Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In this project the primary communities of interest are the dairy producers in the state of Connecticut and New England, advisors to dairy prodcuers, and veterinarians, and the mastitis scientific community in the US and international scientists, students, milk quality specialists and the supporting dairy supply companies. Outputs for this project include: Two conferences conducted aimed for dairy producers and 3 extension publications. Also, one international presentation to an international scientific organization , 2 Extension presentations for New England dairy producers and 4 scientific presentations to US mastitis scientists, and one conference proceeding aimed at Western US scientists. Also, I organized a 3-day national conference and 9 short-courses for our National Mastitis Council-Global Milk Quality. Under this project, one PhD student and 1 MS student completed their degrees. One Honor's student continues to work on her honor's project in this area. Fifteen undergraduate students conducted reserach on this topic. PARTICIPANTS: The following individuals participated in this project: 1. PI, Dr. K. Venkitanarayanan, 2. Two graduate students, Dr. Pedram Rezamand and Ms. Jennifer Locke worked on this project. Also fifteen undergraduate students earned course credit working on these projects. Partner organizations include the memebers of the USDA multistate project, NE-1028. Pfizer, Inc. provided in-kind support. Also the Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, Mastitis laboratory was a major collaborator. Two graduate students were trained. At least 15 undergraduate students obtained research experience. And approximately 200 dairy producers, support personnel and veterinarians received professional development from the outputs of this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy Producers Students, undergrdauate and graduate. 4-H and FFA students Veterinarians Scientists inolved in milk quality and mastitis control Support industry personnel PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Screening milk for antibiotic residues in milk postpartum following prepartum antibiotic therapy in heifers is recommended to reduce the risk for antibiotic residue contamination of milk. This information has been disseminated at national and international conferences. Two peer-reviewed publications were published. The antimicrobial efficacy was established for several plant-derived antimicrobials, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol against major mastitis pathogens in milk in an in-vitro system. The results from these data were used to support the resubmission of a grant proposal to the Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative (OREI) Program. One publication was published from these studies. The validation of ultrasound technology for detection of mastitis has been initiated and this will be the basis for one honor's student project and one presentation has been delivered to dairy producers and veterinarians.
Publications
- R.L. Proietto, L.S. Hinckley, L.K. Fox, and S.M. Andrew. 2013. Evaluation of a clay-based acidic bedding conditioner for dairy cattle bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 1044-1053. pending.
- Andrew S.M., Moyes K.M.*, Borm A.A., Fox L.K., Leslie K.E., Hogan J.S., Oliver S.P., Schukken Y.H., Owens W.E., Norman C. 2009. Factors Associated With the Risk of Antibiotic Residues and Intramammary Pathogen Presence in Milk From Heifers Administered Prepartum Intramammary Antibiotic Therapy. Vet. Microbiol. Feb 16;134(1-2):150-6.
- Baskaran, S. A., G. W. Kazmer, L. Hinckley, S. M. Andrew, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2009. Antibacterial Effect of Plant-Derived Antimicrobials on Major Bacterial Mastitis Pathogens In Vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 1423-1429.
- Rezamand, P.*, S.M. Andrew, K.M. Moyes*, and R.M. Clark. 2007. Effects of Energy Status, Breed And Plasma Metabolites on New Intramammary Infections in Periparturient Holstein And Jersey Cows During the Transition Period. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5097-5107.
- Rezamand, P.*, S.M. Andrew, and T. A. Hoagland. 2007. The Feeding Value of Extruded Corn Grain in a Corn-silage Based Ration for High Producing Holstein Cows and Heifers during Mid-lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3475-3481.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A seminar was conducted to educate Connecticut and Massachusetts dairy producers, veterinarians and associated milk quality experts in the current status of detection of antibiotic residues in milk and methods to avoid residue contamination of milk. I co-organized this seminar with personnel from Pfizer Animal Health and gave a presentation entitled 'On-Farm Residue Screening to Assure Food Safety'. I developed a flowchart for 'Optimizing On-Farm Antibiotic Residue Testing'. This has been disseminated across New England and Idaho. PARTICIPANTS: Collaborators for this project include, Lynn Hinckley, University of Connecticut Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory, Kumar Venkitanarayanan, Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Immucell Inc. This project allowed for the training of a Master's degree student in the Department of Animal Science. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audiences include mastitis research scientists and students, veterinarians, milk quality specialists and dairy producers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The results of this study support changes in knowledge: Microbial inhibition antibiotic residue screening tests for milk can detect natural antimicrobials at their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), for caprylic acid, eugenol, cavacrol, nisin, trans-cinnamaldehyde,and thymol. Except for trans-cinnamaldehyde, all compounds were detected by the screening tests below their respective MIC concentrations. The treatment of mastitis constitutes the majority of antibiotic usage on conventional dairy farms. The treatment of intramammary infusion of antibiotics is prohibited on organic facilities; therefore, "natural antimicrobials" such as the compounds in this study may have the potential to be efficacious, meet organic standards, and be evaluated for approval by the FDA. This study has clearly demonstrated that the microbial inhibition antibiotic residue screening tests can detect these natural antimicrobials and indicate that these compounds may affect microbial activity of cultured milk products. These findings may be useful to producers, regulatory agencies, and processing plants for assurance of safety and quality of milk produced by organic dairy facilities. Further in vivo research is needed to determine the effect of these natural antimicrobials on milk quality and suitability for producing cultured products.
Publications
- Ananda Baskaran, S., G.W. Kazmer, T. Hoagland, S.M. Andrew, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2012. Determining the efficacy of octenidine hydrochloride as a teat dip using the excised teat model. J. Dairy Science (submitted).
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Preliminary results from the study to determine antibiotic residue screening test sensitivity of natural compounds have been reported at our annual meeting of NE-1028 in Atlanta in November, 2010. 2. Undergraduate students research is a major component of the study to evaluate ultrasound technology for detection of mastitis. The output for this ongoing study is to develop student interest, skills and experience in the scientific method. PARTICIPANTS: 1. This project has been conducted in collaboration with our UConn, Department of Animal Science Food Microbiologist, Dr. Kumar Venkitanarayanan and an M.S. graduate student, Ms. Stacey O'Donnell. Also, a commercial company has donated products. 2. The collaborations in this project are Emeritus, Dr. John Reisen and undergraduate students. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project are veterinarians and dairy producers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
1. The sensitivity of the antibiotic residue screening test (Delvotest)for detection of natural antimicrobials was investigated in milk across a wide range of milk fat and protein percentages and somatic cell counts. The antibiotic screening test detected the natural antimicrobial compounds below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for all 7 compounds tested. The results indicate that, if these compounds are developed and approved for use in intramammary therapy, a current antibiotic residue screening test will be useful in determining residues from these treatments in milk from individual cows. 2.An ongoing study has been developed to validate the use of ultrasound for identification of specific mammary quarters from cows and heifers that are infected with mastitis pathogens and to determine if ultrasound technology can be used to effectively target antibiotic treatment in heifers prepartum. Currently, undergraduate students are gaining experience working on this project and impacts of this project are that several students have been motivated to continue their education in graduate programs throughout the country. Another potential impact is that the use of ultrasound may result in targeted antibiotic treatment that may reduce the use of antibiotics in dairy cows and may reduce the prevalence of mastitis within dairy herds that adopt this practice.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. The antimicrobial efficacy of several plant-derived antimicrobials, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol was determined against major mastitis pathogens in milk in an in-vitro system. The results from these data were used to support the resubmission of a grant proposal to the Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative (OREI) Program. 2. Results from research conducted to evaluate the risk of antibiotic residues occurring in milk postpartum and to determine factors associated with antibiotic residues and IMM pathogen presence in milk postpartum has been disseminated to dairy producers at several extension programs. PARTICIPANTS: Participants include Ms. Lynn Hinckley, University of Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Dr. Larry Fox, Washington State University, Dr. Stephen Oliver, University of Tennessee, Dr. Ynte Schukken, Cornell University, Dr. Ken Leslie, University of Guelph, Ontario, Dr. William Owens, Louisiana State University, J. Hogan, Ohio State University, G. W. Kazmer and K. Venkitanarayanan, University of Connecticut. This project has allowed for training by attending the annual meeting of the regional project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include, mastitis research scientific community, dairy producers, veterinarians, and other dairy support personnel. Graduate and undergraduate students interested in mastitis research. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
1. The antimicrobial efficacy of several plant-derived antimicrobials, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol was determined against major mastitis pathogens in milk in an in-vitro system. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TC, which was most effective in killing bacteria, on Staph. aureus, E. coli, and Strep. uberis were 0.1 and 0.45%, respectively, whereas that on Strep. agalactiae and Strep. dysgalactiae were 0.05 and 0.4%, respectively and was the most effective molecule tested. These results suggest that TC has the potential to be evaluated as an alternative or adjunct to antibiotics for intramammary treatment of mastitis. Response from reviewers of a full proposal to the Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative (OREI) Program were very supportive of this research and they encouraged resubmission, which was accomplished. 2. Heifers (n = 136) from 5 herds were treated with a commercially available b-lactam intramammary antibiotic preparation containing cephapirin sodium at 10-21 d prior to anticipated parturition to evaluate the risk of antibiotic residues occurring in milk postpartum and to determine factors associated with antibiotic residues and IMM pathogen presence in milk postpartum. Composite milk was collected at milkings 3, 6 and 10 postpartum and analyzed for b-lactam residues using a microbial inhibition antibiotic residue screening test. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk at the third milking was associated with a reduced risk for IMM pathogen prevalence in the first 21 d postpartum. Screening milk for antibiotic residues in milk postpartum following prepartum antibiotic therapy in heifers is recommended to reduce the risk for antibiotic residue contamination of milk. The results were reported in a special edition of the journal, Veterinary Medicine, that focused on mastitis in heifers.
Publications
- Rezamand, P., M.A. McGuire, and S.M. Andrew. 2009. Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein and intra-mammary infections in periparturient dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 44 Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. pp. 71-83
- Locke, J. 2009. The effect of a reformulated teat disinfectant on intramammary pathogen prevalence, new intramammary infection status, and teat end callosity in a natural exposure field trial. MS Thesis, University of Connecticut
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1.An increase in the risk for an antibiotic residues in milk from heifers (n=136) from 5 herds were treated with a commercially available β-lactam intramammary (IMM) antibiotic preparation containing cephapirin sodium at 10 to 21 d prior to anticipated parturition was associated with lower somatic cell counts, an increase in mean milk yield over 200 days in milk and a reduction in IMM pathogen prevalence were associated with the presence of an antibiotic in milk postpartum. Screening milk for antibiotic residues in milk postpartum following prepartum antibiotic therapy in heifers is recommended to reduce the risk for antibiotic residue contamination of milk. This information has been disseminated at national and international conferences. A publication in Veterinary Microbiology has been published. 2.A state-wide mastitis conference was conducted at the University of Connecticut that focused on the etiology and prevention of mastitis due to Mycoplasma bovis. Nationaly recognized experts in the field and dairy producers that have successfully managed the pathogen were the main speakers. Approximately 65 were in attendance; including dairy producers, veterinarians, dairy sanitarians, and students. PARTICIPANTS: 1. The antibiotic residue study was a collaborative effort with members of the USDA Multistate Project NE-1028. The research was conducted by 9 members of the group at each of the stations. In my study, I evaluated the residue status for each study site. Ms. Lynn Hinckley, director of the Connecticut Mastitis Laboratory was a collaborator for the data collected in Connecticut. 2. For the Mycoplasma mastitis conference, collaborators included a member of the USDA multistate project, NE-1028 and a professional member of the National Mastitis Council (NMC-Global milk Quality). This conference provided a training opportunity for area veterinarians and milk quality specialists. TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. The target audience for the antibiotic residue study was veterinarians, mastitis researchers, and milk quality specialists in the USA and Europe. The results from this study provide additional information on the impact of prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy in heifers that can be used to prevent antibiotic residues in milk and enhance food safety. 2. The target audience members for the Mycoplasma conference were dairy producers, veterinarians, milk sanitarians and students. This conference served as a means to disseminate information directly to producers and to provide training to veterinarians and milk quality specialists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
1. The findings from the antibiotic residue study have been used to adjust the timing of prepartum intramammary antibiotic residues to increase efficacy and reduce residues in milk. 2. The state-wide mastitis conference has been successful in educating dairy producers, and support personnel and has been associated with a decrease in mastitis cases due to Mycoplasma bovis.
Publications
- Andrew, S.M., Moyes, K.M., Borm, A.A., Fox, L.K., Leslie, K.E., Hogan, J.S., Oliver, S.P., Schukken, Y.H., Owens W.E., Norman, C. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiology. In Press
- Baskaran, S.A., Kazmer, G.W., Hinckley, L., Andrew, S.M., Venkitanarayanan, K. 2008. Antibacterial Effect of Plant-derived Antimicrobials on Major Bacterial Mastitis Pathogens. J. Dairy Sci. In Press
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