STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AT THE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0213080
• Project Start Date: Jan 1, 2013
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2017
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV
(N/A)
RALEIGH,NC 27695

Performing Department
Biological & Agr Engineering

Non Technical Summary
Locations for stormwater BMP and LID monitoring are scattered across the state of NC. This is due to the need to examine how stormwater systems function in different hydrophysiographic regions of North Carolina, which includes a mountainous west, moderately hilly and clayey middle (Piedmont), and a relatively sandy and flat east. Moreover, each region of the state has varied stormwater research needs. In the mountains where cold water species, like trout, are found, temperature is a significant issue. Along the coast, where shellfish beds often will be closed to harvesting, pathogenic bacteria is the most acute issue. Locations of the stormwater BMPs to be monitored are selected in concert with local cooperative extension agents who support the field research conducted by NCSU-BAE. Local agents partner with campus specialists to identify and secure BMP demonstrations as well as to find grant support to evaluate their function.

Animal Health Component

100%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

100%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
111	0210	2020	10%
112	0399	2020	90%

Knowledge Area
112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water;

Subject Of Investigation
0210 - Water resources; 0399 - Watersheds and river basins, general;

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering;

Keywords

stormwater

runoff

urban interface

nutrient removal

watershed

rainwater harvesting

water supply

low impact development

green infrastructure

urban hydrology

stormwater control measure

scm

bmp

Goals / Objectives
Goals 1. N.C. State to become a respected source for stormwater quality best management practice design. 2. Have 1000's of stormwater practices installed in North Carolina and elsewhere have an NCSU-BAE "fingerprint" by way of demonstration & research sites and workshop series. Together, thousands of acres would receive advanced stormwater treatment across North Carolina. 3. Produce more than 80 peer-refereed journal articles on stormwater management, to further influence state and national design standards (at end of 5-year period. 4. Graduate another 10 stormwater team alumni (MS, PhD) to serve throughout this state and nation Objectives 1. Determine the hydrologic impact of stormwater management practices used in the urban-rural interface, including bioretention, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting and composite uses (such as Low Impact Development). 2. Determine water quality impacts of the above practices and more traditional large scale BMPs such as stormwater wetlands and wet ponds. 3. Develop a quantitative approach for designing these practices and incorporate these design strategies in statewide design guidance administered by NC DENR.

Project Methods
Stormwater BMPs and Low Impact Development projects will be monitored for their physical, chemical and biological condition and compared with pre-construction conditions (or targeted reference conditions). Projects will be selected to represent various watershed conditions based on size, land use, and ecological functions. Physical monitoring will include rainfall, runoff, flow, and temperature measurements. Chemical analyses will be conducted for nutrient species, various metals, and oil and grease. Biological monitoring will include grab samples for bacterial indicator species (fecal coliform, E. coli and enterrococcus) as well as macroinvertebrate and vegetation sampling to evaluate ecological functions of restored stream corridors. An index of autotrophs, the North Carolina Biotic Index (NCBI), the Ephemeroptera Plecoptera and Trichoptera Index (EPT) will be utilized for biological monitoring. Chemical samples are delivered to one of several labs, with the most frequent being the Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology (CAAE) at NC State University. This lab is EPA-certified. Biological samples are analyzed at CAAE or other labs more local to the site of collection. Pollutant loads (influent and effluent) are determined by collecting composite samples of nearly all pollutants (the major exceptions being bacteria and temperature) and multiplying the event mean concentration (EMC) by the volume of water into and outletting from the BMP. Flow is measured most frequently using weirs and pressure transducers/ flow bubblers that determine the height of water above the nappe of the weir. Knowing the height of water on a regular basis (1 to 5 minutes) enables the flow rate to be calculated. Flow composite samples are collected by connecting the flow information to automated samplers, which will "pull" samples for every unit volume of water to pass over the weir. All storms less than 2.0 inches are targeted for collection. Positive impacts of any of the stormwater practices on all water quality and hydrology parameters will be determined by comparing effluent concentrations, flow volumes, pollutant loads, and peak flows to those of the inflow. A variety of metrics will be used, such as QP-out / QP-in, Vin / Vout, [P]in / [P]out, Load Pin /Load Pout. Where QP = Peak flow, V = Volume of water, [P] = pollutant concentration, and Load P = pollutant load. Influent and effluent concentrations will also both be compared to those present in NC waterways. By employing the latter metric, one can observe the potential of whether BMPs reduce pollutant levels similar to what is found in high quality waters. Results of the research findings will be communicated in a variety of forms: peer reviewed journal articles, production of design factsheets, dissemination at national and regional conferences, presentation at NCSU-BAE led workshops (of which there are 20-30 a year held across North Carolina) and semi-annual meetings with NC DENR stormwater administrators. In the past these latter meetings have led to design changes for several stormwater practices currently used in North Carolina.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: OUTPUTS: Twenty-five workshops, symposiums, and field tours were organized and conducted in 2012. More than 8,800 contact hours were delivered. Five of the educational events were outside North Carolina (4 internationally). Nineteen applied research conference proceedings were delivered at one of 5 conferences (4 national, 1 international). Seventeen invited seminars were given (8 out-of-state (USA), 2 international). Eight various websites were updated and utilized. Most specifically: www.bae.ncsu.edu/stormwater. PARTICIPANTS: R.J. Winston (Extension Associate), Andrew Anderson (Extension Associate), Lenny Rogers (Extension Director - Alexander Co.), Eric Caldwell (Extension Director - Transylvania Co.), Wendy Patoprsty (Extension Agent, Watauga County), William Lord (Area Environmental Agent, Franklin County), Mitchell Woodward (Area Environmental Agent, Wake County), Al Hight (Extension Director, New Hanover County), Wendy Hartup (Natural Resources Agent, Forsyth County), Seth Nagy (Extension Director, Caldwell County), Allen Caldwell (Extension Agent, Caldwell County), Greg Jennings (Professor, Bio&Ag Engineering), Deanna Osmond (Professor, Soil Science), Garry Grabow (Associate Prof, Bio&Ag Engineering), Christy Perrin (Extension Associate, Ag&Res. Economics) North Carolina Dept. of Transportation, North Carolina Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources, City of Durham(NC), City of Wilmington(NC), City of Fayetteville(NC), City of Raleigh(NC), Town of River Bend(NC), Auburn University, University of Maryland, Villanova University, University of Minnesota TARGET AUDIENCES: Engineers, Landscape Architects, Planners, Regulators, Landscape professionals, landscape contractors, construction contractors PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
2012 was a productive year for me and my research team. I was lead instructor/organizer for 25 professional training events, seven of which were out-of-state (Pennsylvania, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore). More than 8,800 contact hours were delivered. The BMP Inspection and Maintenance Certification program, developed by Mr. Bill Lord and me, continues to be the model program of its type in the world. Since 2006, over 1800 professionals have become certified. The main new workshop series focused on permeable pavement and was the result of collaboration among NC State, NC DENR, and the private sector. The workshop focused on substantial changes to the state's design chapter on permeable pavement. From applied research that had been conducted by the Stormwater Team, 16 journal articles were published in major engineering journals (Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Journal of Hydrology, Ecological Engineering, and Water Science & Technology) in 2012. Other educational materials produced included three peer-reviewed Extension Bulletins, the maintenance of eight websites, and six technical reports. There were three graduations from the stormwater program (M.S. N.R. Bouchard & B.J. Wardynksi, Ph.D. T.L.C. Moore). With the help of the BAE stormwater team, NC DENR update portions of the state's Stormwater BMP Manual, including the new chapter on permeable pavement, which was revised per information gathered during our research projects. In 2012, I was able to attract $855K in external funding (14 grants) as either lead or co-PI. Altogether, 29 active grants in 2012 totaled $3.46M.

Publications

• Bright, T.M., M.R. Burchell, W.F. Hunt, W.D. Price. 2011. Feasibility of a Dune Infiltration System to Protect North Carolina Beaches from Fecal Bacteria Contaminated Stormwater. Journal of Environmental Engineering.137(10), 968-979.
• Brown, R.A., D.E. Line, W.F. Hunt. 2012. LID Treatment Train: Pervious Concrete with Subsurface Storage in Series with Bioretention and Care with Seasonal High Water Tables. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 138(6): 689-697.
• Brown, R.A. and W.F. Hunt. 2012. Improving Bioretention/ Biofiltration Performance with Restorative Maintenance. Water Science & Technology, 65(2): 361-367.
• Brown, R.A. and W.F. Hunt. 2011. Underdrain Configuration to Enhance Bioretention Exfiltration to Reduce Pollutant Loads. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 137(11):1082-1091.
• Davis, A.P., R.G. Traver, W.F. Hunt, R. Lee, R.A. Brown, J.M. Olszewski. 2012. Hydrologic Performance of Bioretention Stormwater Control Measures. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. 17(5), 604-614.
• Eck, B., R. Winston, W.F. Hunt, and M. Barrett. 2012. Water Quality from Permeable Friction Course. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 138(2):175-182.
• Hathaway, J.M. and W.F. Hunt. 2012. Indicator Bacteria Performance of Stormwater Control Measures in Wilmington, NC. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering , 138(2):185-197.
• Hathaway, J.M., W.F. Hunt, A.K. Graves, J.D. Wright. 2011. Field Evaluation of Bioretention Indicator Bacteria Sequestration in Wilmington, NC. Journal of Environmental Engineering 137(12), 1103-1113.
• Hunt, W.F., A.P. Davis, R.G. Traver. 2012. Meeting Hydrologic and Water Quality Goals through Targeted Bioretention Design. Journal of Environmental Engineering 138(6): 698-707.
• Lenhart, H.A., W.F. Hunt, M.R. Burchell. 2012. Harvestable Nitrogen Accumulation for Five Stormwater Wetland Plant Species: A Trigger for Stormwater Control Measure (SCM) Maintenance Journal of Environmental Engineering. 138(9), 972-978.
• Line, D.E., R.A. Brown, W.F. Hunt, W.G. Lord. 2012. Effectiveness of "LID" for Commercial Development in NC. Journal of Environmental Engineering 138(6), 680-688.
• Tillinghast, E.D., W.F. Hunt, G.D. Jennings. 2011. Stormwater Control Measure (SCM) Design Standards to Limit Stream Erosion for Piedmont North Carolina. Journal of Hydrology. 411(3-4), 185-196.
• Winston, R.J., W.F. Hunt, S.G. Kennedy, J.D. Wright, and M.S. Lauffer. 2012. Field Evaluation of Stormwater Control Measures for Highway Runoff Treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 138(1): 101-111.
• Winston, R.J., W.F. Hunt, and J.K. McNett. 2012. Establishing Target Effluent Concentrations for Stormwater Control Measures. NC Cooperative Extension Factsheet #AG-588-24W. Raleigh, NC.

Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Twenty-six workshops, symposiums, and field tours were organized and conducted in 2010. More than 6,600 contact hours were delivered. Seven of the educational events were outside North Carolina. Twenty-nine applied research conference proceedings were delivered at one of 7 conferences (5 national, 2 international). Nineteen invited seminars were given (7 out-of-state (USA), 6 international). Eight various websites were updated and utilized. Most specifically: www.bae.ncsu.edu/stormwater. PARTICIPANTS: Off-Campus Extension Personnel: William G. Lord, Mitchell D. Woodward, Wendi Hartup, Lindsay Rogers, Seth H. Nagy, Allen Caldwell, Karen Neill, Wendy Patoprsty. Applied Research Team Campus Personnel: Extension Associates: Kathy M. DeBusk, Ryan J. Winston. Research Technician: Shawn G. Kennedy. Ph.D. Candidates: J.M. Hathaway, T.L. Moore, R.A. Brown. M.S. Candidates: N.R. Bouchard, J.K. McNett, Stacy K. Luell, Erica M. Petre, Erica D. Tillinghast, Bradley J. Wardynski. Partner Organizations: NCSU Departments: Agricultural and Resource Economics, Civil Engineering, Crop Science, Entomology, Horticulture, Landscape Architecture, Soil Science, and Statistics. Other Academic Institutions: Appalachian State University, Auburn University, Clemson University, East Carolina University, North Carolina A&T State University, Oklahoma State University, Pennsylvania State University, Rutgers University, Texas A&M University, the University of California - Los Angeles, the University of Florida, the University of Georgia, the University of Maryland-College Park, the University of Minnesota, the University of New Mexico, the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina-Wilmington, the University of Texas - Austin, Utah State University, and Villanova University. Government Entities: US EPA (Washington, DC; Edison, NJ; Atlanta, GA), NC DENR (Div. of Water Quality, Ecosystem Enhancement Program, Clean Water Management Trust Fund), NC DOT (Hydrology & Hydraulics) International Institutions: Griffith University (Australia), Monash University (Australia), the University of South Australia, and the University of Auckland (New Zealand). TARGET AUDIENCES: Workshops & Seminars detailed on prior page pertinent for and targeted toward professional engineers, regulators, landscape architects, landscape services industry, and general contractors. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: BMP Inspection and Maintenance Certification began offering re-certification classes. By end of 2010, approximately 200 people had been recertified.

Impacts
2010 was a productive year for me and my research team. I was lead instructor/organizer for 26 professional training events, seven of which were out-of-state (California, New Zealand). More than 6,600 contact hours were delivered. The BMP Inspection and Maintenance Certification program, developed by Mr. Bill Lord and me, continues to be the model program of its type in the world. Since 2006, over 1440 professionals have become certified. A new workshop series, the Rain Garden Certification program, continues to provide an opportunity for landscapers to earn a credential that (1) enables them to better understand how to install this growing landscape feature and (2) provide them a marketing tool. The workshop is a partnership among local extension agents and BAE faculty. From applied research that had been conducted by the Stormwater Team, nine journal articles were published in major engineering journals (Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, and Resources, Conservation and Recycling) in 2010. I was either lead or senior author for eight of those articles, and third author for the final. An additional seven journal articles are currently in press, and four of those have been scheduled for printing in by April 2010. Other educational materials produced included three peer-reviewed Extension Bulletins, the maintenance of eight websites, a book chapter, and eight technical reports. There were two graduations from the stormwater program (M.S. J.K. McNett, Ph.D. J.M. Hathaway). With the help of the BAE stormwater team, NC DENR update portions of the state's Stormwater BMP Manual, including the new chapter on level spreader & vegetated filter strip systems, which was revised per information gathered during our research projects. In 2009, I was able to attract $1.284M in external funding (10 grants) as either lead or co-PI. Altogether, 32 active grants in 2010 totaled $4.21M.

Publications

• Bright, T.M., J.M. Hathaway, W.F. Hunt, F.L. de los Reyes, M.R. Burchell. 2010. Impact of Stormwater Runoff on Clogging and Fecal Bacteria Reduction in Sand Columns. Journal of Environmental Engineering , 136(12): 1435-1441.
• Hunt, W.F. R.G. Traver, A.P. Davis, C.H. Emerson, K.A. Collins, J.H. Stagge. 2010. Chapter 12: Low Impact Development Practices: Designing to Infiltrate in Various Urban Environments. In: The Effects of Urbanization on Groundwater: An Engineering Case-based Approach for Sustainable Development, Ed. Ni-Bin Chang, ASCE, Reston,VA. (pg 308-343).
• Burchell, M.R., W.F. Hunt, K.L. Bass, and J.D. Wright. 2010. Stormwater Wetland Construction Guidance. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-588-13.
• Winston, R.J., W.F. Hunt, W.G. Lord, A.C. Lucas. 2010. Level Spreader Update: Design, Construction, and Maintenance. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-588-20W.
• Winston, R.J. and W.F. Hunt. 2010. Level Spreader Update: Performance and Research. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-588-21W.
• Brown, R.A. and W.F. Hunt. 2010. Impacts of Construction Activity on Bioretention Performance. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. 15(6): 386-394.
• Collins, K.A., W.F. Hunt, J.M. Hathaway. 2010. Side-by-Side Comparision of Nitrogen Species Removal for Four Types of Permeable Pavement and Standard Asphalt in Eastern North Carolina. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(6): 512-521.
• Hathaway, J.M. and W.F. Hunt. 2010. An Evaluation of Stormwater Wetlands in Series in Piedmont, North Carolina. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136(1):140-146.
• Hathaway, J.M., W.F. Hunt, and O.D. Simmons. 2010. Statistical Evaluation of Factors Affecting Indicator Bacteria in Urban Stormwater Runoff. Journal of Environmental Engineering , 136(12): 1360-1368.
• Hunt, W.F., J.M. Hathaway, R.J. Winston, and S.J. Jadlocki. 2010. Runoff Volume Reduction by a Level Spreader - Vegetated Filter Strip System in Suburban Charlotte, NC. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(6): 399-503.
• Jones, M.P. and W.F. Hunt. 2010. Performance of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Southeastern United States. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 54: 623-629.
• Jones, M.P. and W.F. Hunt. 2010. Effect of Stormwater Wetlands and Wet Ponds on Runoff Temperature in Trout Sensitive Waters. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 136(9): 656-661.
• McNett, J.K. W.F. Hunt, J.A. Osborne. 2010. Establishing Stormwater BMP Evaluation Metrics Based upon Ambient Water Quality Associated with Benthic Macro-invertebrate populations. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136(5): 535-541.
• W.F. Hunt. 2010. Introduction to Stormwater Management. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 146, 1-2.
• A.P. Davis, R.G. Traver, and W.F. Hunt. 2010. Improving Urban Stormwater Quality: Applying Fundamental Principles. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 146, 3-10.
• K.M. DeBusk, W.F. Hunt, L.U. Hatch, and O. Sydrovovych. 2010. Watershed Retrofit and Management Evaluation for Urban Stormwater Management Systems in North Carolina. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 146, 64-74.

Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Thirty-four workshops, symposiums, and field tours were organized and conducted in 2009. More than 8,700 contact hours were delivered. Three of the educational events were outside North Carolina. Seventeen applied research conference proceedings were delivered at one of 5 conferences (3 national, 2 international). Twenty-seven invited seminars were given (13 out-of-state, 2 international). Eight various websites were updated and utilized. Most specifically: www.bae.ncsu.edu/stormwater. PARTICIPANTS: Off-Campus Extension Personnel: William G. Lord, Mitchell D. Woodward, Wendi Hartup, Charles P. Humphrey, Nicole Miller, Lindsay Rogers, Seth H. Nagy, Allen Caldwell, Karen Neill Applies Research Team Campus Personnel: Extension Associates: Jason D. Wright, Kathy M. DeBusk, Ryan J. Winston Research Technician: Shawn G. Kennedy Ph.D. Candidates: M.P. Jones, J.M. Hathaway, T.L. Moore, R.A. Brown M.S. Candidates: J.K. McNett, Stacy K. Luell, Erica M. Petre, Erica D. Tillinghast Partner Organizations: NCSU Departments: Agricultural and Resource Economics, Civil Engineering, Crop Science, Entomology, Horticulture, Landscape Architecture, Soil Science, and Statistics. Other Academic Institutions: Appalachian State University, Auburn University, Clemson University, East Carolina University, Michigan State University, North Carolina A&T State University, Oklahoma State University, Pennsylvania State University, Rutgers University, the University of California - Los Angeles, the University of Central Florida, the University of Florida, the University of Georgia, the University of Maryland-College Park, the University of Minnesota, the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina-Wilmington, the University of Texas - Austin, Utah State University, and Villanova University. Government Entities: US EPA (Washington, DC; Edison, NJ; Atlanta, GA) NC DENR (Div. of Water Quality, Ecosystem Enhancement Program, Clean Water Management Trust Fund) NC DOT (Hydrology & Hydraulics) International Institutions: University of Muenster (Germany), Griffith University (Australia), Monash University (Australia), the University of Auckland (New Zealand), and Coventry University (United Kingdom) TARGET AUDIENCES: Workshops & Seminars detailed on prior page pertinent for and targeted toward professional engineers, regulators, landscape architects, landscape services industry, general contractors. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Rain Garden Certification program was created in 2009 that provides an opportunity for landscapers to earn a credential that (1) enables them to better understand how to install this growing landscape feature and (2) provide them a marketing tool. Four workshops were offered in 2009.

Impacts
2009 was a productive year for me and my research team. I was lead instructor/organizer for 34 professional training events, three of which were out-of-state. Nearly 9,000 contact hours were delivered. The BMP Inspection and Maintenance Certification program, developed by Mr. Bill Lord and me, continues to be the model program of its type in the world. Since 2006, over 1200 professionals have become certified. This year's newest workshop was the Rain Garden Certification program that provides an opportunity for landscapers to earn a credential that (1) enables them to better understand how to install this growing landscape feature and (2) provide them a marketing tool. The workshop is a partnership among local extension agents and BAE faculty. From applied research that had been conducted by the Stormwater Team, eight journal articles were published in major engineering journals (Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Journal of Environmental Engineering, International Agricultural Engineering Journal and Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering) in 2009. I was either lead or senior author for five of those articles, and second author for two. An additional six journal articles are currently in press, and two of those have been scheduled for printing in by April 2010. Other educational materials produced included three peer-reviewed Extension Bulletins, the maintenance of nine websites, a book chapter, and three chapters of the NC Low Impact Development Guidebook. There was one graduation from the stormwater program (M.S. - Ryan J. Winston). With the help of the BAE stormwater team, NC DENR update portions of the state's Stormwater BMP Manual, including the new chapter on bioretention, which was revised per information gathered during our research projects. In 2009, I was able to attract $995K in external funding (8 grants) as either lead or co-PI. Altogether, 27 active grants in 2009 totaled $2.70M.

Publications

• Davis, A.P., W.F. Hunt, R.G. Traver, M.E. Clar. 2009. Bioretention Technology: An Overview of Current Practice and Future Needs. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(3): 109-117.
• Hathaway, J.M., W.F. Hunt, and S.J. Jadlocki. 2009. Indicator Bacteria Removal in Stormwater Best Management Practices in Charlotte, North Carolina. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(12): 1275-1285.
• Hunt, W.F., N. Kannan, J. Jeong, P.W. Gassman. 2009. Stormwater Best Management Practices: Review of Current Practices and Potential Incorporation in SWAT. International Agricultural Engineering Journal. 18(1-2): 73-89.
• Jones, M.P. and W.F. Hunt. 2009. Bioretention Impact on Runoff Temperature in Trout Sensitive Waters. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(8): 577-585.
• Li, H., L.J. Sharkey, W.F. Hunt, A.P. Davis. 2009. Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 14(4): 407-415.
• Line, D.E. and W.F. Hunt. 2009. Performance of a Bioretention Area and a Level Spreader-Grass Filter Strip at Two Highway Sites in North Carolina. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(2): 217-224.
• Passeport, E., and W.F. Hunt. 2009. Asphalt Parking Lot Runoff Nutrient Characterization for Eight Sites in North Carolina, USA. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 14(4): 352-361.
• Passeport, E., W.F. Hunt, D.E. Line, R.A. Smith, and R.A. Brown. 2009. Field Study of the Ability of Two Grassed Bioretention Cells to Reduce Stormwater Runoff Pollution. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(4): 505-510.
• Brown, R.A. and W.F. Hunt. 2008. Designing Bioretention with an Internal Water Storage (IWS) Layer. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-588-19W
• Brown, R.A. and W.F. Hunt. 2009. Improving Exfiltration from BMPs: Research and Recommendations. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-588-17W
• DeBusk, K.M., W.F. Hunt, D.L. Osmond, and G.W. Cope. 2009. Water Quality of Rooftop Runoff: Implications for Residential Water Harvesting Systems. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-588-18W.
• W.F. Hunt. 2009. Chapter 2: Achieving LID Performance Goals Using a Hydrologic Cycle Approach. IN: Low Impact Development: A Guidebook for North Carolina. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Publication # AG-716. Raleigh, NC.
• W.F. Hunt. 2009. Chapter 4: LID Stormwater BMPs. IN: Low Impact Development: A Guidebook for North Carolina. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Publication # AG-716. Raleigh, NC.
• K. M. DeBusk and W. F. Hunt. 2009. Appendix B: Alternative Site-Assessment Hydrologic Metrics for Urban Development. IN: Low Impact Development: A Guidebook for North Carolina. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Publication # AG-716. Raleigh, NC.