Source: FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY submitted to NRP
DEVELOP BASELINE INFORMATION ON THE FUNDAMENTAL ANATOMICAL, PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL, AND PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD
Sponsoring Institution
Forest Service/USDA
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
USDA INHOUSE
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0212934
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jul 23, 2007
Project End Date
Jul 23, 2012
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DRIVE
MADISON,WI 53726
Performing Department
FPL Forest Products Lab, Madison Lab Headquarters, Madison, WI
Non Technical Summary
Certain wood processing and end-use situations lead to problems with using wood-based materials. The purpose of this work is to examine fundamental wood characteristics and learn how they contribute to wood product performance.
Animal Health Component
25%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
75%
Applied
25%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1230650202060%
1230699106040%
Knowledge Area
123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0650 - Wood and wood products; 0699 - Trees, forests, and forest products, general;

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering; 1060 - Biology (whole systems);
Goals / Objectives
The objective of this research is to develop technologies for characterizing the fundamental anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood.
Project Methods
A multi-disciplinary approach will be applied. We wil examine/develop procedures to examine the building blocks of the wood cell wall, and analytical models to relate what is found to various processing and end-use situations.

Progress 07/23/07 to 07/23/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area focuses on foundation research aimed at developing information on the fundamental anatomical, physical, mechanical, and processing characteristics of wood. Twenty (20) publications were produced in this problem area during FY12. Accomplishments included: Several publications on the anatomical characteristics of wood; and information of heat treating of firewood to meet USDA APHIS regulatory requirements. Termination Report--Dissemination of anatomical data relevant to solid wood and wood composites has a significant impact on wood utilization. Publications that present information on the use of wood anatomy to reconstruct post climate conditions, wood anatomy as a tool to determine plant responses to varying carbon dioxide levels in the environment, and basic information of the effect juvenile wood content and annular ring orientation has on the engineering properties of loblolly pine were prepared and are widely referenced. Developing utilization options for wood that has been produced from trees that are infected with various invasive species is a critical problem. Publications were prepared that present heat treating options for ash firewood produced from trees that have been infected by the Emerald ash borer and workshops conducted for producers of hardwood firewood, regulators, and users of firewood on heat treating options. These publications, and resulting workshops, were significant contributions to the wood using public. Several elements of this problem area will be carried forward in the new Research Work Unit Description.

Impacts
Basic wood property information, including anatomical, physical and mechanical information, is important to the proper utilization of wood. Several noteworthy accomplishments were reported on in FY 2012. Documentation of the important role of density and specific gravity metrics in biomass research was published. This will be widely used to aid in assessment of biomass potential for various wood species. Basic information on the effect temperature and moisture content has on in-field measurement properties of trees and logs was prepared and published. This information is of critical importance to field staff responsible for assessing the quality of potential products from trees and logs.

Publications

  • Liao, C.; Zhang, H.; Li, D.; Sun, Y.; Wang, X. 2012 Effect of moisture content on nondestructive parameters ofr rapid assessment of wood properites. Jiangsu Agricultural Science 40(6): 280-282.
  • Gorman, Thomas M.; Kretschmann, David E. 2012. Characterization of Juvenile wood in Lodgepole Pine in the Intermountain West. In: Proceedings of the 5Sth International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology, August 27-31,2012 - Beijing, CHINA; 2012.
  • Long, Robert P.; Trimpey, David W.; Wiemann, Michael C.; Stout, Susan L. 2012. Anomalous dark growth rings in black cherry. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 29(3): 150-154.
  • Ostapkowicz, Joanna; Bronk-Ramsey, Christopher; Brock, Fiona; Higham, Tom; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C.; Ribechini, Erika; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Wilson, Samuel. 2012. Chronologies in wood and resin: AMS 14C dating of pre-Hispanic Caribbean Wood Sculpture. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, pp. 3349-3362; 2012.
  • Ross, Robert J.; Kan, Jiangming; Wang, Xiping; Blankenberg, Julie; Stockhausen, Janet I.; Pellerin, Roy F. 2012. Wood and Wood-Based Materials as Sensors⿿A Review of the Piezoelectric Effect in Wood. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-212, 2012.
  • Ruggiero, Eric; Sherwood, James; Drane, Patrick; Kretschmann, David. 2012. An Investigation of bat durability by wood species. Procedia Engineering 34 (2012) 421 - 432; 2012.
  • Sun, Y., Zhang, H.; Zhu, L.; Yan, H.; Wang, X.; Liao, C. 2012. Rapid assessment of mechanical properties of wooden components. Journal of Northwest Forestry University 27(2): 245-248.
  • Verrill, S.; Kretschmann, D. 2012. Sources of confusion in the determination of ASTM repetitive member factors for the allowable properties of wood products. Journal of Structural Engineering 138:130-133.
  • Verrill, Steve P.; Evans, James W.; Kretschmann, David E.; Hatfield, Cherilyn A. 2012. Asymptotically efficient estimation of a bivariate Gaussian⿿Weibull distribution and an introduction to the associated pseudotruncated Weibull. Research Paper FPL-RP-666. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 76 p.
  • Verrill, Steve P.; Evans, James W.; Kretschmann, David E.; Hatfield, Cherilyn A. 2012. Small sample properties of asymptotically efficient estimators of the parameters of a bivariate Gaussian⿿Weibull distribution. Research Paper FPL-RP-667. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 46 p.
  • Wang, X. 2011 Fundamentals of acoustic measurement on trees and logs and their implication to field application. In: Proceedings, 17th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium, Sopron, Hungary, 14-16 September. p. 25-33.
  • Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2013. Structure and Function of Wood. In: Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, second edition, pp.9-32; 2013. Chapter 2.
  • Wiemann, Michael C.; Williamson, G. Bruce. 2012. Testing a Novel Method to Approximate Wood Specific Gravity of Trees. Forest Science, 2012; pubiished online February 16.2012 ttp:/idx.doi.org/10.58219/forsci.10-049.
  • Wiemann, Micheal C.; Williamson, G. Bruce. 2012. Density and Specific Gravity Metrics in Biomass Research. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-208, March 2012.
  • Wiemann, Micheal C.; Ruffinatto, Flavio 2012. Separation of Dalbergia stevensonii from Dalbergia tucurensis. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper, FPL-RP-665, 2012. 9 p.
  • Williamson, G. Bruce; Wiemann, Michael C.; Geaghan, James P. 2012. Radial wood Allocation in Schizolobium Parahyba. American Journal of Botany Volume 99, Number 6,:1010-1019. 2012.
  • Zelinka, Samuel L.; Lambrecht, Michael J.; Glass, Samuel V.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C.; Yelle, Daniel J. 2012. Examination of water phase transitions in Loblolly pine and cell wall components by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta 533: 39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2012.01.015.
  • Drane, Patrick; Sherwood, James; Colosimo, Renzo; Kretschmann, David. 2012. A study of wood baseball bat breakage. Procedia engineering 34 (2012) 616-621; 2012.
  • Gao, Shan; Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Bruce, R.B. 2011. Modeling temperature and moisture state effects on acoustic velocity in wood. In: Proceedings, 17th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium, Sopron, Hungary, 14-16 September. p. 411-418.
  • Gao, Shan; Wang, Xiping; Wang, Lihai; Allison, R. Bruce. 2012. Effect of Temperature on Acoustic Evaluation of Standing trees and logs: Part 1-Laboratory investigation. Wood and Fiber Science, Volume 44, Number 3, 2012, pp. 286-297; 2012.


Progress 07/23/07 to 07/23/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project is complete. PARTICIPANTS: This project is complete. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project is complete. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: This project is complete.

Impacts
This project is complete.

Publications

  • Bergman, Richard D.; Bilek, Ted E.M. 2012. Evaluating a small structural insulated panel (SIP) designed solar kiln in Southwestern New Mexico⿿Part 1. Design and operation. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-211. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 22 p.
  • Bergman, Richard D.; Bowe, Scott A. 2010. Environmental impact of manufacturing softwood lumber in northeastern and north central United States. Wood and fiber science. Vol. 42, suppl. 1 (2010): p. 67-78.
  • Bergman, R.; Sup-Han, H.; Oneil, E.; Eastin, I. 2013. Life-cycle assessment of redwood decking in the United States with a comparison to three other decking materials. Bergman, R., Sup-Han, H., Oneil, E., Eastin, I. 2013. Life-cycle assessment of redwood decking in the United States with a comparison to three other decking materials. To be published to the Web at CORRIM.ORG. ; 2013; 101 p.
  • Bergman, Richard D.; Bowe, Scott A. 2011. Life-cycle environmental performance of renewable building materials in the context of residential construction : phase II research report : an extension to the 2005 phase I research report. Module N, Life-cycle inventory of manufacturing prefinished engineered wood flooring in the eastern United States. [Seattle, WA : Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM)], 2011: viii, 47 p.
  • Bergman, Richard D.; Bowe, Scott A.; 2011. Life cycle inventory of manufacturing prefinished engineered wood flooring in eastern U.S. with comparison to solid strip wood flooring. Wood and fiber science 43(4): 421-441.
  • Bergman, Richard; Ibach, Rebecca E.; LaPasha, Constantine; Denig, Joseph 2009. Evaluating physical property changes for small-diameter, plantation-grown southern pine after in situ polymerization of an acrylic monomer. Forest products journal. Vol. 59, no. 10 (Oct. 2009): pages 64-71.
  • Bergman, Richard; Simpson, William T.; Turk, Christopher. 2010. Evaluating warp of 2 by 4s sawn from panels produced through green gluing dimension lumber from small ponderosa pine logs. Forest Products Journal 60(1): 57-63.
  • Bergman, Richard; Taylor, Adam; 2011. EPD--environmental product declarations for wood products: An application of life cycle information about forest products. Forest Products Journal 61(3): 192-201.
  • Puettmann, Maureen E.; Bergman, Richard; Hubbard, Steve; Johnson, Leonard; Lippke, Bruce; Oneil, Elaine; Wagner, Francis G. 2010. Cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory of US wood products production: CORRIM phase I and phase II products. Wood and fiber science. Vol. 42, suppl. 1 (2010): p. 15-28.
  • Reed, Daniel; Bergman, Richard; Kim, Jae-Woo; Tayler, Adam; Harper, David; Jones, David; Knowles, Chris; Puettmann, Maureen E. 2012. Cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory and impact assessment of wood fuel pellet manufacturing from hardwood flooring residues in the Southeastern United States. Forest Products Journal 62(4): 280-288.


Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area focuses on foundation research aimed at developing information on the fundamental anatomical, physical/mechanical, and processing characteristics of wood. Twenty-two publications were produced in this problem area during FY11. Accomplishments included: information on the influence of chemical treatments or mechanical properties of wood; an examination on the use of x-ray diffractometric estimation of cell wall properties; several publications on the anatomical characteristics of wood; and information of heat treating of firewood to meet USDA APHIS regulatory requirements.

Impacts
Basic anatomical information is important for ecological assessments, botanical classification, and wood utilization. Development of practical interpretive guidelines of heat treatment requirements and procedures is a critical need for manufacturers and users of wood infected by invasive species. Heat treatment of ash firewood in the Lakes States region is required. Consequently, the guidelines produced by FPL are a significant contribution to the wood using public.

Publications

  • Haack, R.; Petrice, T.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex 2011. Incidence of live bark- and wood-boring insects in firewood: A survey at Michigan's Mackinac bridge. Journal of Economic Entomology 103(5): 1682-1692.
  • Hermanson, John; Wiedenhoeft, Alex 2011. A brief review of machine vision in the context of automated wood identification systems. IAWA Journal 32(2): 233-250.
  • Li, Li; Wang, Xiping; Wang, Lihai; Allison, Bruce R. 2011. Acoustic tomography in relation to 2D ultrasonic velocity and hardness mappings. Wood Science and Technology. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-011-0426-y Doi: 10.1007/s00226-011-0426-y. 11 p.
  • Moon, Robert J.; Wells, Joseph; Kretschmann, David E.; Evans, James; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C.; Frihart, Charles R. 2010. Influence of chemical treatments on moisture-induced dimensional change and elastic modulus of earlywood and latewood. Holzforschung 64(6): 771-779.
  • Ostapkowicz, Joanna; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Wiedenhoeft, Alex; Brock, Fiona; Higham, Tom; Wilson, Samuel 2011. 'This relic of antiquity'--fifth to fifteenth century wood carvings from the southern lesser Antilles. In: Communities in contact--essays in archaeology, ethnohistory & ethnography of the Amerindian circum-Caribbean. Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden. ISBN 978-90-8890-063-1.
  • Ostapkowicz, Joanna; Wiedenhoeft, Alex; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Ribechini, Erika; Wilson, Samuel; Brock, Fiona; Higham, Tom 2011. 'Treasures...of black wood, brilliantly polished:" Five examples of Taino sculpture from the tenth-sixteenth century Caribbean. Antiquity 85: 942-959. http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/085/ant0850942.htm
  • Verrill, Steve P.; Kretschmann, David E.; Herian, Victoria L.; Wiemann, Michael C.; Alden, Harry A. 2011. Concerns about a variance approach to X-ray diffractometric estimation of microfibril angle in wood. Wood and Fiber Science 43(2): 153-168.
  • Wang, Xiping; Bergman, Richard; Brashaw, Brian K.; Myers, Scott; Joyal, Marc; 2011. Heat treatment of firewood : meeting the phytosanitary requirements. General technical report FPL-GTR-200. Madison, WI : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011: 34 p.
  • Wang, Xiping; Carter, Peter; Sharplin, Nigel; Ross, Robert 2011. Method and apparatus for evaluation of standing timber. Australian Patent No. 2005200236 B2.
  • Wiedenhoeft, Alex 2011. Identification of Central American woods/de las Especies Maderables de Centroamerica. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. 167 p.
  • Wiedenhoeft, Alex; Baas, Pieter, eds. 2011. Wood science for promoting legal timber harvest. Published by the International Association of Wood Anatomists c/o NCB Naturalis--National Herbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Wiemann, Michael C.; Knaebe, Mark; Bowe, Scott A. 2011. Optimum drying temperature to prevent oxidative stain in soft maple. Research paper FPL-RP-661. Madison, WI : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011: 4 p.
  • Williamson, G. Bruce; Wiemann, Michael 2011. Age versus size determination of radial variation in wood specific gravity: Lessons from eccentrics. Trees 25: 585-591. Springer.
  • Zhang, Houjiang; Wang, Xiping; Su, Juan; 2011. Experimental investigation of stress wave propagation in standing trees. Holzforschung. Vol. 65, no. 5 (Aug. 2011): p. 743-748.


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area focuses on foundation research aimed at developing information on the fundamental anatomical, physical/mechanical, and processing characteristics of wood. Accomplishments in this area include: Dissemination of anatomical data relevant to solid wood and wood composites; research on the use of wood anatomy to reconstruct post climate conditions; a publication was prepared that presents heat treating options for ash firewood produced from trees that have been infected by the Emerald ash borer; and a workshop was conducted for producers of hardwood firewood, regulators, and users of firewood on heat treating options. Two publications were produced that deal with wood specific gravity-its measurement and its relationship to tree growth and age.

Impacts
Basic anatomical information is important for ecological assessments, climate reconstruction, botanical classification, and wood utilization. Developing utilization options for wood that has been produced from trees that are infected with various invasive species is a critical problem. Heat treating options for ash firewood in the Lakes States region were needed to effectively deal with the spread of the Emerald ash borer. The publication, and resulting workshop, were significant contributions to the wood-using public.

Publications

  • Allison, Bruce; Wang, Xiping 2010. NDT techniques for tree decay detection--from science to practice. In: Proceedings of the 16th nondestructive evaluation of wood symposium. 2009 October 12-14. Beijing, China. Beijing Forestry University: Beijing, China. Dr. Houjian Zhang and Dr. Xiping Wang, eds. p. 37-38.
  • Bergman, Richard; Gu, Hongmei; Falk, Robert 2010. Reusing reclaimed framing lumber and flooring in construction: Measuring environmental impact using life-cycle inventory. 2010. [Abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Society of Wood Science and Technology 53rd international convention, Geneva, Switzerland. 2010 October 11-15.
  • Burke, Edward; Slavik, Norm; Bonura, Tony; Connelly, Dennis ; Faris, Tom; Nebelsick, Arnie ; Stuart, Brent ; Williams, Sam; Wiedenhoeft, Alex 2010. Understanding extractive bleed. Journal of Coats Technology: 48-53.
  • Carll, Charles; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2009. Moisture-related properties of wood and the effects of moisture on wood and wood products. In: Moisture control in buildings: The key factor in mold prevention. 2d ed. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, c2009. H. R. Treschel and M. T. Bomberg, eds. Chapter 4: 54-79. ISBN: 9780803170049: 0803170041.
  • Glass, S.; Hermanson, J.; Johnson, J.; Wiedenhoeft, A.C.; Zelinka, S. 2010. A framework for studying water vapor sorption in wood: Not following the yellow brick road [Abstract]. In: IAWA-IAWS-IUFRO conference. 2010 June 23-26; Madison, WI. p. 47.
  • Riina, Ricarda; van Ee, Benjamin; Wiedenhoeft, Alex; Cardozo, Alfonso; Berry, Paul 2010. Sectional rearrangement of arborescent clades of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in South America: Evolution of arillate seeds and a new species, Croton domatifer. Taxon 59(4): 1147-1160.
  • Su, Juan; Zhang, Houjiang; Wang, Xiping 2009. Stress wave propagation on standing trees--Part 2. Formation of 3D stress wave contour maps. In: Proceedings of the 16th Nondestructive evaluation of wood symposium. 2009 October 12-14. Beijing, China. Beijing Forestry University: Beijing, China. p. 59-64.
  • Verrill, Steve; Kretschmann, David 2010. Repetitive member factors for the allowable properties of wood products. Research Paper FPL-RP-657. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 38 p.
  • Wang, X.; Bergman, R.D.; Mace, T. 2010. Heat sterilization of ash (Fraxinus spp.) firewood: Heat-treating options, temperature monitoring and thermal verification. Wood Material Science and Engineering 5: 104-109.
  • Li, Li; Wang, Xiping; Wang, Lihai; Allison, Bruce 2010. Acoustic tomography in relation to 2D ultrasonic velocity and hardness mappings. In: Proceedings of the 16th nondestructive evaluation of wood symposium. 2009 October 12-14. Beijing, China. Beijing Forestry University: Beijing, China. Dr. Houjian Zhang and Dr. Xiping Wang, eds. p. 28-35.
  • Wang, Xiping; Bergman, Richard; Simpson, William T.; Verrill, Steve; Mace, Terry. 2009. Heat-treatment options and heating times for ash firewood. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-187. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 29 pages.
  • Williamson, Bruce; Wiemann, Michael 2010. Age-dependent radial increases in wood specific gravity of tropical pioneers in Costa Rica. Biotropica 42(5): 590-597.
  • Williamson, Bruce; Wiemann, michael 2010. Measuring wood specific gravity...correctly. American Journal of Botany 97(3): 519-524.
  • Zelinka, S.; Johnson, J.; Hermanson, J.; Glass, S. 2010. Water vapor sorption in wood: In toto summary of what's behind the curtain [Abstract]. In: IAWA-IAWS-IUFRO conference. 2010 June 23-26; Madison, WI. p. 46.
  • Zhang, Houjiang; Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert 2009. Stress wave propagation on standing trees--Part 1. Time-of-flight measurement and 2D stress wave contour maps. In: Proceedings of the 16th nondestructive evaluation of wood symposium. 2009 October 12-14. Beijing, China: Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China. Dr. Houjian Zhang and Dr. Xiping Wang, eds. p. 53--58.


Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area focuses on foundation research aimed at developing information on the fundamental anatomical, physical/mechanical, and processing characteristics of wood. Accomplishments in this area include: Dissemination of anatomical data relevant to solid wood and wood composites; research on the use of wood anatomy to reconstruct post climate conditions; two publications were published on oxidative stain in soft maple---one dealing with factors affecting oxidative stain and another on potential ways to prevent its formation; a publication was prepared that presents heat treating options for ash firewood produced from trees that have been infected by the emerald ash borer; a workshop was conducted for producers of hardwood firewood, regulators, and users of firewood on heat treating options.

Impacts
Basic anatomical information is important for ecological assessments, climate reconstruction, botanical classification and wood utilization. Developing utilization options for wood that has been produced from trees that are infected with various invasive species is a critical problem. Heat treating options for ash firewood in the Lakes States region were needed to effectively deal with the spread of the emerald ash borer. The publication, and resulting workshop, were significant contributions to the wood-using problem.

Publications

  • Dilcher, David L.; Kowalski, Elizabeth A.; Wiemann, Michael C.; Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Lott, Terry A. 2009. A climatic and taxonomic comparison between leaf litter and standing vegetation from a Florida swamp woodland. American Journal of Botany 96(6): 1108-1115.
  • Roque, Roger Moya; Salazar, Manuel Morales; Wiemann, Michael C.; Alvarez, Luis Poveda. 2007. Wood anatomy of Pleodendron costaricense (Canellaceae) from southern pacific, Costa Rica. Brenesia 68: 25-28.
  • Brashaw, Brian K.; Bucur, Voichita; Divos, Ferenc; Goncalves, Raquel; Lu, Jianxiong; Meder, Roger; Pellerin, Roy F.; Potter, Simon; Ross, Robert J; Wang, Xiping; Yin, Yafang. 2009. Nondestructive testing and evaluation of wood: A worldwide research update. Forest Products Journal 59(3): 7-14.
  • Briggs, David G.; Thienel, Gonzalo; Turnblom, Eric C.; Lowell, Eini; Dykstra, Dennis; Ross, Robert J.; Wang, Xiping; Carter, Peter. 2008. Influence of thinning on acoustic velocity of douglas-fir trees in western Washington and western Oregon. Proceedings of the 15th international symposium on nondestructive testing of wood. 2007 September 10-12: Duluth, MN: 113-123.
  • Burke, Edward; Bonura, Tony; Carll, Charles; Connelly, Dennis; Hunt, Christopher; Mall, Doug; Nebelsick, Arnie; Slavik, Norm; Stuart, Brent; Wiedenhoeft, Alex; Williams, R. Sam. 2009. Improving the performance of painted wood siding: Rain screen, end-grain seal, and back priming. JCT Coatings Tech 6(4): 36-39.
  • Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2009. "Ray-intrusive" laticifers in species of croton section cyclostigma (euphorbiaceae). IAWA Journal 30(2): 135-148.
  • Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2009. Biocentricity and economy of scale: Hypothesis (and product) testing when wood is a part of an experimental system evaluating durability. In: 3rd international coating wood and wood composites conference: Durable and sustainable --today and beyond. 2009 September 22-23. Charlotte, NC: 19 p.
  • Wiemann, Michael C.; Bergman, Richard D.; Knaebe, Mark; Bowe, Scott A. 2009. Exploring methods for prevention of oxidative stain in soft maple. Research Paper FPL-RP-654. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 6 p.
  • Wiemann, Michael C.; Knaebe, Mark. 2008. Factors affecting oxidative stain in soft maple (Acer rubrum L.). Research Note FPL-RN-0311. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 4 p.
  • Zelinka, S.L.; Rammer, D.R.; Stone, D.S. 2009. Evaluating the corrosiveness of southern pine treated with several wood preservatives using electrochemical techniques. In: Proceedings, NACE international corrosion 2009 conference & expo. 2009 March 22-26, Atlanta, GA. Paper #09172. 11 p.
  • Zelinka, Samuel L.; Ortiz-Candelaria, Lorraine; Stone, Donald S.; Rammer, Douglas R. 2009. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a tool for measuring corrosion of polymer-coated fasteners used in treated wood. Forest Products Journal 59(1/2): 77-82.
  • Zelinka, Samuel L.; Rammer, Douglas R.; Stone, Donald S. 2008. Impedance spectroscopy and circuit modeling of southern pine above 20% moisture content. Holzforschung 62: 737-744.


Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area focuses on foundation research aimed at developing information on the fundamental anatomical, physical/mechanical, and processing characteristics of wood. Accomplishments in this area include: Dissemination of anatomical data relevant to solid wood and wood composites; research on the use of wood anatomy to reconstruct post climate conditions; wood anatomy as a tool to determine plant responses to varying carbon dioxide levels in the environment, including a comprehensive report on the long term effects of elevated carbon dioxide exposure on sour orange tree specific gravity and anatomy; effect of juvenile wood content and annular ring orientation on the basic physical/mechanical properties of wood, specifically a report on the influence of juvenile wood content on several engineering properties of Loblolly pine.

Impacts
Basic anatomical is important for ecological assessments, climate reconstruction, botanical classification and wood utilization. Baseline information on the affect growth characteristics have on performance of wood products is used in material grading and assessment programs.

Publications

  • Zelinka, Samuel L.; Stone, Donald S.; Rammer, Douglas R. 2007. Equivalent circuit modeling of wood at 12% moisture content. Wood and Fiber Science 39(4): 556-565.
  • Evans, James W.; Green, David W. 2007. Censoring data for resistance factor calculations in load and resistance factor design: a preliminary study. Research Note FPL-RN-0304. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 6 p.
  • Zelinka, Samuel L.; Rammer, Douglas R.; Stone, D.S. 2008. Corrosion of metals in contact with treated wood: Developing test methods. In: Proceedings, NACE international corrosion 2008 conference & expo. 2008 March 16-20, New Orleans, LA. Paper #08403. 9 p.
  • Bergman, Richard; Ross, Robert J. 2008. Evaluating shrinkage of wood propellers in a high-temperature environment. Research Note FPL-RN-0309. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 7 p.
  • Kretschmann, David E. 2008. Influence of juvenile wood content on shear parallel, compression, and tension transverse to grain strength and mode I fracture toughness for loblolly pine. Research Paper FPL-RP-647. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 25 p.
  • Wiemann, Michael C.; Kretschmann, David; Rudie, Alan; Kimball, Bruce A.; Idso, Sherwood B. 2008. Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide on sour orange tree specific gravity and anatomy. Research Paper FPL-RP-648. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 5 p.
  • Bergman, Richard D.; Bowe, Scott A. 2008. Environmental impact of producing hardwood lumber using life-cycle inventory. Wood and Fiber Science 40(3) (2008): 448-458.
  • Bergman, R.D.; Bowe, S.A. 2007. Life-cycle inventory of hardwood lumber manufacturing in the Northeastern and North Central United States. CORRIM Phase II Final Report. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 53 p.
  • Bergman, R.D.; Zerbe, J. 2008. Primer on wood biomass for energy. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry. Madison, WI. Revised January 2008 version. 10 p. Paper on internet server, http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/tmu/resources/documents/primer_on_wood_biomass_for_ener gy.pdf.
  • Michopoulos, J.G.; Furukawa, T.; Hermanson, J.C.; Lambrakos, S.G. 2007. Simultaneous hierarchical and multi-level optimization for material characterization and design of experiments. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2007 international design engineering technical conferences & computers and information in engineering confrence: 2007 September 4-7: Las Vegas, NV: 9 p. Paper DETC2007-35470, DVD ISBN 0-7918-3806-4.
  • Zelinka, Samuel L., Rammer, Douglas R., Stone, Donald S. 2008. Electrochemical corrosion testing of fasteners in extracts of treated wood. Corrosion Science 50: 1251-1257. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com.
  • Kretschmann, David E. 2008. The influence of juvenile wood content on shear parallel, compression, and tension perpendicular to grain strength and mode I fracture toughness of loblolly pine at various ring orientation. Forest Products Journal 58(7/8): 89-96.
  • Rammer, Douglas R.; Zelinka, Samuel L. 2008. Analytical determination of the surface area of a threaded fastener. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 36(1): 1-9.
  • Michopoulos, John G.; Hermanson, John G.; Furukawa, Tomonari. 2007. On the robotic identification of the constitutive response of composite materials. In: International conference on composite structures, ICCS 14, 2007 November 19-21, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 45 p.
  • Michopoulos, John G.; Hermanson, John G.; Furukawa, Tomonari. 2008. Towards the robotic characterization of the constitutive response of composite materials. Composite Structures 86(1-3): 154-164.


Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
This problem area focuses on foundation research aimed at developing information on the fundamental anatomical, physical/mechanical, and processing characteristics of wood. Accomplishments in this area include: Dissemination of anatomical data relevant to solid wood and wood composites; research on the use of wood anatomy to reconstruct post climate conditions; wood anatomy as a tool to determine plant responses to varying carbon dioxide levels in the environment; basic information on the environmental impact of producing hardwood lumber; effect of juvenile wood content and annular ring orientation on the basic physical/mechanical properties of Loblloly pine.

Impacts
Basic anatomical is important for biodiversity, ecological assessment, climate reconstruction, botanical classification and wood utilization. Baseline information or the environmental impact of wood processing systems contributes to research or global warming.

Publications

  • Bergman, Richard; Maker, Timothy M. 2007. Fuels for Schools: Case study in Darby, Montana. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-173. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 21 p.
  • Bergman, Richard D.; Bowe, Scott A. 2007. Environmental impact of producing hardwood lumber using a life-cycle inventory. Proceedings of the 10th international IUFRO Division 5, Wood drying conference, Rice, Robert W., ed.: 2007 August 26-30: Orono, ME: The University of Maine: 180-185.
  • Bergman, Richard D. 2007. Gate-to-gate life-cycle inventory on hardwood sawmills in the northeastern region of the United States. MS Thesis.
  • Bowe, Scott; Molzahn, Patrick; Bond, Brian; Bergman, Richard; Mace, Terry; Hubbard, Steve. 2007. Dehumidification drying for small woodworking firms and hobbyists; Building your own lumber dry kiln with local building materials. UW Extension-Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources. PUB-FR-396 2007. 14 p.
  • Wheeler, E.A.; Wiemann, M.C.; Fleagle, J.G. 2007. Woods from the miocene bakate formation, Ethiopia. Anatomical characteristics, estimates of original specific gravity and ecological inferences. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 146 (1-4): 193-207.
  • Kretschmann, David; Evans, James; Wiemann, Mike; Rudie, Alan; Kimball, Bruce A.; Idso, Sherwood B. 2007. Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on sour orange wood specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and microfibril angle. Research Note FPL-RN-0307. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 9 p.
  • Kretschmann, David E.; Cramer, S. M. 2007. The role of earlywood and latewood properties on dimensional stability of loblolly pine. Proceedings of the compromised wood workshop. 2007 January 29-30; Christchurch, New Zealand: Wood Technology Research Centre, School of Forestry, University of Canterbury: 215-236. ISBN 978-0-473-12768-8.
  • Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Manchester, Steven R.; Wiemann, Michael. 2006. Eocene woods of central Oregon. Paleobios 26 (3): 1-6.
  • Wiemann, M.C.; Green, D.W. 2007. Estimating Janka hardness from specific gravity for tropical and temperate species. Research Paper FPL-RP-643. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 21 p.
  • Wiemann, Michael C.; Knaebe, Mark; Harriague, Fernando. 2007. Reduction of oxidative stain in Ochoo (Hura crepitan L.) = Reduccion de la Mancha de Oxidacion en Ochoo (Hura crepitans L.). Research Note FPL-RN-0306. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 23 p.
  • Sheppard, Paul R.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex. 2007. An advancement in removing extraneous color from wood for low-magnification reflected-light image analysis of conifer tree rings. Wood and Fiber Science 39(1): 172-183.
  • Carll, Charles G; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2007. Mechanical property loss and the occurrence of wood decay during experimental outdoor aging of wood-based panels. In: Yadama, Vikram; Tichy, Robert J., eds. Proceedings, 41st International Wood Composites Symposium; 2007 March 26-28; Seattle, WA. Washington State University, Wood Materials and Engineering Laboratory & Washington State University Extension: 1-16.
  • Green, David W.; Gorman, Thomas M.; Murphy, Joseph F.; Wheeler, Matthew B. 2007. Moisture content and the properties of lodgepole pine logs in bending and compression parallel to the grain. Research Paper FPL-RP-639. Madison, WI: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 11 p.
  • Evans, James W.; Green, David W. 2007. Censoring data for resistance factor calculations in load and resistance factor design: A preliminary study. Research Note FPL-RN-0304. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 6 p.