Progress 12/01/08 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training of Post Doctoral Research Associates, Research Associates and Research Assistantstook place on an ad-hoc and one on one basis throughtout this project. Professional development opportunies were created with PD's presenting research results from this project at conferences as evidenced in the outputs section of this report. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of this research have been disseminated to communities of interest through; peer reviewed journal articles, conference papers and posters, participation in workshops and symposia, and direct one to one extension activities. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Data acquired as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) site in Oklahoma when combined with that acquired at the other NAEMS sites around the US forms a critical part of the evidence that US-EPA is considering regarding further regulation of H2S, NH3, VOC and particulate emissions from confinedanimal feeding operations (CAFO).TheNAEMS project for its comprehensive,standardized and quality assured approach has established new benchmarks for the collection of emissions data from CAFO building systems. It is very unfortunate that due to short-sightedness and lack of on-going funding in this area that many opportunitiesto capitalize upon these monitoring installations has been lost. When further regulation of gaseous and particulate emissions is ultimately enacted, results from projects like the Electrostatic Particle Ionization and Biocurtain evaluation and the rsearch into Electrolized Water Scrubbers will neccessary to guide industry in selecting and implementing economically viable mitigation measures. The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) site in Oklahoma collected 2 years of high quality, continuous data on emissions of H2S, NH3, VOC and particulate matter from a representative, swine breeder facility. This data together with that collected at the other NAEMS sites around the US has been provided to EPA to evaluate wheteher these level of emissions are acceptable or whether emissions reductions by the industries concerned are necessary. Emissions of PM10 from the two dry sow barns were 737+/-262 and 1052+/-324 mg/d-AU while from the farrowing room the emissions were 3176+/-1856 mg/d-AU. Throughout the day, emissions are influenced by animal activity and feeding events, and overall emissions are by temperature (as controlling factor for ventilation rate) and live mass density. Daily average exhaust concentrations of H2S from the two dry sow barns and the farrowing room were 292, 287 and 423 ppb, respectively. While daily averageH2S emissions from the two dry sow barns and the farrowing room were 1.85 +/-0.48, 1.89+/-0.44 and 7.03+/-5.62 g/d-AU, respectively. Theeffectiveness of two commercially available control technologies (BioCurtain™ and electrostatic particle ionization (EPI) system) in reducing the total suspended particulate matter (TSP), particulate matter <10 μm in diameter (PM10), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emitted was evaluated at a broiler facility in Texas. The study was conducted at a broiler production facility in two identically designed, ventilated, and managed broiler houses where one served as the treatment house and the other, the control. Measurements were carried out on two consecutive days each in September and December 2010. BioCurtain™ was tested independently on the first day and in combination with and the EPI on the second day. Based on this verylimited test period, reductions in the NH3 and H2S emission rates by as much as 8% (1040 vs. 943 g/h for NH3 and 9.2 vs. 8.4 g/h for H2S) and by as much as 43% (396 vs. 227 g/h) for the TSP emission rates were achieved with the BioCurtain ™. The EPI system reduced the NH3, H2S, and TSP emission rates by as much as 17%, 34% and 39%, respectively. Economic analysis showed that operating the automated EPI and BioCurtain™ system for one 14 m wide and 152 m long broiler building housing an average of 23,000 birds would cost $0.06 per bird. Packed bed scrubber are very efficient at removing ammonia from air, however create high pressure drops that require special fans that use large amounts of energy to overcome the pressure drop. Spray scrubbers normally create little pressure drop so they do not significantly increase energy consumption or require special fans however, previous research has indicated that they are not very efficient for scrubbing ammonia from the air – around 10-30% removal efficiency with regular water. In an effort to improve the efficiency,experiments were conducted to test the effect of various design parameters.In general, a narrow nozzle, longer contact time and electrolyzed water with pH = 6.5 provided the best scrubbing results. For the narrow nozzle, regular water removed 35% of the ammonia at 0.3 s and 50% at 0.9 s contact time. The electrolyzed water (with pH = 6.5) removed 38% (0.3 s) to 56% (0.9 s) of the ammonia.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Jerez, S. B., S. Mukhtar, W. Faulkner, K. D. Casey, M. S. Borhan, R. A. Smith. 2013. Evaluation of electrostatic particle ionization and biocurtain" technologies to reduce air pollutants from broiler houses. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 29(6): 975-984.nnn-nnn.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Casey, K. D., E. L. Cortus, A. J. Heber, A. P. Caramanica. 2012. Ammonia emissions from a pig breeder facility in the Oklahoma Panhandle. In Proc. Ninth International Livestock Environment Symposium. ASABE Paper No. ILES12-2245. St Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Mukhtar, S., S.B. Jerez, W.B. Faulkner, K.D. Casey. 2012. Use of Biocurtains and the EPI system to control dust and odors from poultry housing. In: Proceedings of the 2012 National Poultry Waste Symposium. October 23-25, Shreveport, LA [Paper]
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Sama, M. P., L. Pepple, G.B. Day, D. G. Overhults, G. M. Morello, I. M. Lopes, J. Earnest, K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates. 2012. Calibration drift assessment and upgrades to the Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS). ASABE Paper No. 12-1337770, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. [Abstract & Paper]
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Riskowski, G., A. M. Samani Majd., A. Kalbasi and S. Mukhtar. 2013. Ammonia (NH3) Mitigation using electrolyzed water spray scrubber. In proceedings of the 2013 National Conference, From Waste to Worth: Spreading Science and Solutions. April 1-5, 2013. Denver, CO. Available at: http://www.extension.org/67656
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Samani Majd, A. M., A. Kalbasi, S. Mukhtar, and G. Riskowski. 2013. Ammonia scrubbing using electrolyzed water spray scrubber. ASABE Paper No. 13-1605985, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: While monitoring and other measurement related activities in the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) were completed in 2009 and 2010, work has continued on analysis and publication of the data acquired at the OK4B site. Work has also continued on analyzing data from the preliminary study into the use of an electrostatic particle ionization and biocurtain to reduce dust, odor and other pollutants from broiler houses. Efforts to obtain funding to for a medium term study of these technologies is ongoing. A laboratory scale wet scrubber has been developed at Texas A&M University and is being used to test whether electrolyzed water can enhance the scrubbing of gaseous contaminants from animal building exhaust air. Research efforts have transitioned to focus on the emissions of greenhouse gases from confined livestock facilities and considerable work has been undertaken to adapt, validate and develop sampling and analysis equipment and procedures that produce quality results from pen surfaces in beef and dairy facilities. A Varian 450 GC with CombiPal autosampler was purchased for the purpose of analyzing nitrous oxide emissions collected from non-flow-through non-steady-state static chambers placed on pen surfaces. Various chamber designs were rigorously tested in order to determine how captured gas emissions could be collected most easily and minimize sample loss between the pen surface and chamber base. We determined that using a chamber made from a PVC slip cap attached to a base constructed from eight inch O.D. mild steel irrigation pipe provided the best seal against the pen surface and kept air exchange at the soil/base interface to a minimum. Evaluation of weighted skirts attached to the chamber base to establish a seal to the feedyard surface revealed that only a poor seal could be obtained which was inadequate for obtaining good quality flux measurements. Leakage under the skirt, resulted in the measured concentration in the chamber not increasing as expected when compared to a chamber mounted on a base that had been driven into the manure pack. A small experiment was performed that confirmed guidance from the soils science community is that chamber bases should be driven into surface being measured and the substrate allowed recover for at least 24 hours prior to measurements being conducted. Vacuum and purging techniques for preparing sample vials were evaluated and a vacuum manifold was constructed allowing the preparation of 20 vials at a time with the evacuation/flush sequence controlled by a custom microcontroller. Butyl and silicon collection vial septa were evaluated for minimal sample loss, ability to seal under vacuum, and ability to withstand multiple needle penetrations. Using silicon septa in addition to a Thermogreen septa on a screw cap 10 ml vial provided the best seal and minimal sample loss over a twenty four hour period. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The overall the NAEMS study will help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from facilities where needed. Lessons learned in establishing our greenhouse gas measurement and sampling techniques for beef and dairy facilities have been shared with other researchers who were in the process of establishing similar capabilities thus shortening their lead time and improving the overall quality of data collected.
Publications
- Casey, K. D., E. L. Cortus, A. P. Caramanica, and A. J. Heber. 2011. Air emissions from a pig breeder facility in the Oklahoma Panhandle. In Book of Abstracts of the Biennial Conference of the Australian Society for Engineering in Agriculture (SEAg). Sept, 29-30, 2011, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia.: SEAg. p 25. [Abstract]
- Jerez, S. B., S. Mukhtar, W. Faulkner, K. D. Casey, M. S. Borhan, R. A. Smith. 2011. Evaluation of Electrostatic Particle Ionization and BioCurtain Technologies to Reduce Air Pollutants from Broiler Houses. ASABE Paper No. 1110550, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. [Abstract & Poster]
- Casey, K.D., E.L. Cortus, A.P. Caramanica, and A.J. Heber. 2011. Air emissions from a pig breeder facility in the Oklahoma Panhandle. In Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the Australian Society for Engineering in Agriculture (SEAg), Sept, 29-30, 2011, CD-ROM 100-107, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia.: SEAg.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Gas (NH3 and H2S) and particulate matter (PM) emissions have been measured semi-continuously from pig, poultry and dairy buildings as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS). The site managed by Texas AgriLife Research consisted of two swine gestation barns and a multi-room farrowing barn at 2800 sow facility located in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The barns are mechanically ventilated and feature shallow pull-plug pits. The site was dismantled in April 2010 following being mothballed at the completion of data collection in July 2009 at the instructions of the National Pork Board. Other activities in 2010 have related to data analysis and reporting cumulating in the final report for the site and contributing to AAQTF white papers on methodologies and protocols for data analysis to minimize uncertainty in resultant aerial emissions estimates, and recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions. In that the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board funded Evaluation of Electrostatic Particle Ionization & Biocurtain Tech to Reduce Dust, Odor & other Pollutants from Broiler Houses project, an electrostatic particle ionization unit and a biocurtain have been installed on one broiler house in central Texas. The effectiveness of these technologies in reducing emissions of particulates, hydrogen sulfide and VOCs has been evaluated for 2 days at the end of a fall and winter flock. Emissions from the modified house are compared with those from an adjacent unmodified control house. The fans in both houses have been characterized using a FANS unit and the impact of the biocurtain on fan operating pressure has been measured. PARTICIPANTS: The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) is a multi-state project led by Dr Al Heber at Purdue University. Collaborating institutions managing NAEMS sites include; Texas AgriLife Research (Dr Ken Casey), NCSU (Dr Lingjaun Wang and Dr Wayne Robarge), ISU(Dr Jacek Koziel), Cornell (Curt Gooch), UCDavis (Dr Ruihong Zhang, Dr Frank Mitloenher), WSU (Dr Pius Ndegwa), UMN (Dr Larry Jacobson) and Purdue (Dr Rich Grant). The Evaluation of Electrostatic Particle Ionization & Biocurtain Tech To Reduce Dust, Odor & Other Pollutants From Broiler Houses project is a collaboration between Texas AgriLife Extension Service (Dr Saqib Muhktar), Texas A&M BAEN Department (Dr Brock Faulkner), Texas AgriLife Research (Dr Ken Casey) and Stephen F Austin State University (Dr Sheryll Jerez) TARGET AUDIENCES: Federal and State Environmental Regulatory Agencies Dairy, Pork and Poultry Industry Associations Dairy, Pork and Poultry Producers Environmental Advocacy Groups Community Members PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The overall NAEMS study will help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from facilities where needed.
Publications
- Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, R. C. Shores, E. D. Thoma, and D. B. Harris. 2010. Ammonia Emissions from a US Broiler House-Comparison of Concurrent Measurements Using Three Different Technologies. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 60(8):939-948.
- Xin, H., H. Li, R. Gates, R. Burns, and K. Casey. 2010. Methodologies and protocols for analysis of raw data to minimize uncertainty of resultant aerial emissions estimation. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010.
- Cortus, E.L., K. D. Casey, A. P. Caramanica, K. J. Mickey and A.J. Heber. 2010. National Air Emissions Monitoring Study: Emissions Data from Two Sow Barns and One Swine Farrowing Room in Oklahoma- Site OK4B. Final Report. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, July 2.
- Wheeler, E.F., D. Meyer, P. Martin, D. Schmidt, W. Powers, K. Casey, R. Stowell, S. Mukhtar, L. Jacobson, P. Bredwell, A. Stokes, D. Shelmidine, T. Applegate, B. Weinheimer, G. Zwicke. 2010. Recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions from animal agriculture. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Gas (NH3 and H2S) and particulate matter (PM) emissions are being measured semi-continuously from pig, poultry and dairy buildings as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS). The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study, established in 2006 by a voluntary Air Compliance Agreement between the EPA and the pork, dairy, egg and broiler industries, will address the lack of scientific data. Livestock producers have provided the financial support for the NAEMS so that emissions data can be collected at select sites to: 1) accurately assess emissions from livestock operations and compile a database for estimation of emission rates, and 2) promote a national consensus for emissions-estimation methods/procedures from livestock operations. The site managed by Texas AgriLife Research consists of two swine gestation barns and a multi-room farrowing barn at 1300 sow facility located in the Oklahoma Panhandle (OK4B). The barns are mechanically ventilated and feature shallow pull-plug pits. The OK4B site was monitored from July 2007 through July 2009 completing the required 24 months of monitoring. PARTICIPANTS: The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) is a multi-state project led by Dr Al Heber at Purdue University. Collaborating institutions managing NAEMS sites include; NCSU (Dr Lingjaun Wang and Dr Wayne Robarge), ISU(Dr Jacek Koziel), Cornell (Curt Gooch), UCDavis (Dr Ruihong Zhang, Dr Frank Mitloenher), WSU (Dr Pius Ndegwa), UMN (Dr Larry Jacobson) and Purdue (Dr Rich Grant). TARGET AUDIENCES: Federal and State Environmental Regulatory Agencies Dairy, Pork and Poultry Industry Associations Dairy, Pork and Poultry Producers Environmental Advocacy Groups Community Members PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The overall NAEMS study will help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from facilities were needed.
Publications
- Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin, Y. Liang, A. J. Pescatore, and M. J. Ford. 2008. On-farm fan performance: Implications for ventilation and operating cost. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17(2): 283-295.
- Heber, A. J., B. W. Bogan, Ji-Qin Ni, T. T. Lim, J. C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro, E. L. Cortus, C. A. Diehl, S. M. Hanni, C. Xiao, K. D. Casey, C. A. Gooch, L. D. Jacobson, J. A. Koziel, F. M. Mitloehner, P. M. Ndegwa, W. P. Robarge, L. Wang, and R. Zhang. 2008. The national air emissions monitoring study: Overview of barn sources. In Proceedings of The Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII). Iguassu Falls, Brazil, September 1-5, 2008. CD-ROM, 8 Pg. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Gates, R. S., K. D. Casey, H. Xin, R. T. Burns, and H. Li. 2008. Uncertainty analysis in animal building aerial emissions measurements. In Proceedings of The Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII). Iguassu Falls, Brazil, September 1-5, 2008. CD-ROM, 6 Pg. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Gates, R. S., K. D. Casey, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin and A. J. Pescatore. 2008. U.S. broiler ammonia emissions inventory. Atmospheric Environment 42(14): 3342-3350.
- Topper, P. A., E. F. Wheeler, J. S. Zajaczkowski, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and K. D. Casey. 2008. Ammonia emissions from two empty broiler houses with built-up litter. Transactions of the ASABE 51(1): 215-225.
- Wheeler, E. F., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, P. A. Topper, Y. Liang. 2008. Ammonia emissions from USA broiler chicken barns managed with new, built-up, or acid-treated litter. In Proceedings of The Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII). Iguassu Falls, Brazil, September 1-5, 2008. CD-ROM, 7 Pg. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Heber, A. J., Bogan, B. W., Ji-Qin Ni, T. T. Lim, J. C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro, E. L. Cortus, C. A. Diehl, S. M. Hanni, C. Xiao, K. D. Casey, C. A. Gooch, L. D. Jacobson, J. A. Koziel, F. M. Mitloehner, P. M. Ndegwa, W. P. Robarge, L. Wang, and R. Zhang. 2008. Methods of monitoring barn emissions in the national air emissions monitoring study. In Proceedings of The Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology. Chapel Hill, NC, November 3-6, 2008. CD-ROM, 5 Pg. Pittsburgh, Penn.: A&WMA.
- Wheeler, E. F., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, and Y. Liang. 2008. Litter management influence on ammonia gas emission from broiler houses. In Proceedings of Poultry Waste Management Symposium 2008. Des Moines, Iowa, October 21-23, 2008.
- Wheeler, E. F., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and P. A. Topper. 2008. Litter management strategies in relation to ammonia emissions from floor-raised birds. In Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, Iowa, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, Iowa.: ISU.
- Liang, Y., H. Xin, H. Li, R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, K. D. Casey, B.R. Behrends, and D.J. Burnham. 2008. Dietary manipulation to reduce ammonia emission from high-rise layer houses. In Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, Iowa, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, Iowa.: ISU.
- Gates, R. S., K. D. Casey, H. Xin, and R. T. Burns. 2009. Building emissions uncertainty estimates. Transactions of the ASABE 52(4): 1345-1351.
- Singh, A., K. D. Casey, W. D. King, A. J. Pescatore, R. S. Gates and M. J. Ford. 2009. Efficacy of urease inhibitor to reduce ammonia emission from poultry houses. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18(1): 34-42.
- Casey, K. D., A. P. Caramanica, A. J. Heber, and E. L. Cortus, 2009. Establishment and operation of the national air emission monitoring study site at a sow farm in Oklahoma. In Proceedings of A&WMA's 102nd Annual Conference & Exhibition: Driving Environmental Progress. Detroit, Michigan, June, 16-19, 2009. CD-ROM, Pittsburgh, Penn.: A&WMA.
- Casey, K. D., A. P. Caramanica, A. J. Heber, and E. L. Cortus. 2009. Establishment and operation of the National Air Emission Monitoring Study site at a pig breeder facility in Oklahoma. In Proceedings of The 2009 CIGR International Symposium of the Australian Society for Engineering in Agriculture. Brisbane, Queensland, Sept, 13-16, 2009. CD-ROM, Australia.: SEAg.
- Banyan, B., E.A. Caraway, M.B. Rhoades, K.D. Casey, T.B. Brown, and D.B. Parker. 2009. Additive and synergistic odor effects of volatile organic compounds at animal feeding operations. In Proceedings of Texas Animal Manure management Issues Conference. Round Rock, Texas. 69-74.
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