Progress 11/03/07 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Feed consultants Veterinarians Students Educators Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Projects have involved graduate students, undergraduates, research technicians an, visiting scientists and postdoctoral scholars. In all cases individuals have been engaged in a manner intended to increase their capacity as scientists and researchers. In several cases individuals have established themselves as independent researchers and educators. Data from the work described here has been part of MS and PhD thesis and has been reported at professional scientific meetings by students and which has contributed to their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The data provide new fundamental knowledge that has been shared with other scientists and provides a basis for a greater understanding of responses to the diet or physiological changes during the transition to lactation. Information has beenpresentedat applied feeding conferences and at national scientific society meeitngs in the US and internationally. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Work describes control of promoter function for genes that encode enzymes critical to control of metabolism in ruminants. It is well recognized that metabolic disorders in dairy cattle are most prevalent around the time of calving and are very costly for the dairy industry in regard to treatment expense, lost production potential, and reduced cow longevity. Results from the experiments in this project indicate that a rise in fatty acid concentration at calving serves as metabolic trigger for elevated expression of key genes in energy metabolism. Furthermore the specificity of response to fatty acids indicates a potential to increase expression of genes that are linked to a diet fatty acid profiles and would promote a healthy metabolic profile for dairy cattle and favorable outcomes during the transition through calving. This new knowledge is likely to spur identification of diets that favor fatty acid profiles that enhance gluconeogenic capacity and therefore reduce the incidence of fatty liver, ketosis and other costly disorders in dairy cattle.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Zheng W, Tayyari F, Gowda GA, Raftery D, McLamore ES, Porterfield DM, Donkin SS, Bequette B, Teegarden D. 2013. Altered glucose metabolism in Harvey-ras transformed MCF10A cells. Mol Carcinog. 2013
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Zheng W, Tayyari F, Gowda GA, Raftery D, McLamore ES, Shi J, Porterfield DM, Donkin SS, Bequette B, Teegarden D. 2013. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D regulation of glucose metabolism in Harvey-ras transformed MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. Nov;138:81-9.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Donkin S. S., P. H. Doane, and M.l J. Cecava. 2013. Expanding the role of crop residues and biofuel co-products as ruminant feedstuffs. Animal Frontiers 3:54-60.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Oh J, Hristov AN, Lee C, Cassidy T, Heyler K, Varga GA, Pate J, Walusimbi S, Brzezicka E, Toyokawa K, Werner J, Donkin SS, Elias R, Dowd S, Bravo D. Immune and production responses of dairy cows to postruminal supplementation with phytonutrients. 2013. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Dec;96(12):7830-43. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7089. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs for the current year are related to project objectives 1) To quantify properties of feeds that determine availability of nutrients critical to milk production and 2) To measure the metabolic interactions among amino acids, lipids and glucose that affect synthesis of milk protein and other components. The results of experiments to evaluate the impact of supply of amino acids on efficiency of milk protein production have been disseminated at the National ADSA meetings in Phoenix and at The TriState (IN, OH, MI) Dairy Nutrition Conference in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Other experiments examine the potential for feeding biofuels crop residues to support milk production and to determine the optimal inclusion of these nontraditional feed sources. The knowledge created in this project is valuable to veterinarians, dairy producers and feed industry consultants in determining the feed inputs necessary to maximize efficiency of milk protein production and minimizing environmental impact of milk production. The audiences at the venues where this information has been disseminated reach the full spectrum of the dairy nutrition and management community. PARTICIPANTS: Heather Tucker is a graduate student contributor to the project. The work will be used as part of her Ph.D. dissertation. Alison Headley is a graduate student contributor to the project. A portion of the work is used to grain research exposure as part of her nonthesis MS program. Perry Doane, Ph.D., ADM contributes to the planning and provides funding to support the initiative. Dr. Doane is a research with ADM and helps to determine recommendations for ADM Alliance Nutrition customers. Michael Cevava, Ph.D. ADM contributes to the planning and in procurement of funding to support the initiative. Dr. Cevaca is senior research director for ADM corporate helps to determine product development and marketing for ADM TARGET AUDIENCES: Feed consultants, veterinarians, livestock producers, dairy producers, feed industry, animal health professionals PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Growth in biofuels production has increased the economical need for alternative feed sources to replace corn and corn silage in livestock production. Expansion in the ethanol and biodiesel industry has led to an increased amount of by-products, such as glycerol, condensed distiller's solubles (CDS), and dried distiller's grains (DDG) available as potential alternative feeds. Work completed relative to the project objective #2 evaluated the impact of feeding corn stover on milk production in dairy cows. We created diets for lactating dairy cows that contained over 51% biofuels co-product feeds . For these diets we replaced corn grain with glycerol and corn silage with a combination of corn distillers solubles and corn stover. Results of a 56 day feeding study indicate no difference in milk production or composition for cows fed the biofuels diet compared with the conventional diet containing corn silage, haylage, and corn grain. Outcomes from the project will be used to make recommendations for managing feeding during high corn prices and to determine the optimal economically feasible and environmentally sustainable level of biofuels crop residues and co-products. This work will also help guide the use of crop residues as alternatives to corn and in time of feed crises such as drought and high corn prices.
Publications
- Donkin, S. S. and M. J. Cecava. 2012. Rethinking and expanding the role of co-products and crop residues as livestock feeds. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2:404
- Donkin, S. S., A. C. Headley, H. A. Tucker, P. H. Doane, and M. J. Cecava. 2012. Processed corn stover as a corn silage replacement feed for lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2:606
- Tucker, H. A., M. D. Hanigan, J. Escobar, P. H. Doane, and S. S. Donkin. 2012. Genes for lysine catabolism in lactating dairy cows are responsive to postruminal lysine supply. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2: 46.
- Carvalho ER, Schmelz-Roberts NS, White HM, Wilcox CS, Eicher SD, Donkin SS. 2012. Feeding behaviors of transition dairy cows fed glycerol as a replacement for corn. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Oct 18. doi:pii: S0022-0302(12)00769-2. 10.3168/jds.2010-3584. [Epub ahead of print]
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs for the current year are related to project objective 1: To quantify properties of feeds that determine availability of nutrients critical to milk production and objective 2: To measure the metabolic interactions among amino acids, lipids and glucose that affect synthesis of milk protein and other components. The results of experiments to evaluate the impact of supply of protein on efficiency of milk protein production have been disseminated at the National ADSA meetings in New Orleans and at The TriState (IN, OH, MI) Dairy Nutrition Conference in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The knowledge created in this project is valuable to researchers and industry scientists in solving problems related to the efficiency of milk protein production and to veterinarians, dairy producers and feed industry consultants. The audiences at the venues where this information has been disseminated reach the full spectrum of the dairy nutrition and management community. PARTICIPANTS: Heather Tucker is a graduate student contributor to the project. The work will be used as part of her Ph.D. dissertation. Perry Doane, Ph.D., ADM contributes to the planning and procurement of funding to support the initiative. Dr. Doane is a research scientist with ADM and helps to determine recommendations for ADM Alliance Nutrition customers. Michael Cevava, Ph.D. ADM contributes to the planning and procurement of funding to support the initiative. Dr. Cevaca is senior research director for ADM corporate helps to determine product development and marketing for ADM Stephanie Koser provided technical assistance for the molecular biology associated with the project. Stephanie is an Academic Profession in the Department of Animal Sciences at Purdue University and is an integral player in technical portions of the project as will as graduate student training James Sibray is an undergraduate student assisting with the project. James has contributed to collection of sample and management of the cows. He is gaining valuable experience in conducting research trials with dairy cattle. TARGET AUDIENCES: Feed consultants, veterinarians, livestock producers, dairy producers, feed industry, animal health professionals PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Work related to the project evaluates the impact of feeding greater quantities of corn protein to lactating dairy cows as distillers grains and the impact of this practice on efficiency of capture of dietary protein as milk protein by the dairy cow. Work accomplished as part of this project will help guide nutrient recommendations in the emerging biofuels era that is marked by a surplus of corn protein for livestock. Because lysine limits the amount of corn protein used for dairy cows and lysine supplementation is expensive information is essential that identifies the adequacy of dietary lysine supply. These data are necessary for scientifically sound recommendations as part of precision protein feeding systems for dairy cattle. Information from this project has identified a need for 27 g/d of additional postruminal lysine for optimal efficiency of milk protein production in distillers grains based rations. Complementary metabolic data under project objective 2 indicates that the molecular biology in liver that is specific to catabolism of lysine is sensitive to lysine supply and that liver may spare lysine catabolism to enhance efficiency of dietary protein. These data point to a gene marker of lysine bioavailability that could be used to evaluate lysine availability of a number of protein sources and corn protein derivatives. Outcomes from the project will be used to determine the optimal economically feasible and environmentally sustainable level of rumen protected lysine to the diets of lactating dairy cows.
Publications
- Carvalho, E. R., N. S. Schmelz-Roberts, H. M. White, and S. S. Donkin 2011. Replacing corn with glycerol in diets for transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 94:908-916.
- White H.M., S. L. Koser, S. S. Donkin. 2011. Characterization of bovine pyruvate carboxylase promoter 1 responsiveness to serum from control and feed-restricted cows. J Anim Sci. 89:1763-1768.
- White H. M., S. L. Koser, S. S. Donkin. 2011. Bovine pyruvate carboxylase 5' untranslated region variant expression during transition to lactation and feed restriction in dairy cows. J Anim Sci. 89:1881-1892.
- Grunberg W, S. S. Donkin, P. D. Constable. 2011. Periparturient effects of feeding a low dietary cation-anion difference diet on acid-base, calcium, and phosphorus homeostasis and on intravenous glucose tolerance test in high-producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 94:727-745.
- Aschenbach J.R., N. B. Kristensen, S. S. Donkin, H. M. Hammon, G. B. Penner. 2011. Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: the secret of making sweet milk from sour dough. IUBMB Life. 62:869-877.
- White H.M., S. L. Koser, S. S. Donkin. 2011. Differential regulation of bovine pyruvate carboxylase promoters by fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist. J Dairy Sci. 94:3428-3436.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Expansion of the biofuels industry has increased the availability of glycerol as an alternative feed for dairy cows. Feeding experiments with transition dairy cows determined the effects of glycerol on feed intake, milk production, rumen VFA, and metabolic parameters. Cows were fed diets containing either high moisture corn or glycerol (from -28 to +56 days relative to calving. Glycerol was included at 12% of the ration. Prepartum feed intake was not changed (by glycerol feeding nor did postpartum feed intake differ. Overall milk yield did not differ (35.8 vs. 37 kg/d, control vs. glycerol) and there were no effects of glycerol on milk composition, milk urea nitrogen, somatic cells, and energy balance were not different with glycerol feeding. There was a tendency for a treatment x wk of lactation effect that supported greater milk production for cows fed glycerol. Total Rumen VFA concentrations (mmol/L) did not differ between treatments, but proportions of rumen propionate and butyrate were greater (for cows fed glycerol. The production data indicate that glycerol is a suitable replacement for corn grain in diets for transition dairy cows. Cows were also assessed for the effects of glycerol on feeding behaviors. Feed sorting is a natural behavior of dairy cows that can result in inconsistencies in nutritive value of a TMR. The effects of replacing high moisture corn with glycerol on feed sorting and feeding behavior of transition dairy cows. Cow activity was continuously videotaped for 24 h on d -17, -10, 8, 15 and 50 relative to calving. Feeding, rumination and resting behavior was evaluated during 1 h intervals beginning at 0, 1, 5.5 and 11 h relative to feed delivery. Feed consumption pattern was determined by measuring the TMR disappearance during the intervals from 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12 to 24 h relative to feed delivery. Feed sorting was determined on days -16, -9, 9, 16, and 51 relative to calving at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post feeding. The TMR particle size profile was determined at feed delivery and 4, 8, 12, and 24 post feed delivery. Overall feed intake did not differ between. During the prepartum period glycerol decreased the amount of feed consumed during the first 4 h after feed delivery (7.22 vs. 5.59 kg) but increased feed consumed from 12 through 24 after feed delivery (2.22 vs. 3.82 kg), similar effects on feed consumption pattern were observed after calving. During the prepartum period cows fed the control diet sorted against long particles and in favor of short particles, cows fed glycerol did not sort against long particles but sorted against short particles. During the postpartum period glycerol increased sorting for medium sized particles and sorting against short particles. The data indicate that glycerol addition of glycerol to the TMR alters feed consumption pattern and sorting behavior of prepartum and postpartum dairy cows. PARTICIPANTS: Shawn S. Donkin, Lead Investigator Heather White, Graduate student Eduardo Carvalho, Visiting Scholar (Brazil) Nicole Schmelz-Roberts, graduate studnet Perry H. Doane, Industry partner Michael J. Cecava, Industry partner TARGET AUDIENCES: Veterinarians Feed consultants Researchers Dairy producers Dairy producers, veterinarians and nutritional consultants will use the information to make decisions in formulating more cost effective rations for dairy producers. All groups will use the information to reduce the potential of feed sorting and therefore under nutrition dairy cows around calving. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Ongoing increases in the production of biofuels have led to a supply of glycerol that may not be absorbed by the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Previous research examining the potential for glycerol as a feed for dairy cattle indicates that as much as 15% of the ration dry matter can be fed as glycerol to mid lactation dairy cows. The onset of lactation poses considerable challenges to the dairy cow as feed intake often lags behind energy needs and feeding management strategies must consider the impact of feeds on intake and health status. Previous research indicates a mixed response to glycerol feeding in transition cows. The results of these experiments indicate that glycerol can replace corn in the diet of transition cows to at least 12% of ration DM without compromising intake or productivity and provides an alternative to corn grain for dairy producers. The data has been shared with veterinarians, feed consultants, researchers and dairy producers in electronic format (web) at nutrition conferences in the United States and overseas and through presentation at national scientific society meeting (ADSA/ASAS. The data is being used to formulate alternative ration for dairy cattle as an alternative to corn grain especially when grain prices are high relative to biofuels co-products feeds.
Publications
- Arentson, E. J., M. Zou, K. K. Buhman, S. S. Donkin. 2010. Glycerol enhances intestinal aquaporin expression and improves glucose tolerance. FASEB J. 23: 541.7
- White, H. M., S. L. Koser, and S. S. Donkin. 2010. Gluconeogenic enzymes are differentially regulated by fatty acid cocktails in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cells. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1:390.
- Carvalho, E. R., N. S. Schmelz, H. White, and S. S. Donkin. 2010. Glycerol can replace corn grain in diets for transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1:438.
- White, H. M., S. L. Koser, and S. S. Donkin. 2010. A novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for bovine liver pyruvate carboxylase 5 UTR variants during the transition to lactation. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1:682.
- Carvalho, E. R., N. S Schmelz, H. M. White, and S. S. Donkin. 2010. Feed sorting and feeding behavior of transition dairy cows fed glycerol as a replacement for corn. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1:716.
- Navarro, J.I. L.J. Unruh Snyder, R.P. Lemenager, M.C. Claeys, M.M. Schutz, S.S. Donkin, T. Johnson, K. Foster, M. Marshall, D. Buckmaster, S.L. Lake. 2010. Resources Inventory of Beef and Dairy Operations for the Use of Ethanol Co-products. Journal of Extension.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Experiments were conducted to determine the direct control of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, key enzymes for glucose metabolism in dairy cattle. Understanding of the control of these processes is need to devise strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of hypoglycemia, ketosis, and related metabolic disorders as these represent a significant income loss to the dairy industry. Results from these experiments demonstrate that pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a critical enzyme in gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle carbon flux is controlled by differential action of fatty acids on the three promoters that control the levels of it corresponding mRNA in liver. Because fatty acid concentrations in blood is elevated at calving we reasoned that fatty acids may be regulate PC expression. Therefore we determined the direct effects of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids (1 mM), dexamethasone and Wy14643 (PPAR agonist) on activity of the 3 promoters that drive PC activity by transiently transfecting bovine PC promoter-luciferase constructs into liver cells in culture. Activity of P1 was suppressed with exposure to stearic acid and enhanced with exposure to Wy14643. Conversely, stearic acid enhanced P2 and P3 activity. These data demonstrate the role of fatty acids in regulating PC expression. The specificity of response for PC promoter function to stearic acid in the current data suggests a physiological role for elevated stearic acid concentrations observed in blood of dairy cows at calving. PARTICIPANTS: Heather White, Graduate Student Erin Cedano, Graduate Student Juan Velez, Graduate Student stephanie Koser, Research Technician Gerd Bobe,Oregon State University, Research Collaborator Don Beitz, Iowa State University, Research Collaborator TARGET AUDIENCES: Veterinarians, feed consultants and researchers will use this data with the same end goal of improving cow health and productivity but in different ways. Because there is an association of fatty acid composition and capacity for gluconeogenesis researchers will use this knowledge by further exploring the pattern of fatty acids that are present in blood of cows at calving when exposed to different diets. Veterinarians and feed consultants will likely begin to monitor cow performance and incidences of ketosis based on fat source in the diet and then formulate recommendations regarding the potential to change metabolism (i.e. with more stearic acid). PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
There is a paucity of data that describes control of promoter function for genes that encode enzymes critical to control of metabolism in ruminants. It is well recognized that metabolic disorders in dairy cattle are most prevalent around the time of calving and are very costly for the dairy industry in regard to treatment expense, lost production potential, and reduced cow longevity. Results from the experiments in this project indicate that a rise in fatty acid concentration at calving serves as metabolic trigger for elevated expression of key genes in energy metabolism. Furthermore the specificity of response to fatty acids indicates a potential to increase expression of genes that are linked to a diet fatty acid profiles and would promote a healthy metabolic profile for dairy cattle and favorable outcomes during the transition through calving. This new knowledge is likely to spur identification of diets that favor fatty acid profiles that enhance gluconeogenic capacity and therefore reduce the incidence of fatty liver, ketosis and other costly disorders in dairy cattle.
Publications
- Donkin, S. S., E. Cedeno, and S. L. Koser. 2009. Effect of propionate infusion on hepatic PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase expression in neonatal Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 92: (Suppl 1).
- White, H.M., S.L. Koser, and S.S. 2009. Donkin Regulation of bovine pyruvate carboxylase promoters by fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 92: (Suppl 1).
- Bobe, G., J. C. Velez, D. C. Beitz, and S. S. Donkin. 2009. Glucagon Increases Hepatic mRNA Levels of Gluconeogenic and Ureagenic Enzymes in Early Lactation Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92:5092-5099
- Donkin, S. S., S. Koser, H. White, P. H. Doane, and M. J. Cecava. 2009. Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92:5111-5119.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall project objective under which these studies were conducted is to determine metabolic interactions among amino acids, lipids and glucose that affect synthesis of milk protein and other components. The specific goal of the experiments reported here is to determine metabolic relationships controlling glucose and energy metabolism in lactating cows. Aspects of glycerol metabolism in dairy cows were determined under this objective; specifically the role of glycerol transport protein in absorption across the rumen wall. These studies examined the possibility that aquaporin 3 (AQP3), an intrinsic membrane protein which functions to channel water and solutes such as glycerol and urea into cells is expressed in rumen epithelium and therefore provides a route for direct absorption of glycerol from the rumen. Samples of rumen epitheium were obtained from six rumen cannulated mid lactation dairy cows. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and presence of AQP3 expression was determined using PCR analysis. The data indicate the presence of AQP3 in bovine rumen papillae and suggests the possibility of direct, carrier mediated, absorption of glycerol across rumen papillae. Additional work is needed to determine the capacity of AQP3 as a route of glycerol disappearance. Other experiments explored control of glucose 6 phosphatase expression in liver during the transition to lactation in dairy cows. Adaptations to glucose metabolism and release are key aspects of dairy cow health and well-being during the early establishment of lactation. Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6Pase) catalyzes the final reaction for both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to glucose and inorganic phosphate. The objective of these studies was to determine changes in expression of G6Pase during the onset of lactation in transition dairy cows. Liver biopsy samples were obtained from eleven mature Holstein cows 28 prior to calving, at calving, and 28 after calving. Total RNA was analyzed for G6Pase using real time PCR. There was a tendency for G6Pase to be elevated at calving. The data indicate that increased expression of G6Pase at calving and postcalving in liver is part of the adaptation to increased hepatic glucose release in transition cows. These data have been presented at the American Dairy Science Association annual meeting and to producer, veterinarian and feed consultant audiences at the TriState Dairy Nutrition Conference in Fort Wayne Indiana and Southwest Dairy Nutrition Conference in Tempe, AZ. This work contributes to a more complete understanding the basic biology of hepatic nutrient metabolism in dairy cattle and will enable management and interventions strategies to improve cow health, productivity and well being. PARTICIPANTS: Students trained: Heather White, Ph.D. student; Erin Cedeno, M.S. student; Nicole Schmelz, M.S. student TARGET AUDIENCES: Scientists Researchers Veterinarians Feed consultants Dairy Producers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The data provide new fundamental knowledge that has been shared with other scientists and provides a basis for a greater understanding of responses to the diet or physiological changes during the transition to lactation. Data for glucose 6 phosphatase from transition cows may enable early detection of metabolic diseases that are costly to the dairy industry and or adaptation of management strategies to reduce disease incidences.
Publications
- Cedeno, E. M., S. L. Koser, and S. S. Donkin. 2008. Quantification of glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA abundance in liver of transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (Suppl 1): 424.
- Donkin S. S. 2008. Use of glycerin in dairy diets. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (Suppl 1): 492.
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