2009, Improved Water Resistance of Soy Protein Adhesive at Isoelectric Point, The Transactions of the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers), Vol. 52(1), 173-177.
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