Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In this reporting period, our last year of field work of nearshore monitoring was completed as part of the Marbled Murrelet Effectiveness Monitoring Team for the endangered Marbled Murrelet under the Northwest Forest Plan. We continue in a leading role with the Team in their analyses and manuscripts. Compiled 21 years of nearshore data from Marbled Murrelet research into two standardized databases, involving over 350,000 records of birds. Provided background data to assess potential impacts of wave energy installation on sensitive species such as the Marbled Murrelet in a summary report to CH2M Hill and Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Analyzed molt patterns and demography of Costa Rican resident birds to provide better understanding of these little known birds. We examined the spatial ecology of a marked population of aquatic garter snakes in northwest California. This study, our fourth paper from this project, was published in the journal Copeia. We examined the spatial dynamics and reproductive ecology of the Cascades frog. This research was the basis for a Master's thesis at Humboldt State University; manuscripts are in preparation and will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication. We determined habitat relationships and distribution patterns of the bullfrog, an invasive species, along the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam. This study was published in the journal of Restoration Ecology. We examined the demography, the spatial ecology, and the effects of the cold-water temperature regime on the basking behavior of the western pond turtle on the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam. A report is in preparation; several manuscripts will follow and be submitted to peer-reviewed outlets for publication. We examined the reproductive cycle of the Del Norte salamander. A manuscript is in preparation and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed outlet for publication. We examined the demography, and the temporal and spatial dynamics of the listed Shasta salamander in the vicinity of Samwell Cave on the Shasta National Forest. This study was the basis for a Master's thesis at Humboldt State University. A manuscript is in preparation and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed outlet for publication. We assembled the scientific information required to develop a conservation strategy for the western pond turtle in California. This will form the basis for web based publication for the California Department of Fish and Game. A final draft is currently in preparation. We examined the breeding behavior of the foothill yellow-legged frog at a relatively pristine site in Del Norte County. This study was the basis for a Master's thesis at Humboldt State University and has resulted in one publication, with another in the analysis phase. We conducted a meta-analysis of resting habitat selection studies on fisher (Martes pennanti) in the Pacific states and provinces. This involved assembling plot data from used and available sites from 9 major studies and coordinating with multiple agencies and authors. The work was summarized for the funding agencies (USDA FS and USDI FWS) and is being prepared for journal publication. We determined the environmental features associated with the den sites of the endangered Point Arena mountain beaver at the center of the taxon's distribution in Manchester State Park. The work was published in the journal Northwest Science. We continued research into the seasonal occurrence of the silver-haired bat, a species threatened by wind energy developments, in forests of northwest California. PARTICIPANTS: Research Ecologist -- Served as principal investigator on several studies, provided technical/analytical support as collaborator, coauthor, or science advisor on others. Two Research Ecologist - Served as coauthors on projects, provided technical and analytical support. Ecologist -- Served as principal investigator on several projects,provided technical and analytical support. Five Wildlife Biologists -- Served as principal investigators, coauthors and provided technical/analytical support. Wildlife Biologist -- Provided database management, and field support for projects. Provides web support for principal investigators and field training. Two Ecologist - Served as lead investigator and coauthor on several projects. Data Specialist - Provided data entry and management for several projects. GIS Technician - Provided support for map making for several projects. Multiple Biological Technicians -- Masters students and field data collection. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for Problem Area 3 includes researchers, land managers, biologists, conservationists, non-governmental organizations, and regulators interested in understanding the natural history of species of concern. Science-based knowledge is delivered to target audiences in the form of peer-reviewed publications, written reports to government and non-government organizations, formal and informal presentations at conferences, symposia, workshops, and classrooms. Descriptions of activities are provided on websites, which include links to publications, reports and presentations, are accessible to the public worldwide via the Internet. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.
Impacts
An understanding of the habitat ecology of these species is critical to their conservation. Results have improved our understanding of the natural history of these species, knowledge that is required in order to predict the effects of natural resource management. Results will be incorporated into state and federal conservation actions for these taxa. Nearshore monitoring of Marbled Murrelet populations assists in monitoring the effectiveness of the Northwest Forest Plan's old-growth forest reserve management strategy. Our studies of migrant bats will be useful for helping to site wind energy facilities in western North America.
Publications
- Buskirk, S. W., C. M. Raley, K. B. Aubry, W. J. Zielinski, M. K. Schwartz, R. T. Golightly, K. L. Purcell, R. D. Weir and J. S. Yaeger. 2010. Meta-analysis of resting site selection by the fisher in the Pacific coastal states and provinces. Report to the USFWS and USDA Forest Service, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. 30 p.
- Elizondo, P.; Ralph C.J.; Wolfe J.D.; Ramírez A. O. 2009. Mesoamericana 13(2): 101 pág.
- Fuller, T., K. L. Pope, D. T. Ashton., and H. H. Welsh, Jr. 2010. Linking the distribution of an invasive amphibian (Rana catesbeiana) to habitat conditions in a managed river system in northern California. Restoration Ecology. Early View (Articles online in advance of print) available as of July 14, 2010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00708.x
- Fuller, Trevon L.; Sassan S. Saatchi; Emily E. Curd; Erin Toffelmier; Henri A. Thomassen; Wolfgang Buermann; David F. DeSante; Mark P. Nott; James F. Saracco; C. J. Ralph; John D. Alexander; John P. Pollinger; Thomas B. Smith. 2010. Mapping the risk of avian influenza in wild birds in the US. BMC Infectious Diseases 10:187doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-187.
- Garwood, J. M. 2009. Spatial ecology of the Cascades frog: identifying dispersal, migration, and resource uses at multiple spatial scales. MS Thesis. Humboldt State University.
- Long, Linda L., Sherri L. Miller, and C. John Ralph and Craig Strong. 2010. Marbled Murrelet Abundance, Distribution, and Productivity along the Coasts of Northern California and Southern Oregon, 2009. Report to US Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Land Management, Arcata, California. 32 pp.
- Ralph, C. John, Sherri Miller, and Linda Long. 2010. Boat survey methodology for oil spill response. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, Arcata, California. 6 pp. Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/ralph/2010_ralph_oil-spill-survey-p rotocol.pdf
- Welsh, H. H., Jr.; Wheeler, C. A.; Lind, A. J. 2010. Spatial ecology of the aquatic garter snake, Thamnophis atratus, in a free-flowing stream environment. Copeia 2010(1):75-85.
- Wolfe, Jared D. ; Chandler, Richard B.; King, David I. 2009. Molt patterns, age, and sex criteria for selected highland Costa Rican resident landbirds. Ornitologia Neotropical 20: 451-459
- Wolfe, Jared D.; Ryder, Thomas B. ; Pyle, Peter . 2010. Using molt cycles to categorize the age of tropical birds: an integrative new system. J. Field Ornithol. 81(2):186-194.
- Miller, Sherri; Ralph C. John;Long, Linda; O'Donnell, Brian; Rousseau, Josée 2010. 21 years of northern California marine surveys - Seabird and mammal observation summaries for WaveConnect Energy Project planning and monitoring. Report to CH2M Hill, Sacramento, CA for Pacific Gas and Electric Company. 104 pp.
- Zielinski, William J.; Hunter, John E.; Hamlin, Robin; Slauson, Keith M.; Mazurek, M. J. 2010. Habitat Characteristics at Den Sites of the Point Arena Mountain Beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra). Northwest Science 84(2): 119-130
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We have monitored the murrelet population offshore of the three state area adjacent to the Northwest Forest Plan area of Washington, Oregon, and northern California since 2000. Following the 2008 monitoring season, we found a statistically significant decline in the population. We produced and updated an interactive, georeferenced database of all our bird observations from multiple protocols. The database of approximately 500,000 records will be integrated with data from other disciplines and used for management planning and program evaluation. We provided a new view of the capability of California forests to host individuals and, perhaps, populations of the wolverine. This resulted in renewed optimism about the health of California forests and their role in maintaining populations of native carnivores. Examined spatial ecology patterns of a population of aquatic garter snake in northwestern California. Investigated the migratory and overwintering strategies of bats in redwood forests of Northern California. Determined the habitat relationships and distribution of the bullfrog, an invasive species, along the Trinity River. Examined the spatial dynamics and reproductive ecology of the Cascades frog. We documented molt patterns, and demography of little studied resident Costa Rican birds.Examined the spatial ecology and effects of temperature regimes on the basking behavior of the western pond turtle in the Trinity River. Improved understanding of the special habitat features that are selected by American martens as resting sites. Examined the reproductive cycle of the Del Norte salamander. Assembled information required to develop a conservation strategy for the western pond turtle. Examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of the Shasta salamander. Events: We worked with Klamath Bird Observatory to put on a North American Banding Council Bird Banding Evaluation session at Humboldt Bay Bird Observatory, Arcata, California. A total of 18 participants attended, 15 certificates were awarded. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Research Ecologists (GS-14,15) -- Served as principal investigator on several of the studies, provided technical/analytical support as collaborator, coauthor or science advisor on others. Research Ecologist (GS-11) ⿿ Provided leadership on studies to characterize Oregon silverspot reproductive habitat and estimate dispersal rates of Utah valvata. Ecologists (GS-11) -- Served as principal investigators on a number of studies, provided technical/analytical support on projects,. Ecologists (GS-9) ⿿ Served as lead investigator on 3 projects and coauthor on others. Wildlife Biologists (GS-11) --- Served as principal investigators on multiple studies, provided technical/analytical support as collaborator and coauthor. Provided supervision of field personnel, accounting, and communication with collaborating agencies. Wildlife Biologists (GS-9) -- Provided field leadership, database management, technical and spatial analysis on multiple projects. Biological Sciences Technician (GS-9) ⿿ Provided field, technical and analytical support and coauthor on several projects. GIS technicians (GS-9) ⿿ Provided support for spatial analysis and map making for multiple projects. Data Specialist (GS-9) ⿿ Provided data entry and management for all projects Ecologist (GS-7) ⿿ Served as lead investigator on 1 project Biological Technicians (GS-5,6) --- Provided field and data processing support on multiple projects. Partner Organizations: California Fish and Game, Hoopa Tribe, Humboldt State University (HSU), IUCN Declining Amphibian Population Task Force, Klamath Bird Observatory (KBO), Klamath National Forest, Lassen National Forest, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Oregon State University (OSU), PSW Sierra Nevada Research Center, Shasta Trinity National Forest, Six Rivers National Forest, Trinity County, Tahoe National Forest, USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS), UC Berkeley, USDI Bureau of Reclamation Trinity River Restoration Program, USDA Region 5 Forest Service, USFWS - Arcata office Yurok Tribe Collaborators: John Alexander (KBO), Chris Boatner (Tahoe NF), Todd Dawson (UCB), Armand Gonzales (CFG), Katie Moriarty (OSU), Michael Schwartz and Kristy Pilgrim (USDA RMRS), Robin Hamlin (USFWS) Training and Professional Development Trained wildlife biologists, biological technicians, undergraduate students, graduate students in techniques for collecting demographic and population data. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for Problem Area 3 is land managers, biologists, conservationists, non-governmental organizations, and individuals from the general public interested in understanding the natural history of both native and non-native taxa of concern in the western United States. Science-based knowledge is delivered to target audiences in the form of peer-reviewed publications, written reports to government and non-government organizations, formal and informal presentations at conferences, symposia workshops, and classrooms. Descriptions of activities are provided on websites, which include links to publications, reports and presentations, are accessible to the public worldwide via the internet.
Impacts
The confirmation of a wolverine in California, after 80 years without such evidence, provides a new perspective on the necessity of considering habitat for this species in forest plans on public lands and harvest plans on private lands. Our continued monitoring of Marbled Murrelet population and its nesting habitat will assist in assessing the effectiveness of the Plan⿿s old-growth forest reserve management strategy.An understanding of the autecology of these sensitive and threatened species is critical to species conservation. Results have improved our understanding of the natural history of these species, knowledge that is required in order to predict the effects of natural resource management. Results from various studies will be incorporated into state conservation assessments for several species. Use of knowledge of marten resting habitat to guide the management of public and private forest lands within the range of the Humboldt subspecies of the American marten.Understanding of the natural history and breeding phenology of Costa Rican birds will provide important knowledge for their management and conservation.
Publications
- Ryder, T. B.; Wolfe, J. D. 2009. The Current State of Knowledge on Molt and Plumage Sequences in Selected Tropical Families: A Review. Ornitologia Neotropical 20:1-18.
- Wolfe, J.D. 2009. Diet of some spring migrant landbirds on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 22:37-40.
- Moriarty, Katie M.; Zielinski, William J.; Gonzales, Armand G; Dawson, Todd E.; Boatner, Kristie M.; Wilson, Craig A; Schlexer, Frederick V.; Pilgrim, Kristine L.; Copeland, Jeffrey P.; Schwartz, Michael K. 2009. Wolverine Confirmation in California after Nearly a Century: Native or Long-Distance Immigrant?. Northwest Science 83(2): p. 154-162
- Slauson, K. M.; Zielinski, W. J. 2009. Characteristics of summer and fall resting habitat used by American martens in coastal northwestern California. Northwest Science 83: p. 35-45
- Wolfe, J. D.; Pyle, P.; Ralph, C. J. 2009. Breeding Seasons, Molt Patterns, and Gender and Age Criteria for Selected Northeastern Costa Rican Resident Landbirds. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 121(3):556⿿567.
- Wolfe, J. D.; Ralph, C. J. 2008. Catorce Años de Anillamiento de Aves en Costa Rica: Una Visión General del Proyecto Integral de Monitoreo de Aves de Tortuguero. Mesoamericana 12(3):171.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Developed, with collaborators, a new statewide fisher (Martes pennanti) habitat suitability model/map which also has regional submodels that describe landscape habitat features selected by fishers for establishing home ranges. Developed new models of bird habitat needs to fully understand individual species' ecologies, in order to resolve conflicts and integrate goals to maintain viable riparian and riverine wildlife specialists, yet restore fish populations. Initiated a study of the wintering and migratory ecology of bats in northwest California. Examined breeding patterns and mating strategy of the foothill yellow-legged frog. Collaborated with USFWS on a study to characterize reproductive habitat for the Del Norte population of the federally-listed butterfly Oregon silverspot (Speyeria zerene hippolyta). Examined the spatial dynamics and reproductive ecology of the Cascades frog. Conducted analysis of genetic information from martens within 3 recognized subspecies to determine the identity of martens in a small population within the historical range of the Humboldt marten (M. Americana humboldtensis). Determined the habitat relationships and distribution of the bullfrog, an invasive species, along the Trinity River Worked with collaborators to estimate dispersal rates of the federally-listed aquatic snail Utah valvata (Valvata utahensis) in the Snake River, Idaho. Collaborated with USFWS on an analysis of den site selection by the federally-listed Point Arena Mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra) in coastal Mendocino County, California. Prepared an extensive review of scientific literature on bats regarding biases in existing knowledge, seasonal ecology, disease, and potential impacts of climate change for publication in the scientific literature. Examined the reproductive cycle of the Del Norte salamander Examined spatial patterns of a population of aquatic garter snake in northwestern California. Attended habitat and database workshops for the Trinity River restoration program Counseled the Trinity River Restoration Program on site designs and dam release schedules Developed a new statistical management tool to predict changes in abundance of bird species of concern in response to riparian habitat manipulations intended to restore fish habitat Produced an interactive, georeferenced database of bird observations compiled from multiple protocols. The database will be integrated with data from other disciplines and used for management planning and program evaluation PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Research Ecologists (GS-14, 15) -- Served as principal investigator on several of the studies, provided technical/analytical support as collaborator, coauthor or science advisor on others. Research Ecologist (GS-11) - Provided leadership on studies to characterize Oregon silverspot reproductive habitat and estimate dispersal rates of Utah valvata. Ecologists (GS-11) -- Served as principal investigators on a number of studies, provided technical/analytical support on projects. Ecologists (GS-9) - Served as lead investigator on 3 projects and coauthor on others. Wildlife Biologists (GS-11) --- Served as principal investigators on multiple studies, provided technical/analytical support as collaborator and coauthor. Provided supervision of field personnel, accounting, and communication with collaborating agencies. Wildlife Biologists (GS-9) -- Provided field leadership, database management, technical and spatial analysis on multiple projects. Biological Sciences Technician (GS-9) - Provided field, technical and analytical support and coauthor on several projects. GIS technicians (GS-9) - Provided support for spatial analysis and map making for multiple projects. Data Specialist (GS-9) - Provided data entry and management for all projects Ecologist (GS-7) - Served as lead investigator on 1 project Biological Technicians (GS-5, 6) --- Provided field and data processing support on multiple projects. Partner Organizations: California Department of Fish and Game Hoopa Tribe Humboldt State University Klamath N. F. Lassen N. F. Mattole Salmon Group Montana State University National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Save the Redwoods League Shasta Trinity N. F. Six Rivers N. F. Southern Oregon University Trinity County, CA UC Santa Barbara (UCSB) USDI Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) Trinity River Restoration Program and Burley, ID US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) - Arcata USFS Pacific Southwest (PSW) Research Station USGS Fort Collins Science Center Yurok Tribe Collaborators: John Alexander, Klamath Bird Observatory; Paul Cryan and Tom O'Shea, USGS; Frank Davis, UCSB; Gary Falxa, USFWS; Kiza Gates, Montana State University; Robin Hamlin, USFWS; John Hunter, USFWS;David Imper, USFWS; Ryan Newman, BOR; Karen Stone, Southern Oregon University; Training and Professional Development: Trained wildlife biologists, land managers, and ecological consultants in proper interpretation of empirical habitat suitability models. Trained wildlife biologists, biological technicians, undergraduate students, graduate students in techniques for collecting demographic and population data from birds. Facilitated the Coastal Martes Working Group which brings researchers and managers together to share new information, facilitate collaboration, and discuss management issues for martens and fishers in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for Problem Area 3 is land managers, biologists, conservationists, non-governmental organizations, and individuals from the general public interested in understanding the natural history of both native and non-native taxa of concern in the western United States. Science-based knowledge is delivered to target audiences in the form of peer-reviewed publications, written reports to government and non-government organizations, formal and informal presentations at conferences, symposia workshops, and classrooms. Descriptions of activities are provided on websites, which include links to publications, reports and presentations, are accessible to the public worldwide via the internet. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Riparian bird habitat needs identified in statistical models are considered for all fish habitat restoration designs and implementation schedules for the Trinity River Restoration Program. A new understanding of the statewide distribution of fisher habitat led state and federal agencies to reconsider plans for reintroducing fishers into the northern Sierra Nevada and to evaluate a citizen petition to list the fisher as a California endangered species. Results from a study of dispersal rates of aquatic snails will be used by the Bureau of Reclamation to estimate annual take of snails as a result of water operations in the Snake River, Idaho. Knowledge that martens in coastal California are part of a distinct coastal group of American martens in California and Oregon, which is distinct from the inland populations in the Cascades and Sierra Nevada improved the ability to generate relevant and meaningful conservation and management strategies for their populations in two states. Contributed results and reviews of habitat studies provided by the unit contributed to the development of a conservation strategy for fishers in the Pacific States. Increased understanding of the autecology of sensitive and threatened herpetofauna has improved the ability to predict effects of natural resource management on their populations. State conservation assessments for several species of herpetofauna will benefit from new knowledge that resulted from autecological studies conducted in northwest California. Unit work has refined the knowledge of habitat suitability for riparian specialist birds at risk in the western states
Publications
- Ashton, D. T.; Nakamoto, R. J. 2007. Rana boylii (Foothill yellow-legged frog). Predation. Herpetological Review 38: 442.
- Fuller, T. E. 2008. The spatial ecology of the exotic bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and its relationship to the distribution of the native herpetofauna in a managed river system. Master's thesis. Humboldt State University.
- Garwood, J. M.; Jr., Welsh, H. H. 2007. Ecology of the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) and interactions with garter snakes and nonnative trout in the Trinity Alps Wilderness, California. A report to California Department of Fish and Game and National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Understanding the interactions between a species and its environment forms the essential foundation for elucidating patterns and responses of organisms at higher levels of organization. The most credible models for describing the distribution of a species, its habitat associations, or its response to environmental perturbations are those which use inputs generated from in-depth study of a species natural history. Researchers at the Redwood Sciences Laboratory continue to expand our knowledge of these basic inputs by focusing research on the most basic needs of a species -- food, shelter and the ability to reproduce. Our work this year filled critical information gaps in the understanding of predator-dynamics (Bettaso et al. 2007, Garwood and Wheeler 2007, Slauson and Zielinski 2007, Wheeler et al. 2007), identification of important components of forest ecosystems that support wildlife (Mazurek and Zielinski 2007, Slauson and Zielinski 2007) and the reproductive ecology
of wildlife species (Garwood et al. 2007, Wheeler 2007). Additional work in this problem area focused on incorporating traditional knowledge into restortation activities (Senos et al. 2007).
Impacts
An understanding of the life history requirements of wildlife species is the foundation for establishing credible conservation and management plans. Our research will be useful to improve the breadth and specificity with which land management plans can provide for the needs of wildlife species or incorporate traditional knowledge.
Publications
- Bettaso, J.B.; Studebaker, R. S.; Garwood, J. M. 2007. Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus (Oregon Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 38: 211-212.
- Damiani, C. 2007. Pilot study to characterize oviposition habitat of oregon silverspot (speyeria zerene hippolyta) at Lake Earl, California. Report submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata CA: 25 p.
- Garwood, J. M.; Wheeler, C. A. 2007. Rana cascadae (Cascades Frog). Predation. Herpetological Review 38: 193-194.
- Garwood, J. M.; Wheeler, C. A.; Bourque, R. M.; Larson, M. D.; Welsh, H. H., Jr. 2007. Egg mass drift increases vulnerability during early development of Cascades Frogs (Rana cascadae). Northwest Naturalist 88: 94-96.
- Hull, B.; Bloom, P.; North American banding council. 2006. Manuel sur les techniques de baguage des oiseaux de proie en Amerique Du Nord. North American Banding Council. Available at http://nabanding.net/nabanding/.
- Mazurek, M. J.; Zielinski, W. J. 2007. Individual legacy trees influence wildlife diversity in commercial forests. In: Standiford, R. B., Giusti, G. A.; Valachovic, Y.; Zielinski, V.; Furniss, M. J. technical editors. Proceedings of the redwood region forest science symposium: What does the future hold? Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-194. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 237-240.
- Senos, R.; Lake, F.K.; Turner, N.; Martinez, D. 2006. Traditional ecological knowledge and restoration practice. In: Apostol, D.; Sinclair, M., eds. Restoring the Pacific Northwest: The art and science of ecological restoration in Cascadia. Island Press, Washington, D.C.; 393-412.
- Slauson, K. M.; Zielinski, W. J. 2007. The relationship between the understory shrub component of coastal forests and the conservation of forest carnivores. In: Standiford, R. B., G. A. Giusti, Y. Valachovic, W. J Zielinski, and M. J. Furniss, technical editors. Proceedings of the redwood region forest science symposium: What does the future hold? Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-194. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; 241-244.
- Wheeler, C. A. 2007. Temporal breeding patterns and mating strategy of the Foothill Yellow-legged Frog (Rana boylii). Department of Natural Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA. Number of pages unknown. M.S. thesis.
- Wheeler, C. A.; Karraker, N. E.; Welsh, H. H., Jr.; Ollivier, L. M. 2007. Diet of the Del Norte Salamander (Plethodon elongatus): differences by age, gender, and season. Northwest Naturalist 88: 84-93.
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