Progress 09/01/08 to 08/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Data was collected on the foodborne pathogens that were prevalent in free/range pasture flock operations. Data collected include prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, high risk points for contamination, prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and genotypes, prevalence of Campylobacter genotypes. Both the Salmonella and the Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for antibiotic resistance. The genetic and serovar selection pressure on Salmonella in free-range and pasture flock systems has been determined and compared with conventional serovars of Salmonella based on literature estimates. Publications informing other scientists of the data have been generated and were published in peer-reviewed journals. The data have also been presented at scientific meetings including, American Society for Microbiology, International Association for Food Protection, The 15th Annual Workshop for Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms and the Arkansas Association of Food Protection. Information gathered from this study was distributed to growers and processors. During a workshop conducted early in the project, local growers were surveyed to gain a better understanding of the needs of local growers and the level of education concerning food safety of this specialty crop. Realistic management recommendations were suggested for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improving flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Steven C. Ricke: Project director gained experience designing and developing learning tools that were delivered at a small producers of pasture-flock workshop. Guided graduate students on the collection of data. Evaluated pasture-flock farms and processing facilities to determine points for collecting data. Evaluated and presented data at scientific meetings. Dr. F.D. Clark: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and consulted at the workshop to suggest corrective actions that would improve animal health. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. F.T. Jones: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and gave recommendations for feed formulation to improve flock performance and reduce possibilities of contamination of feed with pathogens. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. R. Nayak: Performed Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella isolates. Fully analyzed constructed phylogenetic relationship among the isolates in order to understand epidemiological tracking and pin-point critical control points. Irene Hanning: Revised sampling design to apply to each farm. Supervised graduate student sampling and processing of samples to obtain pathogens from the samples. Directed students on typing cultures by serotyping, PCR, and antibiotic resistance. Sherry Melendez, Ashley Clement, Si Hong Park: Graduate students gathered samples and processed samples to obtain pure cultures of pathogens. Analyzed cultures using antibiotic resistance assays, molecular typing of plasmid profiles, serotyping and PCR. Little Portions Monastery and Heifer International: Two local producers of organic and free-range chickens. Worked with the University to allow sampling on the farm. Participated in the pasture-flock workshop. Pel-freeze processing: A local processor that worked with the University team and Little Portions monastery. The processor provided chickens to the University for analysis of foodborne pathogens and is currently working with the University to design alternative strategies for treatments to reduce foodborne pathogens on carcasses. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pasture-flock producers including Little Portions monastery and Heifer International: These farmers and 35 other local small poultry operation farmers attended a workshop held by the University to understand how to raise safer and healthier poultry under the unique challenges of pasture flock farming. Veterinarian, Dr. F.D. Clark, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. Extension specialist, F.T. Jones, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. PD microbiologist, Dr. S.C. Ricke, designed and developed learning tools that were delivered at small producers of pasture-flock workshop including strategies to reduce foodborne illness in poultry flock operations. Scientific community: Data collected from the pasture-flock samples were presented at scientific meetings, including American Society for Microbiology and International Assoc. for food Protection. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Developed and conducted surveys of comsumers to assess their food safety perceptions of these poultry products as well as WTP for market assessment.
Impacts
It has been determined from our research that pasture flock systems do not have an impact on the genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella in terms of serovars, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles and antibiotic resistance. However, these systems do have an impact on the phenotype and genotype of Campylobacter in terms of flaA genotypes and antibiotic resistance. Scientists should be able to apply this information to their own research to further the understanding of how poultry rearing operations impact the prevalence, genotypes and phenotypes of these two foodborne pathogens. Determining if these systems have any genetic and serotype selective pressure was communicated to other scientists via peer reviewed journals and scientific meetings which provided information as to an approach that can be applied for solving similar problems. We surveyed consumer groups to assess current perceptions of food safety associated with these production systems. We communicated management strategies designed from the data collected from the scientific portion of the study and from the surveys of growers collected from the extension portion to local poultry industry meetings. If these management strategies are put into place, they can improve the welfare and health of pasture-flock and free-range poultry. MID-TERM AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES The long-term research goal of this project was to produce a data framework for determining foodborne pathogen risk from free/range broiler flocks with the assumption that reducing bacterial loads on the resulting meat products would lead to fewer foodborne disease cases in humans. Therefore, reducing the number of foodborne illnesses would result in dollars saved in terms of medical costs and lost productivity due to these foodborne illnesses. Once adaptive traits of Salmonella and Campylobacter that are distinct in free-range/pasture flock systems from Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from conventional poultry were determined, then a long-term goal delineating differences in the poultry production systems and their corresponding selection pressures on Salmonella and Campylobacter was discussed in comprehensive review publications and a book co-edited by the PI. The deliverable extension/outreach long-term goal was to make realistic management recommendations for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improve flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. Intervention strategies developed from this study that can reduce the pre-harvest load of foodborne pathogens in free-range/pasture flock could be applied to other poultry production systems that do not use antibiotic interventions.
Publications
- Chalova, V.I., O. Hernandez-Hernandez, A. Muthaiyan, S.A. Sirsat, S. Natesan, M.L. Sanz, F. Javier Moreno, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Growth and transcriptional response of Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 to glucose-lysine-based maillard reaction products generated under low water activity conditions. Food Res. Int. 45: 1044-1053.
- Herrera, P., C.A. OBryan, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Growth response of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in co-culture with ruminal bacterium Streptococcus bovis is influenced by time of inoculation and carbohydrate substrate. Food Res. Int. 45: 1054-1057.
- Hanning, I., D. Gilmore, S. Pendleton, S. Fleck, A. Clement, S. H. Park, E. Scott, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy humans and whole retail chicken carcasses in Northwest Arkansas. J. Food Prot. 75: 174-178.
- Hernandez-Hernandez, O., A. Muthaiyan, F. J. Moreno, A. Montilla, M. L. Sanz, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Effect of prebiotic carbohydrates on the growth and tolerance of Lactobacillus. Food Microbiol. 30: 355-361.
- Finstad, S., C.A. OBryan, J.A. Marcy, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Salmonella and broiler production in the United States: relationship to foodborne salmonellosis. Food Res. Int. 45: 789-794.
- Howard, Z.R., C.A. OBryan, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2012 Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs: Current issues and prospects for control. Food Res. Int. 45: 755-764.
- Van Loo, E.J., W. Alali, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Food safety and organic meats. Annual Rev. of Food Science and Technol. 3: 205-225.
- Koo, O.K., S.A. Sirsat, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Physical and chemical control of Salmonella in ready-to-eat products. Agric., Food, Anal. Bacteriol. 2: 56-68.
- Milillo, S.R., E. Martin, A. Muthaiyan and S.C. Ricke. 2011. Immediate reduction of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium following exposure to multiple-hurdle treatments with heated, acidified organic acid salt solutions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77: 3765-3772.
- Ricke, S.C., E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), 2012. Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY 444 pp.
- Perumalla, A.V.S., N.S. Hettiarachchy, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Current perspectives in poultry preharvest food safety. In Direct Fed Microbials/Prebiotics for Animals: Science and Mechanisms of Action, T.R. Callaway and S.C. Ricke (Eds.), Springer Science, New York, NY. pp. 89-120.
- Van Loo, E.J., S.C. Ricke, C.A. OBryan, and M.G. Johnson. 2012. Chapter 1. Historical and current perspectives in organic meat production. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 1-9.
- OBryan, C.A., E.J. Van Loo, S.C. Ricke, and P.G. Crandall. 2012. Chapter 2. Organic meat operations in the United States. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 13-21.
- Van Loo, E.J., V. Caputo, R.M. Nayga, Jr., N. Canavari, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Chapter 5. Organic meat marketing. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 67-85.
- Chalova, V. and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Chapter 10. Organic nutrition and feed supplementation. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 157-175.
- OBryan, C.A., K.E. Gibson, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Chapter 12. Slaughter options for organic meat products in the U.S. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 201-209.
- Van Loo, E.J., S.N. Melendez, I.B. Hanning-Jarquin and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Chapter 19. Foodborne pathogen occurrence in organically raised poultry. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 315-328.
- Siragusa, G.R. and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Chapter 20. Probiotics as pathogen control agents for organic meat production. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 331-349.
- Ricke, S.C., P. Hererra, and D. Biswas. 2012. Chapter 23. Bacteriophages for potential food safety applications in organic meat production. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY. pp. 407-424.
- Van Loo, E.J., S.C. Ricke, C.A. OBryan, and M.G. Johnson. 2012. Chapter 24. The future of organic meats. In: S.C. Ricke, E.J. Van Loo, M.G. Johnson and C.A. OBryan (Eds.), Organic Meat Production and Processing. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY pp. 425-430.
- Ricke, S.C., R. Jarquin, and I. Hanning. 2012. Chapter 16 Antimicrobials in feed: Benefits and limitations. In Feed and Fodder Contamination: Effects on Livestock and Food Safety , J. Fink-Gremmels (Ed.), Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK. pp. 411-431.
- Milillo, S.R., J.C. Stout, I.B. Hanning, A. Clement, E.D. Fortes, H.C. den Bakker, M. Wiedemann, and S.C. Ricke. 2012. Characteristics of Listeria from pasture-reared poultry reveals L. monocytogenes and hemolytic L. innocua in poultry ceca and the pasture environment. Poultry Sci. 91: 2158-2163.
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Progress 09/01/10 to 08/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Data has been collected on the foodborne pathogens that are prevalent in free/range pasture flock operations. Data collected include prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, high risk points for contamination, prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and genotypes, prevalence of Campylobacter genotypes. Both the Salmonella and the Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for antibiotic resistance. The effectiveness of post-harvest interventions currently in-place is being determined. The genetic and serovar selection pressure on Salmonella in free-range and pasture flock systems has been determined and compared with conventional serovars of Salmonella. Publications informing other scientists of the data have been generated and have been submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication. The data have also been presented at scientific meetings including, American Society for Microbiology, International Association for Food Protection, The 15th Annual Workshop for Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms and the Arkansas Association of Food Protection. Information gathered from this study has been distributed to growers and processors at a workshop. During this workshop, local growers were surveyed to gain a better understanding of the needs of local growers and the level of education concerning food safety of this specialty crop. Realistic management recommendations have been delivered for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improving flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Steven C. Ricke: Project director gained experience designing and developing learning tools that were delivered at a small producers of pasture-flock workshop. Guided graduate students on the collection of data. Evaluated pasture-flock farms and processing facilities to determine points for collecting data. Evaluated and presented data at scientific meetings. Dr. F.D. Clark: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and consulted on the farms to suggest corrective actions that would improve animal health. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. F.T. Jones: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and gave recommendations for feed formulation to improve flock performance and reduce possibilities of contamination of feed with pathogens. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. R. Nayak: Performed Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella isolates. Fully analyzed constructed phylogenetic relationship among the isolates in order to understand epidemiological tracking and pin-point critical control points. Irene Hanning: Revised sampling design to apply to each farm. Supervised graduate student sampling and processing of samples to obtain pathogens from the samples. Directed students on typing cultures by serotyping, PCR, and antibiotic resistance. Sherry Melendez, Ashley Clement, Si Hong Park: Graduate students gathered samples and processed samples to obtain pure cultures of pathogens. Analyzed cultures using antibiotic resistance assays, molecular typing of plasmid profiles, serotyping and PCR. Little Portions Monastery and Heifer International: Two local producers of organic and free-range chickens. Worked with the University to allow sampling on the farm. Participated in the pasture-flock workshop. Pel-freeze processing: A local processor that worked with the University team and Little Portions monastery. The processor provided chickens to the University for analysis of foodborne pathogens and is currently working with the University to design alternative strategies for treatments to reduce foodborne pathogens on carcasses. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pasture-flock producers including Little Portions monastery and Heifer International: These farmers and 35 other local small poultry operation farmers attended a workshop held by the University to understand how to raise safer and healthier poultry under the unique challenges of pasture flock farming. Veterinarian, Dr. F.D. Clark, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. Extension specialist, F.T. Jones, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. PD microbiologist, Dr. S.C. Ricke, designed and developed learning tools that were delivered at small producers of pasture-flock workshop including strategies to reduce foodborne illness in poultry flock operations. Scientific community: Data collected from the pasture-flock samples were presented at scientific meetings, including American Society for Microbiology and International Assoc. for food Protection. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Developed and conducted surveys of comsumers to assess their food safety perceptions of these poultry products.
Impacts
SHORT-TERM OUTCOMES It has been determined from our research that pasture flock systems do not have an impact on the genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella in terms of serovars, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles and antibiotic resistance. However, these systems do have an impact on the phenotype and genotype of Campylobacter in terms of flaA genotypes and antibiotic resistance. Scientists will be able to apply this information to their own research to further the understanding of how poultry rearing operations impact the prevalence, genotypes and phenotypes of these two foodborne pathogens. Determining if these systems have any genetic and serotype selective pressure is being communicated to other scientists via peer reviewed journals and scientific meetings which will provide information as to an approach that can be applied for solving similar problems. We have surveyed comsumer groups to assess current perceptions of food safety associated with these production systems. We communicated management strategies designed from the data collected from the scientific portion of the study and from the surveys of growers collected from the extension portion to local poultry industry meetings. If these management strategies are put into place, they can improve the welfare and health of pasture-flock and free-range poultry. MID-TERM AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES The long-term research goal of this project is to produce a data framework for determining foodborne pathogen risk from free/range broiler flocks with the assumption that reducing bacterial loads on the resulting meat products will lead to fewer foodborne disease cases in humans. Therefore, reducing the number of foodborne illnesses would result in dollars saved in terms of medical costs and lost productivity due to these foodborne illnesses. Once adaptive traits of Salmonella and Campylobacter that are distinct in free-range/pasture flock systems from Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from conventional poultry are determined, then a long-term goal will be delineating differences in the poultry production systems and their corresponding selection pressures on Salmonella and Campylobacter. The deliverable extension/outreach long-term goal is to make realistic management recommendations for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improve flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. Intervention strategies developed from this study that can reduce the pre-harvest load of foodborne pathogens in free-range/pasture flock could be applied to other poultry production systems that do not use antibiotic interventions.
Publications
- Foley, S., R. Nayak, I.B. Hanning, T.L. Johnson, J. Han, and S.C. Ricke. 2011. Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77: 4273-4279.
- Li, M., A. Muthaiyan, C.A. OBryan, J.E. Gustafson, Y. Li, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2011. Use of natural antimicrobials from a food safety perspective for control of Staphylococcus aureus. Curr. Pharmaceutical Biotechnol. 12:1240-1254.
- Hanning, I., D. Biswas, P.Herrera, M. Roesler and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pasture flock poultry. J. Food Sci. 75: M496-M502.
- Van Loo, E., V. Caputo, R.M. Nayga, Jr., J.-F. Meullenet, P.G. Crandall, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Effect of organic poultry purchase frequency on consumer attitudes toward organic poultry meat. J. Food Sci. 75: S384-S397.
- Melendez, S.N., I. Hanning, J. Han, R. Nayak, A.R. Clement, A. Wooming, P. Hererra, F.T. Jones, S.L. Foley, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Salmonella enterica isolates from pasture-raised poultry exhibit antimicrobial resistance and class I integrons. J. Appl. Microbiol. 109: 1957-1966.
- Joerger, R.D., I.B. Hanning, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Presence of arsenic resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky and other serovars isolated from poultry. Avian Dis. 54:1178-1182.
- Van Loo, E., V. V. Caputo, R.M. Nayga, Jr., J.-F. Meullenet, and S.C. Ricke. 2011. Consumers willingness to pay for organic chicken breast: Evidence from choice experiment. Food Qual. Preference. 22: 603-613.
- Park, S.H., R. Jarquin, I. Hanning, G. Almeida, and S.C. Ricke. 2011. Detection of Salmonella spp. survival and virulence by targeting the hilA gene. J. Appl. Microbiol. 111: 426-432.
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Progress 09/01/09 to 08/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Data has been collected on the foodborne pathogens that are prevalent in free/range pasture flock operations. Data collected include prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, high risk points for contamination, prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and genotypes, prevalence of Campylobacter genotypes. Both the Salmonella and the Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for antibiotic resistance. The effectiveness of prebiotic treatments is being evaluated. One trial has been completed and a second trial is currently on-going. The genetic and serovar selection pressure on Salmonella in free-range and pasture flock systems has been determined and compared with conventional serovars of Salmonella. A comparison of different post-harvest treatments, which includes air-chilled versus water tank chilled, has been completed. Publications informing other scientists of the data have been generated and published in peer-reviewed journals. The data have also been presented at scientific meetings including, American Society for Microbiology, International Association for Food Protection, The 15th Annual Workshop for Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms and the Arkansas Association of Food Protection. GAP information gathered from this study has been distributed to growers and processors at a workshop. During this workshop, local growers were surveyed to gain a better understanding of the needs of local growers and the level of education concerning food safety of this specialty crop. Realistic management recommendations have been delivered for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improving flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Steven C. Ricke: Project director gained experience designing and developing learning tools that were delivered at small producers of pasture-flock workshop. Guided graduate students on the collection of data. Evaluated pasture-flock farms and processing facilities to determine points for collecting data. Evaluated and presented data at scientific meetings. Dr. F.D. Clark: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and consulted on the farms to suggest corrective actions that would improve animal health. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. F.T. Jones: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and gave recommendations for feed formulation to improve flock performance and reduce possibilities of contamination of feed with pathogens. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. R. Nayak: Performed Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella isolates. Fully analyzed constructed phylogenetic relationship among the isolates in order to understand epidemiological tracking and pin-point critical control points. S. Foley: Performed plasmid analysis of Salmonella isolates. Analyzed and compared incompatibility profiles and constructed relationships based on these profiles in order to understand any antibiotic resistance transmission Irene Hanning, Paul Herrera, Sara Milillo, Corliss O'Bryan: Revised sampling design to apply to each farm. Supervised graduate student sampling and processing of samples to obtain pathogens from the samples. Directed students on typing cultures by serotyping, PCR, and antibiotic resistance. Designed and coordinated field trial experiments to evaluate potential prebitoic treatments. Sherry Melendez, Ashley Clement, Si Hong Park, Sean Pendleton , Jermemy Stout: Graduate students gathered samples and processed samples to obtain pure cultures of pathogens. Analyzed cultures using antibiotic resistance assays, molecular typing of plasmid profiles, serotyping and PCR. Little Portions Monastery and Heifer International: Two local producers of organic and free-range chickens. Worked with the University to allow sampling on the farm. Participated in the pasture-flock workshop. Pel-freeze processing: A local processor that worked with the University team and Little portions monastery. The processor provided chickens to the University for analysis of foodborne pathogens and is currently working with the University to design alternative strategies for treatments to reduce foodborne pathogens on carcasses. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pasture-flock producers including Little Portions monastery and Heifer International: These farmers and 35 other local small poultry operation farmers attended a workshop held by the University to understand how to raise safer and healthier poultry under the unique challenges of pasture flock farming. Veterinarian, Dr. F.D. Clark, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. Extension specialist, F.T. Jones, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. PD microbiologist, Dr. S.R. Ricke, designed and developed learning tools that were delivered at small producers of pasture-flock workshop including strategies to reduce foodborne illness in poultry flock operations. Scientific community: Data collected from the pasture-flock samples were presented at scientific meetings, including American Society for Microbiology, CHRO workshop, International Assoc. for food Protection and Arkansas Association for Food Protection PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
It has been determined from our research that these unique systems do not have an impact on the genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella in terms of serovars, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles and antibiotic resistance. It appears as though the Salmonella serovars that dominate conventional production systems also dominate the non-conventional systems. But, that these systems do have an impact on the phenotype and genotype of Campylobacter in terms of flaA genotypes and antibiotic resistance. Scientists will be able to apply this information to their own research to further the understanding of how poultry rearing operations impact the prevalence, genotypes and phenotypes of these two foodborne pathogens. A comparison of different post-harvest treatments has been completed. It has been determined that water tank chilling reduced the aerobic bacteria count and lengthened shelf-life of the carcasses. Determining if these unique systems have on any genetic and serotype selective pressure is being communicated to other scientists via peer reviewed journals and scientific meetings. Treatment alternatives to antibiotics are currently being evaluated in trials. We have found treatments that improve gut health and improve performance.
Publications
- Hanning, I., D. Biswas, P. Herrera, M. Roesler, and S. Ricke. 2010. Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pasture-flock poultry possess a reduced number of genes associated with colonization and stress survival. J of Food Science. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01747.x S. Melendez, I. Hanning, R. Nayak, F.T. Jones, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Free-range and organic poultry products: superior to conventionally raised poultry Book Chapter Melendez, S., I. Hanning, R. Nayak, A.R. Clement, A. Wooming, P. Herrera, , F.T. Jones, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Salmonella Isolated from Pasture Poultry exhibit Antimicrobial Resistance and the Presence of Class I Integrons. J Applied Microbiology. DOI doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04825.x PRESENTATIONS S. Melendez, I. Hanning, P. Hererra, F.T. Jones, and S.C Ricke. 2009. Pre and post-harvest surveillance and epidemiology of Salmonella in free-range and organic farming practices. American Society for Microbiology 103rd General Meeting. May 17-21, Philadelphia PA. S. Melendez, I. Hanning, R. Nayak, P. Hererra, F.T. Jones, and S.C Ricke. 2009. Characterization of Salmonella in free-range farming practices. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting. June 1-3, Grapevine, TX S. Melendez, I. Hanning, P. Hererra, F.T. Jones, and S.C Ricke. 2009. Characterization of Salmonella in free-range farming practices. Arkansas Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting. October 8-9, Springdale, AR Hanning, I., D. Biswas, and S. Ricke. 2009. Prevalence of pathogenic genes of Campylobacter isolated from pasture-flock farms and pasture-flock retail carcasses. 15th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms. Sept. 2-5 2009, Niigata, Japan. Clement, A. ,Hanning, I., Park,S.I., Melendez,S.M., Pendleton,S., Woo-ming,A., Scott, E.E., and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Processing Treatments and Rearing Condition Effects on Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Aerobic Bacteria Present on Whole Carcass Chickens. American Society for Microbiology 110th General Meeting. San Diego, CA. Hanning, I., D. Biswas, and S. C. Ricke. 2010. Whole genome sequence comparison of Campylobacter jejuni. American Society for Microbiology 110th General Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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Progress 09/01/08 to 08/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Data has been collected on the foodborne pathogens that are prevalent in free/range pasture flock operations. Data collected include prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, high risk points for contamination, prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and genotypes, prevalence of Campylobacter genotypes. Both the Salmonella and the Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for antibiotic resistance. The effectiveness of post-harvest interventions currently in-place is being determined. The genetic and serovar selection pressure on Salmonella in free-range and pasture flock systems has been determined and compared with conventional serovars of Salmonella. Publications informing other scientists of the data have been generated and have been submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication. The data have also been presented at scientific meetings including, American Society for Microbiology, International Association for Food Protection, The 15th Annual Workshop for Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms and the Arkansas Association of Food Protection. Information gathered from this study has been distributed to growers and processors at a workshop held in the spring of this year. During this workshop, local growers were surveyed to gain a better understanding of the needs of local growers and the level of education concerning food safety of this specialty crop. Realistic management recommendations have been delivered for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improving flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Steven C. Ricke: Project director gained experience designing and developing learning tools that were delivered at small producers of pasture-flock workshop. Guided graduate students on the collection of data. Evaluated pasture-flock farms and processing facilities to determine points for collecting data. Evaluated and presented data at scientific meetings. Dr. F.D. Clark: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and consulted on the farms to suggest corrective actions that would improve animal health. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. F.T. Jones: Evaluated pasture-flock farms and gave recommendations for feed formulation to improve flock performance and reduce possibilities of contamination of feed with pathogens. Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. R. Nayak: Performed Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella isolates. Fully analyzed constructed phylogenetic relationship among the isolates in order to understand epidemiological tracking and pin-point critical control points. Irene Hanning and Paul Herrera: Revised sampling design to apply to each farm. Supervised graduate student sampling and processing of samples to obtain pathogens from the samples. Directed students on typing cultures by serotyping, PCR, and antibiotic resistance. Sherry Melendez, Ashley Clement, Si Hong Park: Graduate students gathered samples and processed samples to obtain pure cultures of pathogens. Analyzed cultures using antibiotic resistance assays, molecular typing of plasmid profiles, serotyping and PCR. Little Portions Monastery and Heifer International: Two local producers of organic and free-range chickens. Worked with the University to allow sampling on the farm. Participated in the pasture-flock workshop. Pel-freeze processing: A local processor that worked with the University team and Little portions monastery. The processor provided chickens to the University for analysis of foodborne pathogens and is currently working with the University to design alternative strategies for treatments to reduce foodborne pathogens on carcasses. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pasture-flock producers including Little Portions monastery and Heifer International: These farmers and 35 other local small poultry operation farmers attended a workshop held by the University to understand how to raise safer and healthier poultry under the unique challenges of pasture flock farming. Veterinarian, Dr. F.D. Clark, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. Extension specialist, F.T. Jones, Presented information at the small producers of pasture-flock workshop to help producers understand how to formulate feeds and factors that may influence pathogen contamination of their flocks. PD microbiologist, Dr. S.R. Ricke, designed and developed learning tools that were delivered at small producers of pasture-flock workshop including strategies to reduce foodborne illness in poultry flock operations. Scientific community: Data collected from the pasture-flock samples were presented at scientific meetings, including American Society for Microbiology and International Assoc. for food Protection. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
SHORT-TERM OUTCOMES It has been determined from our research that these unique systems do not have an impact on the genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella in terms of serovars, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles and antibiotic resistance. But, that these systems do have an impact on the phenotype and genotype of Campylobacter in terms of flaA genotypes and antibiotic resistance. Scientists will be able to apply this information to their own research to further the understanding of how poultry rearing operations impact the prevalence, genotypes and phenotypes of these two foodborne pathogens. Determining if these unique systems have on any genetic and serotype selective pressure is being communicated to other scientists via peer reviewed journals and scientific meetings which will provide information as to an approach that can be applied for solving similar problems. We are developing educational tools that were developed from the information gather from the surveys given at our spring workshop. These tools will be made available to growers and processors to increase the food safety of these products in future workshops that are being planned for next spring. In addition, we plan to communicate management strategies designed from the data collected from the scientific portion of the study and from the surveys of growers collected from the extension portion. If these management strategies are put into place, they can improve the welfare and health of pasture-flock and free-range poultry. MID-TERM AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES The long-term research goal of this project is to produce a data framework for determining foodborne pathogen risk from free/range broiler flocks with the assumption that reducing bacterial loads on the resulting meat products will lead to fewer foodborne disease cases in humans. Therefore, reducing the number of foodborne illnesses would result in dollars saved in terms of medical costs and lost productivity due to these foodborne illnesses. Once adaptive traits of Salmonella and Campylobacter that are distinct in free-range/pasture flock systems from Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from conventional poultry are determined, then a long-term goal will be delineating differences in the poultry production systems and their corresponding selection pressures on Salmonella and Campylobacter. The deliverable extension/outreach long-term goal is to make realistic management recommendations for effectively lowering actual bacterial loads and improve flock health on free range/pasture flock poultry meat. Intervention strategies developed from this study that can reduce the pre-harvest load of foodborne pathogens in free-range/pasture flock could be applied to other poultry production systems that do not use antibiotic interventions.
Publications
- I.Hanning, D. Biswas, P. Herrera, M. Roesler, and S. Ricke. 2009. Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pasture-flock poultry possess a reduced number of genes associated with colonization and stress survival. Foodborne Path Dis. In review
- Nannapaneni, R., V.I. Chalova, P.G. Crandall, S.C. Ricke, M.G. Johnson, and C.A. OBryan. 2009. Campylobacter and Arcobacter species sensitivity to commercial orange oil fractions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 129: 43-49.
- Horrocks, S.M., R.C. Anderson, D.J. Nisbet, and S.C. Ricke. 2009. Incidence and ecology of Campylobacter in animals. Anaerobe 15: 18-25.
- Dunkley, K.D., T.R. Callaway, V.I. Chalova, J.L. McReynolds, M.E. Hume, C.S. Dunkley, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet, and S.C. Ricke. 2009. Foodborne Salmonella ecology in the avian gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobe 15: 26-35.
- Sirsat, S.A., A. Muthaiyan, and S.C. Ricke. 2009. Antimicrobials for pathogen reduction in organic and natural poultry production. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 379-388.
- Crandall, P.G., S. Seideman, S.C. Ricke, C.A. OBryan, A.F. Fanatico, and R. Rainey. 2009. Organic poultry consumer perceptions, opportunities and regulatory issues. J. Appl. Poultry Res. (Accepted).
- Crandall, P.G., C.A. OBryan, S.C. Ricke, F.T. Jones, S.C. Seideman, R. Rainey, E.A. Bihn T. Maurer and A.C. Fanatico. 2009. Food safety of natural and organic poultry. In: Perspectives on Food Safety Issues of Food Animal Derived Foods, S.C. Ricke and F.T. Jones (eds.) University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, AR (In press.
- Ricke, S.C. 2009. Future prospects for advancing food safety research in food animals. In: Perspectives on Food Safety Issues of Food Animal Derived Foods, S.C. Ricke and F.T. Jones (eds.) University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, AR (In press.
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