Progress 09/15/07 to 09/14/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The effect of 4 row spacings and 2 sowing rates of winter canola were investigated in OR on summer fallow ground. Grain yield, seed size, and oil content were determined. The effect of N management and winter canola variety on canola yield was investigated at two sites in OR and canola yield was determined. Additionally, the effects of varying N and seeding rates on two canola-quality Brassica juncea cultivars and one condiment oriental mustard cultivar were determined at two locations and two planting dates in conventional and direct seeding systems in northern ID and Pendleton, OR. Winter canola trials were established at several sites in ID and WA. At the ID sites, over 25 winter canola genotypes were planted into traditional summer fallow. In WA, a large-plot trial with five commercially available cultivars and a trial with the same breeding lines planted at the ID sites were planted with a direct seed drill into chemical fallow. Commercial entries for the spring canola variety trials were solicited and trials planted at several sites in the PNW. Canola cultivars from the UI breeding program and private companies were planted at several sites in MT to test for emergence, cold tolerance flowering date, and seed yield. Some of the selected cultivars showed superior cold tolerance and yield compared to traditional check varieties. Winter canola field plots were established in several regions to assayed stand establishment and disease incidence. In greenhouse experiments, resistance was examined to two taxa of Rhizoctonia solani among various Brassica species and varieties, including nearly 100 winter canola cultivars. Several crosses were made between resistant and susceptible varieties to look at the inheritance of resistance to this disease. Various chemical seed treatments were examined to determine the control of seedling damping-off of canola in the greenhouse, inoculated with R. solani AG 2-1. A sulfur analyzer was purchased to study the level of S in seed oils from various cultivars and determine how the oil extraction and biodiesel production processes affect it, make recommendation for the extraction process that ensures less than 15-ppm S in the biodiesel, and expand the biodiesel research program to enable it to study the future problems of S in biodiesel from canola, rapeseed and mustard oils. Researchers present finds at local, regional and national meetings. Researchers also presented findings at the 2008 and/or 2009 Idaho Oilseed Conference. A national canola website is maintained to provide information from research projects to growers and oilseed industry representatives. PARTICIPANTS: Participants: John Hammel, Acting Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station; Donald Thill, Assistant Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and Project Director; J. Brown and J. Davis, PIs, University of Idaho; A. Hristov, formerly University of Idaho, currently, Pennsylvania State University; D. Wysocki, PI, Oregon State University; P. Miller and C. Chen, PIs, Montana State University, S. Hulbert, and T. Paulitz, PIs., Washington State University; University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Washington State University, and Montana State University; Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Montana Agricultural Experiment Stations, USDA-ARS, US Canola Council. Training or Professional Development: Undergraduate and graduate students through participation in research and technology transfer; Farmers and oilseed industry representatives through technology transfer activities. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience is farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola, rapeseed, and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains regions of the USA. Information is delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Stand establishment on summer fallow is the most difficult aspect of winter canola production in the PNW. Improved methods of stand establishment will permit grower to produce more acres of canola with better stands and yields. Results of these trials will be used to make recommendations in a crop production guide for winter canola. Better management of N on canola will minimize off site impacts of N leaching and will maximum profits for growers by allowing achievement of optimum yields with a purchase of modest amounts of N fertilizer. New information will be used to rewrite and update current fertilizer guides for canola. Canola seed yield improved with increasing N, and a moderate seeding and early planting rate maximized yield. Cultivar evaluation experiments are used to determine which cultivars are most adapted to different regions within the PNW. These data help plant breeders and seed company personnel select the best cultivars for a particular growing region. Identifying adapted, high-yielding cultivars helps guarantee highest yields and economic returns, which will increase the acreage of canola grown in the PNW. Increased acreage of canola will benefit the emerging local biodiesel industry and diversify farm risk. Canola is one of the most important feedstock for biodiesel production. About 0.7 million acres of canola are needed to replace 10% of the fossil diesel (B10) in MT. Canola is currently planted on less than 20,000 acres in MT. Selecting new cultivars that can adapt to different environments in MT is crucial for the expansion of canola production acres. Faster germination and early emergence in cool soil temperatures, and seedling cold tolerance are a few characteristics selected for in cultivars that may be adapted to the environments in the northern Great Plains. Several cultivars have shown faster emergence and growth in cool temperatures and received greater yields in MT. All of the Brassica species grown in the PNW are susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani, including the strains that are prevalent in the region and grow on wheat. AG2.1 is among the most virulent strains and can reduce seedling emergence. AG8 can cause seedling stunting and also infects wheat. Camelina is similar in susceptibility to most canola varieties, as are yellow, brown and Ethiopian mustards. As canola acreage increases in thePNW, Rhizoctonia and other root pathogens will continue to affect stand establishment. Root and crown pathogens will likely have a larger impact than foliar pathogens because of the relatively dry climate. Rhizoctonia root rot will probably be a particular problem in fields with a history of direct seeding. Seed treatments will not control the problem. Genetic variation appears to be present in Brassica populations so a breeding approach will probably be the best solution. The oilseed website url is http://www.uscanola.com/.
Publications
- Wysocki, D. 2009. Irrigated and Dryland Canola Nutrient Management Guide EM8943-E http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8943-e.pdf.
- Chen, C. 2008. Oilseed Crop Research in Montana - A Presentation to Montana Farmers Union Strategic Action Meeting, June 10, 2008, Hampton Inn, Great Falls, MT.
- Chen, C. 2007. Oilseed production for biodiesel in Montana. Oilseed Crops and Biodiesel Workshop, organized by MT Dept Envir Quality, MSU Extension Service, and Natl. Ctr. for Appropriate Tech., Jan 9, 2007, Livingston, MT, and Feb 15, 2007, Great Falls, MT.
- Chen, C. 2007. Bio-energy challenges and opportunities in Montana. Biofuels: Boom or Bust for Montana Farmers Conference. November 9, 2007, Bozeman, MT.
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2009. Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial 2009. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2009. Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial 2008-2009. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2009. 2009 Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial Results. http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica, in progress.
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2009. 2008-2009 Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial Results. http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica, in progress.
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Progress 09/15/08 to 09/14/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The effect of 4 row spacings and 2 sowing rates of winter canola were investigated in OR on summer fallow ground. Grain yield, seed size, and oil content were determined. The effect of N management and winter canola variety on canola yield was investigated at 2 sites in OR and canola yield was determined. The effects of varying N and seeding rates on 2 canola-quality Brassica juncea cultivars and 1 condiment oriental mustard cultivar was determined at 2 locations and 2 planting dates in conventional and direct seeding systems in northern ID and Pendleton, OR. In Aug. 2008, winter canola trials were established at 2 sites in ID and 1 in WA. At the ID sites, 26 winter canola genotypes were planted into traditional summer fallow. Sixteen selections from a promising breeding line and 23 selections from another were planted. At the WA site, a large-plot trial with 5 commercially available cultivars and a trial with the same 26 breeding lines planted at the ID sites were planted with a direct seed drill into chemical fallow. Eleven outside entries, 14 UI entries, and 3 controls were included in a winter canola variety trial. Trials were located at 3 sites in WA, 2 in OR, and 3 in Idaho. Commercial entries for the spring canola variety trials were solicited and trials planted during spring 2009. Canola cultivars from the UI breeding program and private companies were planted in spring 2008 in central MT to test for emergence, flowering date, and seed yield. Canola yield was generally low due to a hail storm followed by a freezing snow in early June 2008. Several selected cultivars seemed to suffer less damage and produced greater yield than other cultivars. Those same cultivars performed well in another trial in northern MT. Winter canola field plots were established in several regions over the past 2 years to assayed stand establishment and disease incidence. In greenhouse experiments, resistance was examined to two taxa of Rhizoctonia solani among various Brassica species and varieties, including nearly 100 winter canola cultivars. Several crosses were made between resistant and susceptible varieties to look at the inheritance of resistance to this disease. Various chemical seed treatments were examined on the incidence of seedling damping-off of canola in the greenhouse, inoculated with R. solani AG 2-1. A sulfur analyzer was purchased to study the level of S in seed oils from various cultivars, and determine how the oil extraction and biodiesel production processes affect it; make recommendation for the extraction process that ensures less than 15-ppm S in the biodiesel; and expand the biodiesel research program to enable it to study the future problems of S in biodiesel from canola, rapeseed, and mustard oils. Researchers present finds at local, regional and national meetings. Researchers presented findings at the 2008 and/or 2009 Idaho Oilseed Conference. A national canola website is maintained to provide information from research projects to growers and oilseed industry representatives. PARTICIPANTS: Participants: Greg Bohach, Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and Project Director; Donald Thill, Assistant Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and Assistant Project Director; J. Brown and J. Davis, PIs, University of Idaho; A. Hristov, formerly University of Idaho, currently, Pennsylvania State University; D Wysocki, PI, Oregon State University, P. Miller and C. Chen, PIs, Montana State University, S. Hulbert, and T. Paulitz, PIs., Washington State University; University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Washington State University, and Montana State University; Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Montana Agricultural Experiment Stations, USDA-ARS, US Canola Council. Training or Professional Development: Undergraduate and graduate students through participation in research and technology transfer; Farmers and oilseed industry representatives through technology transfer activities. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience is farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola, rapeseed, and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains regions of the USA. Information is delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Stand establishment on summer fallow is the most difficult aspect of winter canola production in the PNW. Improved methods of stand establishment will permit grower to produce more acres of canola with better stands and yields. Results of these trials will be used to make recommendations in a crop production guide for winter canola. Better management of N on canola will minimize off site impacts of N leaching and will maximum profits for growers by allowing achievement of optimum yields with a purchase of modest amounts of N fertilizer. New information will be used to rewrite and update current fertilizer guides for canola. Canola seed yield improved with increasing N; and a moderate seeding and early planting rate maximized yield.Canola is one of the most important feedstock for biodiesel production. About 0.7 million acres of canola are needed to replace 10% of the fossil diesel (B10) in MT. Canola is currently planted in only 16,500 acres in MT. Selecting new cultivars that can adapt to different environments in MT is crucial for the expansion of canola production acres. Faster germination and early emergence in cool soil temperatures, seedling cold tolerance are a few characteristics selected for cultivars adapting to the environments in the northern Great Plains. Several cultivars have shown faster emergence and growth in cool temperatures and received greater yields in MT. Those cultivars will be tested again at multiple locations. All of the Brassica species grown in the PNW are susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani, including the strains that are prevalent in the region and grow on wheat. AG2.1 is among the most virulent strains and can reduce seedling emergence. AG8 can cause seedling stunting and also infects wheat. Camelina is similar in susceptibility to most canola varieties, as are yellow, brown and Ethiopian mustards. As canola acreage increases in the Pacific Northwest, Rhizoctonia and other root pathogens will continue to affect stand establishment. Root and crown pathogens will likely have a larger impact than foliar pathogens because of the relatively dry climate. Rhizoctonia root rot will probably be a particular problem in fields with a history of direct seeding. Seed treatments will not control the problem. Genetic variation appears to be present in Brassica populations so a breeding approach will probably be the best solution. The oilseed website url is http://www.uscanola.com/.
Publications
- Chen, C. 2008. Oilseed Crop Research in Montana - A Presentation to Montana Farmers Union Strategic Action Meeting, June 10, 2008, Hampton Inn, Great Falls, MT.
- Chen, C. 2007. Oilseed production for biodiesel in Montana. Oilseed Crops and Biodiesel Workshop, organized by MT Dept Envir Quality, MSU Extension Service, and Natl. Ctr. for Appropriate Tech., Jan 9, 2007, Livingston, MT, and Feb 15, 2007, Great Falls, MT.
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, D. Wysocki and J.B. Davis. 2004. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of canola-quality oriental mustard (Brassica juncea). University of Idaho Canola, Rapeseed and Mustard Program website
- Wysocki, D. 2008. Irrigated and Dryland Canola Nutrient Management Guide EM8943-E http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8943-e.pdf.
- Chen, C. 2007. Bio-energy challenges and opportunities in Montana. Biofuels: Boom or Bust for Montana Farmers Conference. November 9, 2007, Bozeman, MT.
- Miller, P., and D. Johnson. 2006. Strategies for high yielding winter canola in the Rocky Mountain region. In Agronomy Abstracts, ASA-CSSA-SSSA Ann. Mtg., Nov 12-16, 2006. Indianapolis, IN.
- Olmstead, J. 2006. Optimum agronomic practices for Brassica juncea in the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Idaho.
- J. Olmstead, J. Brown, D. Wysocki and J.B. Davis. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of canola-quality oriental mustard (Brassica juncea). University of Idaho Canola, Rapeseed and Mustard Program website
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, J.B. Davis. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. American Society of Agronomy 98th Annual Meeting. November 6-10, 2005.
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, J.B. Davis and D. Wysocki. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Western Society of Crop Science Annual Meeting. June 19-22, 2005.
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Progress 09/15/07 to 09/14/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A winter rapeseed and canola variety trial with 24 canola or industrial rapeseed cultivars or advanced breeding lines was grown at 7 locations in the PNW, and a spring canola and rapeseed variety trial with 40 cultivars or advanced breeding lines and 5 control cultivars was grown at 10 locations in OR, WA and ID. A winter canola agronomic trial comparing fall irrigation amount (0, 2, and 3.8 inch), September seeding date (8 and 29), cultivar (DKW1386RR and MON3269), and seeding rate (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 seeds/m2) was conducted at Bozeman, MT in 2007. Growth chamber studies were conducted at the MSU Central Ag. Research Center (CARC) during the winter of 2006 to test the time to 50% germination and 50% emergence. Root and shoot growth rates of various canola cultivars were measured at low temperatures. Canola cultivars from the UI breeding program and other companies were planted in spring 2007 at the CARC and Western Triangle Ag. Research Center (WTARC) to test adaptability and yield potential. The effects of varying N (5 rates) and seeding rates (3 rates) on two canola-quality Brassica juncea cultivars (Arid and Dahinda) and the condiment oriental mustard cultivar 'Pacific Gold' were determined at two locations and two planting dates in conventional and direct seeding systems in northern ID and in Pendleton, OR during 2004, 2005, and 2006. Nitrogen rate experiments on winter canola were sown at two OR locations in September 2007. Urea was applied to achieve rates of 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 and 14 lb N per 100 lb of seed yield including residual soil nitrogen. Grain yield, seed size, and oil content will be determined and compared using appropriate statistical methods. Plots will be show at field days. A study to compare two styles of direct seed drill openers and seeding rates on winter canola performance failed to survive the winter in 2005-2006. A spring trial comparing the direct seed drill openers with three Brassicaceae species at three seeding rates across three straw management practices was substituted for the winter trial in 2006 and was repeated in 2007. The effect of four row spacings and two sowing rates on growing winter canola in summer fall were investigated in a field trial in fall 2006 and 2007 in OR. Studies were initiated in WA to determine the relationship between irrigation and N application on yield and quality of winter canola. Field plots of winter canola were established in several regions and stand establishment and disease incidence was measured. In greenhouse experiments, resistance to two taxa of Rhizoctonia solani among various Brassica species and varieties, including 64 winter canola cultivars was examined. Chemical seed treatments affects on the incidence of seedling damping-off of canola also was examined in the greenhouse. A number of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (Ceratobasidium) and R. solani AG-10 were tested for pathogenicity to canola in greenhouse trials. Results from these studies were made available to growers and industry representatives through presentations, publications and websites. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Greg Bohach, Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and Project Director; Donald Thill, Assistant Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and Assistant Project Director; J. Brown and J. Davis, PIs, University of Idaho; D Wysocki, PI, Oregon State University, P. Miller and C. Chen, PIs, Montana State University, A. Hang, S. Hulbert, and T. Paulitz, PIs., Washington State University; University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Washington State University, and Montana State University; Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Montana agricultural experiment stations, USDA-ARS, US Canola Council. Training or Professional Development: Undergraduate and graduate students through participation in research and technology transfer; Farmers and oilseed industry representatives through technology transfer activities. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience is farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola, rapeseed, and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains regions of the USA. Information is delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Mean yield of individual winter rapeseed and canola cultivars ranged from 2216-4141 lb/A, and spring cultivars ranged from 1404 to 2338 lb/A. This research will determine which cultivars are most adapted to different regions in the PNW. The data produced will help plant breeders and seed companies select the best cultivars for this region. Identifying adapted, high-yielding cultivars will help guarantee highest yields and economic returns, which will increase the acreage of canola grown in the PNW. Fall irrigation and Sept. seeding date were most important for winter canola survival and harvest yield in MT. It is likely that winter canola can become a valuable component in irrigated cropping systems in MT. However, the first commercial efforts at growing winter canola in southwest MT were largely unsuccessful due to a lack of timely seeding to establish sufficiently large seedlings or uneven crop ripening due to variable stand survival. Winter canola sown on 6 or 12-inch spacing yielded better than canola sown on 24 or 30-inch spacing. This work will help guide the development of better stand establishment techniques for canola in summer fallow. Winter canola does not respond well to over irrigation and should be stressed to stimulate root development. Supplemental irrigation during the fall is beneficial to canola stand establishment. Some spring canola cultivars have faster germination and emergence rates than others under the cool MT temperatures. Selecting new cultivars that can adapt to different environments in MT is crucial for the expansion of canola production. Seed yield of canola quality Oriental mustard improved with increasing N, a moderate seeding rate, and early planting. The true potential of canola-quality mustard cultivars is a few years from realization but will likely attract the most attention in the dry land regions where spring canola is not successfully grown. This information will be used by producers and researchers to refine production practices and increase yield potential as the industry continues to develop. Two types of direct seed openers appear to be acceptable for spring canola and mustard seeding. It is best to direct seed spring planted canola and mustard into standing straw without mowing or harrowing, which reduce farm input costs. Growers will be able to use this information when choosing a direct seed drill and when planning cultural practices for spring canola and mustard crops. All Brassica species grown in the PNW are susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani. Camelina is similar in susceptibility to most canola varieties, as are yellow, brown and Ethiopian mustards. As canola acreage increases in the PNW, Rhizoctonia and other root pathogens will continue to affect stand establishment. Root and crown pathogens will likely have a larger impact than foliar pathogens because of the relatively dry climate. Rhizoctonia root rot will probably be a particular problem in fields with a history of direct seeding. Seed treatments will not control the problem. Genetic variation appears to be present in Brassica populations so a breeding approach will probably be the best solution.
Publications
- Chen, C. 2007. Oilseed production for biodiesel in Montana. Oilseed Crops and Biodiesel Workshop, organized by Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Montana State University Extension Service, and National Center for Appropriate Technology, January 9, 2007, Livingston, MT, and February 15, 2007, Great Falls, MT.
- Chen, C. 2007. Bio-energy challenges and opportunities in Montana. Biofuels: Boom or Bust for Montana Farmers Conference. November 9, 2007, Bozeman, MT.
- Miller, P., and D. Johnson. 2006. Strategies for high yielding winter canola in the Rocky Mountain region. In Agronomy Abstracts, ASA-CSSA-SSSA Ann. Mtg., Nov 12-16, 2006. Indianapolis, IN.
- Olmstead, J. 2006. Optimum agronomic practices for Brassica juncea in the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Idaho.
- J. Olmstead, J. Brown, D. Wysocki and J.B. Davis. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of canola-quality oriental mustard (Brassica juncea). University of Idaho Canola, Rapeseed and Mustard Program website
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, J.B. Davis. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. American Society of Agronomy 98th Annual Meeting. November 6-10, 2005.
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, J.B. Davis and D. Wysocki. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Western Society of Crop Science Annual Meeting. June 19-22, 2005.
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, D. Wysocki and J.B. Davis. 2004. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of canola-quality oriental mustard (Brassica juncea). University of Idaho Canola, Rapeseed and Mustard Program website
- Wysocki, D. 2007. EM 8943- Irrigated and Dryland Canola Nutrient Management Guide http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8943-e.pdf
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