Progress 01/01/07 to 01/01/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: ACTIVITIES: Four field experiments were conducted in 2011 to address the formation of TSNA in dark fire-cured tobacco. One experiment addressed the effect of preharvest applications of ferulic acid (known antioxidant) in combination with denatured alcohol on TSNA levels in dark fire-cured tobacco. Another experiment involved evaluation of pale yellow dark tobacco lines that begin to yellow in the field prior to harvest, possibly allowing a reduction in the amount of time required between tobacco housing and first firing and a reduction in firing that is needed. Pale yellow dark tobacco lines were compared to commercial dark tobacco lines in a traditional fire-curing regiment where firing begins approximately 7 days after housing and in an aggressive curing regiment where overall firing duration is reduced and firing begins immediately after housing, possibly resulting in a reduction in TSNA. A third experiment involved the evaluation of sidedress nitrogen application timing on the accumulation of TSNA in dark fire-cured tobacco. Tobacco received either no sidedress nitrogen (all N applied prior to transplanting), or split applications with a portion of N applied prior to transplanting and the remainder as sidedress applications at 1, 3, or 5 weeks after transplanting. A fourth experiment involved the field testing of genetically engineered dark tobacco lines that should have limited ability to produce TSNA. EVENTS: One large public field day was conducted in 2011 (Springfield, TN) that included topics related to TSNA formation in tobacco and information was presented from project experiments. Eight grower meetings that specifically addressed TSNA formation and TSNA management in dark tobaccos from information obtained from this project were also conducted in 2011. Two extension agent trainings that addressed TSNA formation in dark tobacco and included information obtained from this project were conducted in 2011. One additional meeting that addressed TSNA formation from information obtained from this project was conducted specifically for industry representatives. Two professional scientific meetings were attended in 2011 where information was presented from data collected from this project. PRODUCTS: I am currently the chair of the subgroup TSNA in air-cured and fire-cured tobacco within CORESTA, an international scientific organization for tobacco. In 2010, I developed a website that provides information and access to documents produced by this subgroup. This website can be accessed at: http://ces3.ca.uky.edu/darktobacco/SGTSNA.htm and I am continually updating this site. This group is currently investigating collaborative projects focused on TSNA formation in air-cured and fire-cured tobacco. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Results and dissemination of information from this project thus far has resulted in a change in the level of knowledge for growers and industry representatives, and changes in action relating to dark tobacco marketing periods and storage has occurred for the industry. Changes in grower production practices regarding seed selection, nitrogen use patterns, housing density, fire-curing methods and market preparation continued in 2011. Dark tobacco buying companies continue to use information from this project in making buying decisions as well as for use in internal educational programs for growers. In an informal survey conducted with dark tobacco growers, 97% of growers surveyed indicated that information derived from this project had increased their knowledge of TSNA and 71% of growers surveyed indicated that their production practices had changed based on information derived from this project.
Publications
- Jack, A., L. Bush, and A. Bailey. 2011. TSNAs in burley and dark tobacco In 2011-2012 Kentucky & Tennessee Tobacco Production Guide, K. Seebold and R. Pearce, editors. ID-160: Pp. 46-50. University of Kentucky, Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Four field experiments were conducted in 2010 to address the formation of TSNA in dark fire-cured tobacco. One experiment addressed the effect of preharvest applications of ferulic acid (known antioxidant) in combination with denatured alcohol on TSNA levels in dark fire-cured tobacco. Another experiment involved evaluation of pale yellow dark tobacco lines that begin to yellow in the field prior to harvest, possibly allowing a reduction in the amount of time required between tobacco housing and first firing and a reduction in firing that is needed. Pale yellow dark tobacco lines were compared to commercial dark tobacco lines in a traditional fire-curing regiment where firing begins approximately 7 days after housing and in an aggressive curing regiment where overall firing duration is reduced and firing begins immediately after housing, possibly resulting in a reduction in TSNA. A third experiment involved the evaluation of sidedress nitrogen application timing on the accumulation of TSNA in dark fire-cured tobacco. Tobacco received either no sidedress nitrogen (all N applied prior to transplanting), or split applications with a portion of N applied prior to transplanting and the remainder as sidedress applications at 1, 3, or 5 weeks after transplanting. A fourth experiment involved the field testing of genetically engineered dark tobacco lines that should have limited ability to produce TSNA. One large public field day was conducted in 2010 (Springfield, TN) that included topics related to TSNA formation in tobacco and information was presented from project experiments. Five grower meetings that specifically addressed TSNA formation and TSNA management in dark tobaccos from information obtained from this project were also conducted in 2010. One extension agent training that addressed TSNA formation in dark tobacco and included information obtained from this project was conducted in 2010. One additional meeting that addressed TSNA formation from information obtained from this project was conducted specifically for industry representatives. Two professional scientific meetings were attended in 2010 where information was presented from data collected from this project. I am currently the chair of the subgroup TSNA in air-cured and fire-cured tobacco within CORESTA, an international scientific organization for tobacco. In 2010, I developed a website that provides information and access to documents produced by this subgroup. This website can be accessed at: http://ces3.ca.uky.edu/darktobacco/SGTSNA.htm PARTICIPANTS: PARTNER ORGANIZATION: The University of Tennessee, Highland Rim Research & Education Center, Springfield, TN 37172 TARGET AUDIENCES: TARGET AUDIENCE: Dark tobacco growers in Kentucky and Tennessee, dark tobacco industry representatives. EFFORTS: Extension and outreach activities including field days, grower meetings, extension agent training, web-based information, and dissemination of extension and research publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Results and dissemination of information from this project thus far has resulted in a change in the level of knowledge for growers and industry representatives, and changes in action relating to dark tobacco marketing periods and storage has occurred for the industry. Changes in grower production practices regarding seed selection, nitrogen use patterns, housing density, fire-curing methods and market preparation continued in 2010. Dark tobacco buying companies continue to use information from this project in making buying decisions as well as for use in internal educational programs for growers. In an informal survey conducted with dark tobacco growers, 97% of growers surveyed indicated that information derived from this project had increased their knowledge of TSNA and 71% of growers surveyed indicated that their production practices had changed based on information derived from this project.
Publications
- Bailey, A. 2010. 2010 report on activities of CORESTA subgroup TSNA in air-cured and fire-cured tobacco. Proceedings of 2010 Meeting of CORESTA Congress, September 12-16, 2010, Edinburgh, Scotland.
- Bailey, W. A., R. A. Hill, and T. W. Lax. 2010. Influence of variety, nitrogen rate, and housing density on dark-fired tobacco yield, quality, and TSNA. 44th Tobacco Workers Conference, January 18-21, 2010, Lexington, KY. Paper 32.
- Jack, A., L. Bush, and A. Bailey. 2010. TSNAs in burley and dark tobacco In 2011-2012 Kentucky & Tennessee Tobacco Production Guide, K. Seebold and R. Pearce, editors. ID-160: Pp. 46-50 (In press). University of Kentucky, Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: EXPERIMENTS: Four field experiments were conducted in 2009 to address the formation of TSNA in dark fire-cured tobacco. One experiment addressed the effect of preharvest applications of ferulic acid (known antioxidant) in combination with different alcohols on TSNA levels in dark fire-cured tobacco. Another experiment that was conducted at 2 locations involved the use of ethephon as a yellowing/ripening agent applied to dark tobacco prior to harvest in an effort to reduce the amount of time for possible bacterial and resulting TSNA accumulation between tobacco housing and first firing in the curing barn. A third experiment involved evaluation of 'pale yellow' dark tobacco genotypes that genetically begin to yellow in the field prior to harvest, possibly also allowing a reduction in the amount of time between tobacco housing and first firing to possibly reduce bacterial growth and possible TSNA accumulation. EVENTS: Two field days were conducted in 2009 (Princeton, KY and Springfield, TN) that included topics related to TSNA formation in tobacco and information was presented from project experiments. Three grower meetings that specifically addressed TSNA formation in dark tobaccos from information obtained from this project were also conducted in 2009. Two extension agent trainings (1 for Kentucky agents and 1 for Tennessee agents) were also conducted in 2009 and addressed TSNA formation in dark tobaccos and included information obtained from this project. One additional training that addressed TSNA formation was also held specifically for industry representatives. One professional scientific meeting was attended in 2009 where information was presented from data collected from this project. PARTICIPANTS: PARTNER ORGANIZATION: The University of Tennessee, Highland Rim Research & Education Center, Springfield, TN 37172 TARGET AUDIENCES: TARGET AUDIENCE: Dark tobacco growers in Kentucky and Tennessee, dark tobacco industry representatives. EFFORTS: Extension and outreach activities including field days, grower meetings, extension agent training, web-based information, and extension are research publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Results and dissemination of information from this project thus far has resulted in a change in the level of knowledge for growers and industry representatives, and changes in action relating to dark tobacco marketing periods and storage has occurred for the industry. Changes in grower production practices regarding seed selection, nitrogen use patterns, housing density, fire-curing methods and market preparation continued in 2009. Dark tobacco buying companies continue to use information from this project in thier buying decisions as well as for use in their own educational programs for growers.
Publications
- Bailey, A. 2009. Report on activities of CORESTA subgroup TSNA in air-cured and fire-cured tobacco. Proceedings of 2009 Meeting of CORESTA Agro-Phyto Group, October 3-5, 2009, Rovinj, Croatia. A. Bailey. 2009. Two cures instead of one. Southeast Farm Press (in press).
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: EXPERIMENTS: Ten field experiments were conducted in 2007 and repeated in 2008 to address the formation of TSNA in dark fire-cured and dark air-cured tobaccos. One experiment compares standard practices for conditioning, taking down, and stripping dark fire-cured tobacco in a typical double-crop curing system relative to TSNA formation. A second experiment addresses the effect of market preparation method and time of storage prior to marketing on TSNA formation in dark fire-cured tobacco. A third experiment addresses the effect of variety, nitrogen use rate, and housing density on TSNA formation in dark fire-cured tobacco. A fourth experiment addresses the effect of variety and curing structure (standard curing barn or low-cost shed) on TSNA formation in dark air-cured tobacco. A fifth experiment addresses the effect of high moisture at harvest on TSNA formation in dark fire-cured tobacco while a sixth experiment addresses the effect of dirt at harvest and possible microbial growth on TSNA levels in dark air-cured tobacco. A seventh experiment addresses the effect of preharvest applications of ferulic acid (known antioxidant) on TNSA levels in dark fire-cured tobacco. Three other experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate TSNA formation in tobacco cultivars having a silenced nicotine demethylase gene. Data for these seven experiments are currently being analyzed. EVENTS: Two field days were conducted in 2008 (Springfield and Greeneville, TN) that included topics related to TSNA formation in dark tobacco and information was presented from project experiments. Six grower meetings that specifically addressed TSNA formation in dark tobaccos from information obtained from this project were also conducted in 2008. Two extension agent trainings (1 for Kentucky agents and 1 for Tennessee agents) were also conducted in 2008 and addressed TSNA formation in dark tobaccos and included information obtained from this project. Three professional scientific meetings were attended where TSNA information for dark tobacco was presented from data collected from this project. PRODUCTS: The following patent application related to this project has also been filed: Terry Thomas, John Brandon, William A. Bailey, and Thomas A. Losty. Method for reducing nitrosamines in tobacco. U.S. Provisional Patent Application (No. 60/753,683) filed with U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Joint applicants were University of Kentucky Research Foundation and Swisher International, Inc. Patent publication number 20070149408/US-A1. NDN 041-0642-0000-3 PARTICIPANTS: PARTNER ORGANIZATION: The University of Tennessee, Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN 37172 TARGET AUDIENCES: TARGET AUDIENCE: Dark tobacco growers on Kentucky and Tennessee, dark tobacco industry representatives. EFFORTS: Extension and outreach activies including field days, grower meetings, extension agent training, web-based information, and extension publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Results and dissemination of information thus far from this project has resulted in a change in knowledge and changes in action for the dark tobacco industry, particularly dark tobacco growers but also dark tobacco buying companies and manufacturers. Information levels on TSNA formation in dark tobaccos have been increased dramatically due to this project. Changes in grower production practices regarding selection, nitrogen use patterns, housing density, and fire-curing methods and market preparation methods have occured due to results and information gained from this project. Dark tobacco buying companies have also used a portion of this information in their own educational programs for growers and methods of handling tobacco upon delivery to buying stations.
Publications
- Bailey, A., B. Pitt, and B. Sims. 2008. Influence of curing practices on TSNA production in dark fire-cured tobacco. Proceedings of 62nd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Nashville, TN, September 21-24, 2008.
- Nielsen, M., D. Xu, M. Lusso, G. Davis, Y. Shen, A. Bailey, F. Hart, M. Cui, and D. Norman. 2008. Down-regulating the nicotine demethylase gene lowers NNN content levels with little or no effect on field performance of burley and dark tobaccos. 2008 Coresta Congress, Shanghai, China.
- Xu, D., Y. Shen, M. Lusso, A. Bailey, D. Norman, G. Davis, F. Hart, M. Cui, and M. Nielsen. 2008. Reducing nicotine conversion: stability of RNAi-mediated and mutant down-regulation of nicotine demethylase. 2008 Coresta Congress, Shanghai, China.
- Bailey, A. 2008. Double crop curing dark tobacco. AGR 196. Cooperative Extension Service publication. Joint publication of Univ. of KY and Univ. of TN.
- G. Duncan, G. Palmer, and A. Bailey. 2008. Stripping and Preparation of Tobacco for Market. Pp. 53-55 in K. Seebold (ed.) 2008 Kentucky Tobacco Production Guide. ID 160. Cooperative Extension Service publication.
- Bailey, A. 2008. Tobacco curing considerations. MidAmerica Farmer/Grower. 28(45):7. Weekly periodical published by MidAmerica Farm Publications, Inc., Perryville, MO.
- Bailey, A., J. Brandon, T. Thomas, and T. Losty. 2008. Influence of ferulic acid on TSNA accumulation in dark fire-cured tobacco. Proceedings of 43rd Tobacco Workers Conference, Savannah, GA, January 14-17, 2008.
- Pitt, W. and A. Bailey. 2008. Influence of double-crop curing practices on leaf chemistry of dark fire-cured tobacco. Proceedings of 43rd Tobacco Workers Conference, Savannah, GA, January 14-17, 2008.
- Lusso, M., D. Xu, A. Bailey, F. Hart, D. Norman, G. Davis, and M. Nielsen. 2008. Agronomic performance and tobacco chemistry evaluation of transgenic dark and burley lines with silenced nicotine dimethylase gene. Proceedings of 43rd Tobacco Workers Conference, Savannah, GA, January 14-17, 2008.
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