Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research documented the biology, ecology, and injury potential of insects and mites affecting buffalograss and other cultured and native grasses in Nebraska. Field surveys characterized the arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with cultivated and native switchgrass. Over 80% of the arthropods collected from switchgrass were from the orders Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, 10% came from Hemiptera and Orthoptera, and 10% were from Araneae, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera. Research documented the contact and systemic toxicity of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) to the chinch bug, Blissus occiduus. In contact bioassays, thiamethoxam was approximately 20-fold less toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid to B. occiduus nymphs and 3-fold more toxic to adults. In adult systemic bioassays, thiamethoxam was up to 5-fold more toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid. Thiamethoxam was significantly more toxic to adults than to nymphs in both contact and systemic bioassays. On-going field research documented the biology, ecology, and seasonal occurrence of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, and Northern mole crickets, Neocurtilla hexadactyla, in eastern Nebraska. The impact of grazing systems on pastureland arthropod diversity was investigated. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: New knowledge arising from this project will be disseminated to extension educators, professional turfgrass and landscape managers, switchgrass producers, homeowners, and other extension clientele. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Research characterized the biology, ecology, and injury potential of insects and mites affecting buffalograss as well as other cultured and native grasses in Nebraska. Switchgrass research identified key arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with managed and native switchgrass stands. This information is fundamentally important for switchgrass to achieve its full potential as a biomass energy crop. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop effective and sustainable IPM strategies and recommendations for the arthropod pests affecting switchgrass grown in both managed systems and native settings. Knowledge gained from this research has benefited turfgrass sod producers, golf course superintendents, and other turfgrass managers by facilitating development of improved IPM approaches for chinch bugs affecting turfgrasses in Nebraska. Better understanding of Japanese beetle and northern mole cricket biology, ecology, and behavior has facilitated development of improved management recommendations for these emerging Nebraska pests.
Publications
- Baxendale, F.P., R.W. Baxendale, R.A. Fithian, and M.D. Stamm. 2011. Efficacy of Acelepryn and HGW86 at multiple timings for control of billbugs, 2010. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 36 (Online).
- Schaeffer, S.K., F.P. Baxendale, T.M. Heng-Moss, R.D. Sitz, G. Sarath, R.B. Mitchell, and R.C. Shearman. 2010. Characterization of the arthropod community associated with switchgrass (Poales: Poaceae) in Nebraska. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 84(2): 87-104.
- Stamm, M.D., F.P. Baxendale, T.M. Heng-Moss, B.D. Siegfried, E.E. Blankenship, and R.E. Gaussoin. 2011. Dose-response relationships of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 104 (1): 205-10.
- Johnson-Cicalese, J.M., F.P. Baxendale, T.P. Riordan, T.M. Heng-Moss, and L.M. Baird. 2011. Evaluation of buffalograss leaf pubescence and its effect on mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) host selection. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 84(1): 71-77.
- Stamm, M.D., T.J. Prochaska, C.M. Ramm, and F.P. Baxendale. 2011. Meridian with Scimitar for control of field ants, 2010. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 36 (Online).
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Field surveys continue to characterized arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with cultivated and native switchgrass. Over 80% of collected arthropods were from the orders Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, 10% came from Hemiptera and Orthoptera, and 10% were from Araneae, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera. The most abundant arthropod families were Acrididae, Brachonidae, Carabidae, Chloropidae, Chrysomelidae, Cicadellidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae (larvae), Formicidae, Gryllidae, Ichneumonidae, Pentatomidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae, Tephritidae, Tettigoniidae, Thripidae, and Araneae.Research documented the contact and systemic toxicity of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) to the chinch bug B. occiduus. In contact bioassays, thiamethoxam was approximately 20-fold less toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid to B. occiduus nymphs and 3-fold more toxic to adults. In adult systemic bioassays, thiamethoxam was up to 5-fold more toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid. Thiamethoxam was significantly more toxic to adults than to nymphs in both contact and systemic bioassays. This was not observed with clothianidin or imidacloprid. On-going field research documented the biology, ecology, and seasonal occurrence of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, and Northern mole crickets, Neocurtilla hexadactyla, in eastern Nebraska, and is investigating the impact of pastureland grazing systems on arthropod diversity. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: New knowledge arising from this project will be disseminated to extension educators, professional turfgrass and landscape managers, switchgrass producers, homeowners, and other extension clientele PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Research continued to characterize the biology, ecology, and injury potential of insects and mites affecting buffalograss as well as other cultured and native grasses in Nebraska. Switchgrass research identified key arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with managed and native switchgrass stands. This information is fundamentally important for switchgrass to achieve its full potential as a biomass energy crop. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop effective and sustainable IPM strategies and recommendations for the arthropod pests affecting switchgrass grown in both managed systems and native settings. Knowledge gained from this research has benefited turfgrass sod producers, golf course superintendents, and other turfgrass managers by facilitating development of improved IPM approaches for chinch bugs affecting turfgrasses in Nebraska. Better understanding of Japanese beetle and northern mole cricket biology, ecology, and behavior has facilitated development of improved management recommendations for these emerging Nebraska pests.
Publications
- Baxendale, R.W., F.P. Baxendale, M.D. Stamm, and S.K. Schaeffer. 2010. Meridian for control of southern masked chafers, 2009. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 35 (Online).
- Stamm, M.D., F.P. Baxendale, R.D. Sitz, and T.J. Prochaska. 2010. Evaluation of ALOFT effectiveness in early season applications for full season control of black cutworms, 2009. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 35. (Online).
- Heng-Moss, T.M., R.D. Sitz, F.P. Baxendale, and R.W. Baxendale. 2010. Evaluation of experimental granular formulations for control of southern masked chafers, 2009. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 35 (Online).
- Ramm, C.M., R.A. Fithian, T.J. Prochaska, and F.P. Baxendale. 2010. Evaluation of ALOFT effectiveness in discouraging forager behavior, and curative control of southern masked chafers, 2009. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 35 (Online).
- Gulsen, O., T.E. Eickhoff, T.M. Heng-Moss, R.C. Shearman, F.P. Baxendale, G. Sarath, and D.J. Lee. 2010. Characterization of peroxidase changes in resistant and susceptible warm-season turfgrasses challenged by Blissus occiduus Barber. J. Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 4: 45-55.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project continued to search for new pests and potentially important beneficial arthropods associated with Nebraska grasses. Field surveys characterized arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with cultivated and native switchgrass stands. Over 120,000 arthropod specimens were collected, spanning 84 families. Thysanoptera and Hymenoptera comprised 60% of collected arthropods. Leafhoppers, grasshoppers, grass flies, and wireworms were the most abundant potential pests. Beneficial arthropods included ants, rove beetles, ground beetles, parasitoid wasps, and spiders. Research documented differential responses of B. occiduus to selected neonicotinoid insecticides. B. occiduus nymphs and adults were challenged with imidacloprid-, clothianidin-, and thiamethoxam-treated buffalograss to document lethal and sublethal contact and systemic concentrations. In nymphal bioassays, clothianidin was the most toxic neonicotinoid insecticide to B. occiduus, followed by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, whereas in the adult bioassays, thiamethoxam exhibited the highest toxicity. Research evaluated selected buffalograsses for resistance to B. occiduus. Of the eighteen genotypes evaluated, two exhibited moderate to high levels of resistance. These will be further assessed under field conditions. On-going field research documented the biology, ecology, and seasonal occurrence of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, and Northern mole crickets, Neocurtilla hexadactyla, in eastern Nebraska. New knowledge arising from this project was disseminated to extension educators, professional turfgrass and landscape managers, switchgrass producers, homeowners, and other extension clientele. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Extension educators, professional turfgrass and landscape managers, switchgrass producers, homeowners, and other extension clientele. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Research continues to characterize the biology, ecology, and injury potential of insects and mites affecting buffalograss as well as other cultured and native grasses in Nebraska. Switchgrass research identified key arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with managed and native switchgrass stands. This information is fundamentally important for switchgrass to achieve its full potential as a biomass energy crop. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop effective and sustainable IPM strategies and recommendations for the arthropod pests affecting switchgrass grown in both managed systems and native settings. New chinch bug resistant turfgrasses have been identified and investigations are underway to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to this resistance. Resistant buffalograsses identified through this research are currently being used in breeding programs to develop buffalograsses with improved chinch bug resistance. Knowledge gained from this research has benefited turfgrass sod producers, golf course superintendents, and other turfgrass managers by facilitating development of improved IPM approaches for chinch bugs affecting turfgrasses in Nebraska. Better understanding of Japanese beetle and northern mole cricket biology, ecology, and behavior has facilitated development of improved management recommendations for these emerging Nebraska pests.
Publications
- Carstens, J.D., F.P. Baxendale, T.M. Heng-Moss, and R.J. Wright. 2008. Predation of the chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae) by Geocoris uliginosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 81(4):328-338.
- Rethwisch, M.D., F.P. Baxendale, and D.R. Dollison. 2009. First report of northern mole cricket damage on a Nebraska golf course (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 82(1):103-105.
- Baxendale, F.P., M.D. Stamm, and T.M. Heng-Moss. 2009. Chinch bugs in buffalograss and zoysiagrass turf. G1952. Univ. of Nebr. Extension.
- Stamm, M.D. and F.P. Baxendale. 2009. Managing ants on golf courses. G1959. Univ. of Nebr. Extension.
- Baxendale, F.P., C.M. Ramm, J. Chess, and T. Prochaska. 2009. Evaluation of Aloft for control of chiggers, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 34 (Online).
- Stamm M.D., R.W. Baxendale, L.M. Pierson, and F.P. Baxendale. 2009. Efficacy of SDS502 granules for curative control of southern masked chafer grubs, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 34 (Online).
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project continues to search for new pests and potentially important beneficial arthropods associated with Nebraska grasses. Research assessed the role of oxidative enzymes, specifically peroxidases, in the defense response of tolerant buffalograsses to the western chinch bug. Two peroxidases specifically up-regulated in the tolerant buffalograss Prestige in response to chinch bug feeding were identified. Additional studies are underway to further characterize these peroxidases and measure their expression over time in resistant and susceptible buffalograsses. Research explored the differential responses of two chinch bug species (B. occiduus and B. l. hirtus) to neonicotinyl insecticides and documented the biology, ecology, and seasonal occurrence of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, in eastern Nebraska. Field surveys identified potentially important arthropod pests and their natural enemies associated with cultivated and native switchgrass stands. While a variety of arthropods were collected, those with the most potential to become pest include leafhoppers, wireworms, and grasshoppers. Ants, ground beetles, rove beetles, and spiders were among the most abundant beneficial arthropods. Future work will assess the role of stand age on the switchgrass arthropod community. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: New knowledge arising from this project will be disseminated to extension educators, professional turfgrass and landscape managers, switchgrass producers, homeowners, and other extension clientele. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This project is characterizing the biology, ecology, and injury potential of insects and mites affecting buffalograss and other cultured and native grasses in Nebraska. Research is underway to identify new chinch bug resistant turfgrasses and investigate the mechanisms contributing to this resistance. Identifying new resistant turfgrasses and understanding the mechanisms contributing to this resistance is essential for formulating plant breeding strategies, and developing chinch bug-resistant germplasm through conventional breeding and biotechnological techniques. In addition, knowledge of specific resistance mechanisms will be valuable for identifying biochemical and physiological markers for use in germplasm enhancement programs, and for characterizing plant defense strategies to insect feeding. A sound understanding of Japanese beetle biology, ecology, and behavior is critical for developing effective management recommendations for this recent Nebraska immigrant. Switchgrass offers much potential as a biomass energy source. Identifying potentially important arthropod pests and their natural enemies is essential for development of effective, economical, and sustainable pest management recommendations. Knowledge gained from this project will facilitate development of improved IPM approaches for managing arthropods affecting buffalograss and other grasses in Nebraska.
Publications
- Stamm, M.D., T.M. Heng-Moss, and F.P. Baxendale. 2008. Meridian for control of ants, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33 (Online).
- Schaeffer, S.K., M.D. Stamm, L. Toda, and F.P. Baxendale. 2008. Efficacy of new imidacloprid formulations for control of southern masked chafers, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33 (Online). Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33 (Online).
- Stamm, M.D., R.W. Baxendale, and F.P. Baxendale. 2008. Effect of application timing with Acelepryn for control of southern masked chafers, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33 (Online).
- Stamm, M.D., L.M. Pierson, J. Chess, and F.P. Baxendale. 2008. Evaluation of granular products for control of chiggers, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33 (Online).
- Eickhoff, T.E., T.M. Heng-Moss, F.P. Baxendale, and J.E. Foster. 2008. Levels tolerance, antibiosis and antixenosis among resistant buffalograsses and zoysiagrasses. J. Econ. Entomol. 101(2): 533-540.
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