Progress 06/01/11 to 05/31/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are the growers and pest managers in tree fruit industry of Washington. Peer scientists working in applied agriculture are also a target audience where results of our research reveal new technologies and their use in perennial cropping systems as well as new knowledge leading to the stability of pest management programs. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Summer students hired on these project experienced the scientific method, learned how to collect and enter data from a research project, interacted with research scientists and gained understanding of teamwork on a large project. Post-docs and graduate students working on the projects gained a better understanding of managing a research project and experience in supervising summer staff associated with projects. Post-docs and graduate students gained experience in presenting results of their research activities at scientific meetings and to growers at extension meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through oral presentations at scientific and tree fruit grower meetings; nationally and regionally. At winter grower meetings, key elements of research were shared that could be put into practice by growers; and growers were also educated about changes they should anticipate in future growing seasons. Oral and poster presentations were given annually at the Washington State Horticulture Association meeting held in December. Popular press articles were written by researchers or had results reported in national fruit industry publications such as the Good Fruit Grower and Western Fruit Grower. Results have also been incorporated into web pages, a web-based education module (under development), extension bulletins, the crop protection guide and the orchard pest management database. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. Assess new pheromone-based technology and tactics for management of codling moth (CM) and leafrollers. From 2011-2014, two aerosol pheromone emitter technologies were evaluated for their ability to suppress capture of CM adults in attractant traps. In 2015, aerosol emitters containing a generic leafroller pheromone were evaluated. This technology proved promising in the suppression of male moth captures (80-90%) in pheromone-baited traps. These preliminary results point to the potential of combining CM and leafroller pheromone in aerosol emitters as a means of co-disruption of mating. Insecticide resistance in leafrollers has increased in WA. Combining CM and leafroller pheromone in an aerosol emitter would provide growers an additional control tool for IPM of these key pests and reduce use of pesticides and, therefore, selection pressure for resistance development. 2. Develop baseline susceptibilities of CM and leafrollers to new insecticides and evaluate resistance and possible cross-resistance in field populations. Bioassays indicated that resistance of OBLR to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is not a major immediate concern to organic apple growers. Growers should time Bt applications based on a predictive OBLR model (https://www.decisionaid.systems/). Concerns have also arisen over resistance to a key OP alternative insecticide, chlorantraniliprole (Altacor). Results showed that field OBLR populations were significantly more resistant (12 - 25X) than a susceptible OBLR colony and were the highest levels of resistance to Altacor since bioassays have been conducted. Apple growers will need to pay special attention to control levels when using Altacor and to follow an aggressive resistance management protocol in their IPM programs. 3: Determine seasonal phenology and distribution of SWD. Five years of studying SWD under eastern WA conditions have shown a consistent pattern of seasonal abundance: low throughout the winter, spring and summer, rising in mid-August, and peaking in the fall (October-November). Trap captures appear to be limited only by cold temperatures during the winter months. 4. Compare various baits and trap configurations to determine principles of SWD capture. Traps and lures for SWD were extensively tested in 2015, both at low densities which occur early in the growing season, and at the higher densities occurring in autumn. The Scentry lure consistently provided the highest trap captures at low densities, where detection of the first fly is the goal, and also at higher densities. The Scentry trap outperformed other traps at low densities, but the AlphaScents sticky cards (yellow and white) and the PBJ trap captured the most SWD at higher densities. The AlphaScents traps consistently caught a higher proportion of SWD relative to other Drosophila spp., and a considerably higher proportion of male SWD. The latter characteristic is useful for this trap type, because females are more difficult to distinguish on sticky trap. 5. Determine optimum rates, timing, and frequency of pesticides for SWD control. Bioassays of pesticides residues for SWD indicated that malathion has a relatively short period of activity (<7 days), diazinon and carbaryl are intermediate (10 days), and the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) had the longest residual (14 days). In a separate test lambda-cyhalothrin applied by three methods (handgun and airblast at 100 and 400 gpa) provided similar levels of residual control (14-21 days). 6. Evaluate cherries for susceptibility to SWD during post-bloom fruit development. Studies with four cherry cultivars ('Rainier', 'Bing', and 'Lapins' Sweetheart') indicate that they must be green (no yellow or pink coloration) to be not susceptible to attack by SWD. 7. Evaluate insectary-reared predatory mites for control of tetranychid mite pests of apple. Comparisons between the two phytoseiid predatory mites Galendromus occidentalis and Amblydromella caudiglans indicate the A. caudiglans is more susceptible to a number of orchard pesticides, including bifenazate, azinphosmethyl, and carbaryl; however, both were susceptible to imidacloprid and spinetoram. A. caudiglans consumed similar numbers of Tetranychus urticae eggs as G. occidentalis, but laid few eggs unless fed protonymphs, supporting previous observations that the Tetranychus spp. are less suitable prey for A. caudiglans. 8. Evaluate the effect of pesticides applied for codling moth on outbreaks of secondary pests, and nontarget effects on beneficial arthropods. The nontarget effects of insecticide programs used to control CM were studied in large-plot field trials. The health of the natural enemy community was assessed by sampling the abundance of natural enemies and by monitoring for outbreaks of secondary pests. There were several instances where secondary pest outbreaks were associated with unchanged or even increased natural enemy densities, but only one case where a reduction in a natural enemy population was associated with a significantly increased density of a secondary pest (woolly apple aphid). 9. Determine sublethal effects of pesticides on Aphelinus mali in laboratory bioassays. Five pesticides were screened for sublethal effects on Aphelinus mali in laboratory bioassays. Of those tested, only cyazypyr showed a significant sublethal effect; however, spinetoram was acutely toxic to A. mali, and lambda-cyhalothrin was toxic to the host, causing juvenile mortality in A. mali. 10. Determine relative impact of predators and parasitoids for biological control of woolly apple aphid. Large plot tests on the effects of CM programs on indirect pests indicated that spinetoram was disruptive to biocontrol of woolly apple aphid, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin provided direct pest control, and only moderate suppression of A. mali. Lambda-cyhalothrin was toxic to predatory mites, but did not cause a mite outbreak. 11. Evaluate the efficacy and non-target impacts of new insecticides in pome fruit pest management system. Field trials on pesticide efficacy of key and secondary pests of pome fruit were conducted during each growing season. In addition to efficacy, data were collected on the effects on natural enemies. The information on nontarget impacts of pesticides on natural enemies, coupled with information on evidence of disruption of biological control in commercial orchards, provides growers with specific information on choice of pesticides to avoid secondary pest outbreaks, and the need to spray them. The new information on pheromone delivery technology will help the growers make better decisions on the possible options to integrate into their IPM programs. New pheromone dispenser technologies will likely make this tool less expensive for growers and, therefore, increase its use and a selective IPM tactic. 12. Evaluate monitoring systems for stink bugs and develop control tactics that minimize use of broad-spectrum insecticide use in orchards. Aggregation pheromones were effective in attracting both adults and nymphs of BMSB, with no differences in efficacy between lures changed weekly or monthly. A preliminary experiment was done to test the principle of physical exclusion as a non-pesticidal means of control of BMSB, using a native consperse stink bug, Euschistus conspersus as a surrogate species. Trees were caged using shade netting, and stink bugs were collected from native habitat and released in the test orchard. No fruit damage occurred in either caged or uncaged trees, and further testing is required to see if this is a viable method of control. The non-target effects of the cages were also studied, since these cages can potentially exclude natural enemies as well as pests. 13. Determine insect resistance in the apple genome to leafrollers and CM. Resistance in several apple genotypes to the OBLR was demonstrated through bioassays. Resistance was expressed differently in some apple genotypes at different times of the season.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Lessando Gontijo, Ph.D. 2011, Entomology, Washington State University, Thesis Title: Integrated Biological Control of Woolly Apple Aphid in Washington State.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Luis Martinez Rocha, M.S. 2013, Entomology Washington State University, Thesis title: Effects of Pesticides and three Sulfur-Based Products on Integrated Mite Management in Washington State
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Rebecca Schmidt, Ph.D. 2015, Entomology, Washington State University, Thesis Title: Phytoseiids as Biological Control Agents of Phytophagous Mites in Washington Apple Orchards.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Joseph Schwarz, M.S., 2016, Entomology, Washington State University, Project Title: Identification of Resistance to Codling Moth and Leafroller in Malus.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are the growers, and pest managers in tree fruit industry of Washington. Peer scientists working in applied agriculture are also a target audience where results of our research reveal new technologies and their use in perennial cropping systems as well as new knowledge leading to the stability of pest management programs. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through oral presentations at scientific and tree fruit grower meetings, other nationally and regionally. Results have also been incorporated into web pages, a web-based education module (under development) and extension bulletins. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Pheromone Mating Disruption: In Washington State, pheromone-mediated mating disruption technologies are a key component of apple IPM programs. Pheromone delivery systems for codling moth control have been used for many years in WA, including aerosol emitters. In 2015, aerosol emitters containing a generic leafroller pheromone were evaluated. This technology proved promising in the suppression of male moth captures (80-90%) in pheromone-baited traps. These preliminary results point to the potential of combining CM and leafroller pheromone in aerosol emitters as a means of co-disruption of mating. Insecticide resistance in leafrollers has increased in WA. Combining CM and leafroller pheromone in an aerosol emitter would provide growers an additional control tool for IPM of these key pests and reduce use of pesticides and, therefore, selection pressure for resistance development. Insecticide Resistance: Washington state produces more organically produced tree fruit than any other state. There are a limited number of organically approved pesticides that will control either CM or leafrollers. Previously we reported a high level of resistance (330X) in obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) from an organic apple orchard (2010-2011). Recently organic apple growers have expressed concerns the OBLR has developed resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Seven populations of OBLR were collected and reared in the laboratory for one or two generations then evaluated for resistance using a diet-incorporated bioassay. Results revealed minor or no detectable resistance levels in the field collected population to the Bt formulated as Dipel 2X. These results indicated that resistance to Bt is not a major immediate concern to organic apple growers and solutions to reduce control of OBLR should be sought in the timing of Bt applications based on a predictive model for this insect (www.wsu.das). Concerns from growers have also arose over resistance to a key organophosphate alternative insecticide, chlorantraniliprol (Altacor, DuPont Crop Protection). Two OBLR populations were collected from apple orchards using conventional pesticides and reared for two generations in the laboratory. These field populations were then evaluated for resistance using a diet-incorporated bioassay. Results showed that both populations were significantly more resistant (12 - 25X) than a susceptible OBLR colony and were the highest levels of resistance to Altacor since bioassays have been conducted. These results reveal that OBLR continues to increase levels of resistance to this important new pesticide and will require apple growers to pay special attention to control levels when using Altacor and to follow an aggressive resistance management protocol in their IPM programs. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, extended its distribution throughout western and eastern Washington in 2015, with increased threats to commercial agriculture but without reported crop losses. Aggregation pheromones formulated by commercial companies were evaluated for capture of BMSB. The lures were effective in attracting both adults and nymphs of BMSB, with no differences in efficacy between lures changed weekly or monthly. A preliminary experiment was done to test the principle of physical exclusion as a non-pesticidal means of control of BMSB, using a native consperse stink bug, Euschistus conspersus, as a surrogate species. Trees were caged using shade netting, and consperse stink bugs were collected from their native habitat, and released in the test orchard. No fruit damage occurred in either caged or uncaged trees, and further testing is required to see if this is a viable method of control. The non-target effects of the cages were also studied, since these cages can potentially exclude natural enemies as well as pests. Two secondary pests, woolly apple aphid and spider mites, occurred at significantly higher densities in the caged plots than in uncaged plots. Densities of a specialist parasitoid, Aphelinus mali, did not differ among cage treatments, but adult lacewings were excluded by the cages. Increases in secondary pests or disruption of biological control will need to be addressed if this method is to be successful. Progress was also made in surveys for natural enemies of BMSB. In the course of a sentinel egg mass survey, the exotic parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus, was found near the Columbia River in Vancouver, Washington. Previous finds of this species have been very limited (2014-15, in Maryland and Virginia); this adventive population represents a significant extension in range of this species. Spotted wing drosophila: The 2015 growing season was one of unusually high pest pressure from spotted wing drosophila (SWD), likely associated with the very mild winter and early spring. Damage to Washington's sweet cherry crop was extensive, with ca. 360 reports of infested fruit in packinghouse inspections, compared to the previous high of 44 reports. Research on pesticide efficacy continued during 2015, using a field-lab residual bioassay. The spinosyns (spinetoram and spinosad) have excellent initial control in addition to a long residual period. The pyrethroids, lambda-cyhalothrin and fenpropathrin also gave good control. Two diamide compounds (cyclaniliprole and cyantraniliprole) caused lower levels of mortality, but displayed long residual activity. A replicated field trial indicated equivalent levels of control by spinosad, spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, and lamba-cyhalothrin; imidacloprid was not different than the check. Traps and lures for SWD were extensively tested in 2015, both at low densities which occur early in the growing season, and at the higher densities occurring in autumn. The Scentry lure consistently provided the highest trap captures at low densities, where detection of the first fly is the goal, and also at higher densities. The Scentry trap outperformed other trap at low densities, but the AlphaScents sticky cards (yellow and white) and the PBJ trap captured the most SWD at higher densities. The AlphaScents traps consistently caught a higher proportion of SWD relative to other Drosophila spp., and surprisingly, a considerably higher proportion of male SWD. The latter characteristic is useful for this trap type, because females are more difficult to distinguish on sticky trap. Four populations of SWD from Washington cherries were screened for insecticide resistance using a diagnostic dose. Survivors after 24 h occurred in the assays of spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin, and malathion, although at low levels; mortality was complete after 48 h. No survivors were found at 24 h in assays of carbaryl and spinosad. Further screening is necessary to determine if resistance is developing in these populations.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Jones,V. P. , N. J. Mills, J. F. Brunner, D. R. Horton, E. H. Beers, T. R. Unruh, P. W. Shearer, J. Goldberger, R. K. Gallardo, S. Castagnoli, N. Lehrer, S. A. Steffan, K. G. Amarasekare, U. Chambers, A. N. Gadino. 2015. From Planning to Execution to the Future: An Overview of a Concerted Effort to Enhance Biological Control in Western Apple, Pear, and Walnut Orchards. Biocontrol. (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Gadino,N., Jay F. Brunner, U. Chambers, W. E. Jones, S. Castagnoli, V. P. Jones. 2015. A perspective on the extension of research-based information to orchard management decision-makers: successes and failures and potential future directions. Biocontrol. (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Gallardo R. K., J. F. Brunner, S. Castagnoli. 2015. Capturing the Economic Value of Biological Control. Biocontrol. (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Jones.W. E., U. Chambers, A. N. Gadino, J. F. Brunner. 2015. Web-based Outreach for Orchard Management Decision-Makers. Biocontrol. (in press).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. Walsh, and T. Smith. 2015. Spotted Wing Drosophila: Five Years in Eastern Washington, In 89th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 2015, 14-16 January, 2015, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bixby-Brosi, A. J., E. H. Beers, K. Eastwell, and T. Smith. 2015. Developing a Management Strategy for Little Cherry Disease, In 89th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 2015, 14-16 January, 2015, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Milnes, J., and E. H. Beers. 2016. Discovery of an exotic egg parasitoid of the brown marmorated stink bug and its potential for biocontrol in Washington State, In 90th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 13-15 January, 2016, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Shearer, P. W., E. H. Beers, H. Thistlewood, and R. Van Steenwyk. 2015. Controlling Drosophila suzukii in Western North American sweet cherries, In IOBC, August 2015, Berlin, German.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., E. H. Beers, T. R. Unruh, and D. R. Horton. 2015. Releases of Insectary-Reared Galendromus occidentalis in Washington Apple Orchards, In 89th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 2015, 14-16 January, 2015, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Whitener, A. B., and E. H. Beers. 2015. Effects of Droplet Size, Density, and Concentration of Spinosad Attracticide on Control of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), In 89th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 2015, 14-16 January, 2015, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bixby-Brosi, A. J., and E. H. Beers. 2015. Chemical control of apple mealybug, 2014. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests. 40: submitted.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Milnes, J., M. Bush, G.-A. Hoheisel, T. A. Murray, M. W. Klaus, P. J. Landolt, K. Buckley, D. Walsh, J. F. Brunner, and E. H. Beers. 2015. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Washington State Update, 111th Annual Meeting of the Washington State Tree Fruit Association, 7-9 December 2015, Yakima Convention Center, Yakima, WA [poster].
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Whitener, A. B., and E. H. Beers. 2015. Baseline susceptibility D. suzukii to orchard insecticides, 99th Annual Meeting, Pacific Branch, Entomological Society of America, 12-15 April, 2015, Coeur d'Alene Resort, Coeur d'Alene, ID [poster].
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Mites and Miticide Resistance. Blue Bird Meeting, 7 January 2015, Wenatchee Convention Center, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Mites and Psylla on Pears&oh my! . NCW Pear Day, 21 January 2015, Wenatchee Convention Center, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Integrated pest management of spotted wing drosophila in sweet cherry. WSCPR Board Meeting, 18 March, 2015, Snoqualmie Summit Inn.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted Wing Drosophila Management on Sweet Cherry. New Proposal. Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Cherry Research Review, 10 November, 2015, Yakima Red Lion, Yakima, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Washington State Update. 111th Annual Meeting of the Washington State Tree Fruit Association, 7-9 December 2015, Yakima Convention Center, Yakima, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Directions in mite management. 111th Annual Meeting of the Washington State Tree Fruit Association, 7-9 December 2015, Yakima Convention Center, Yakima, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila: challenge or opportunity? 99th Annual Meeting, Pacific Branch, Entomological Society of America, 12-15 April, 2015, Coeur d'Alene Resort, Coeur d'Alene, ID.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted Wing Drosophila Update June 2015. NCW Fieldman's Association, 16 June, 2015, Smitty's Restaurant.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. Walsh, and T. J. Smith. 2015. Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD): A 5-Year Summary. 89th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 2015, 14-16 January, 2015, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., and E. H. Beers. 2015. Amblydromella caudiglans: A new predatory mite for Washington apple. Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Apple Crop Protection Review, Red Lion Inn, Pasco, WA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Beers, E. H., N. J. Mills, P. W. Shearer, D. R. Horton, E. R. Miliczky, K. G. Amarasekare, and L. M. Gontijo. in press. Nontarget effects of orchard pesticides on natural enemies: Lessons from the field and laboratory. Biol. Control.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted Wing Drosophila: a 5-Year Summary, In 110th Washington State Horticultural Meeting, 1-3 December, 2014, Three Rivers Convention Center, Kennewick, WA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. R. Horton, and E. R. Miliczky. 2016. Pesticides used against Cydia pomonella disrupt biological control of secondary pests of apple. Biol. Control.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. R. Horton, and E. R. Miliczky. in press. Pesticides used for codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) disrupt biological control of secondary pests of apple. Biol. Control.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and R. A. Schmidt-Jeffris. 2015. Effects of orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae): repellency and irritancy. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 259-265.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Gontijo, L., E. H. Beers, and W. E. Snyder. 2015. Complementary suppression of aphids by predators and parasitoids. Biol. Control. 90: 83-91.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Mills, N. J., E. H. Beers, P. W. Shearer, T. R. Unruh, and K. G. Amarasekare. in press. Comparative analysis of pesticide effects on natural enemies in western orchards: a synthesis of laboratory bioassay data. Biol. Control.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Murphy, K. A., F. G. Zalom, P. W. Shearer, T. R. Unruh, E. H. Beers, and J. C. Chiu. 2015. Using comparative genomics to develop a molecular diagnostic for the identification of an emerging pest Drosophila suzukii. Bull. Entomol. Res. 105: 364-372.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., and E. H. Beers. 2015. Comparative biology and pesticide susceptibility of Amblydromella caudiglans and Galendromus occidentalis as spider mite predators in apple orchards. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 67: 35-47.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., and E. H. Beers. 2016. Phenology and structure of a phytoseiid community in an insecticide-free apple orchard. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 68: 173-182.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., E. H. Beers, and D. W. Crowder. 2015. Phytoseiids in Washington commercial apple orchards: biodiversity and factors affecting abundance. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 67: 21-34.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Shearer, P. W., K. G. Amarasekare, N. J. Mills, S. Castagnoli, E. H. Beers, and V. P. Jones. in press. Large-plot field studies to assess impacts of newer insecticides on non-target arthropods in Western orchards. Biol. Control.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., and E. H. Beers. submitted. Effects of foliar apple trichomes on Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): preferences, fecundity, and prey consumption. Environ. Entomol.: submitted
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., and E. H. Beers. submitted. Assessment of techniques for marking Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Biocontrol Science and Technology. submitted? December 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila management in sweet cherries. WSDA-SCBG K1276 Q3 quarterly report July-Sept 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila IPM in sweet cherry. Final report on Project PN1537. Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration (WSCPR).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila management in sweet cherries. WSDA-SCBG K1276 annual report, October 1, 2014 September 30, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila management in sweet cherries. WSDA-SCBG K1276 Q1 quarterly report Jan-March, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila management in sweet cherries. WSDA-SCBG K1276 Q2 quarterly report April-June, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
: Beers, E. H. 2015. Spotted wing drosophila management in sweet cherries. WSDA-SCBG K1276 Q4 quarterly report Oct-Dec, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and A. J. Bixby-Brosi. 2015. Managing little cherry disease. WSDA-SCBG K1511 annual report, October 1, 2014 September 30, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and A. J. Bixby-Brosi. 2015. Managing little cherry disease. WSDA-SCBG K1511 quarterly report, Jan-March, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and A. J. Bixby-Brosi. 2015. Managing little cherry disease. WSDA-SCBG K1511 quarterly report, April-June, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and A. J. Bixby-Brosi. 2015. Managing little cherry disease. WSDA-SCBG K1511 quarterly report, July-September, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
: Beers, E. H., and A. J. Bixby-Brosi. 2015. Managing little cherry disease. WSDA-SCBG K1511 quarterly report, October-December, 2015.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Musacchi, S., E. H. Beers, J. Mattheis, and S. Serra. 2016. Fall and summer pruning to control vigor and Psylla in DAnjou pear. Continuing grant report to the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission (year 2 of 3). Jan. 2016.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Beers, E. H., K. C. Eastwell, A. J. Bixby-Brosi, and K. Gallardo. 2015. Developing a Management Strategy for Little Cherry Disease. Continuing report on project CH14-10 to the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Shearer, P., E. H. Beers, R. Van Steenwyk, F. Zalom, J. C. Chiu, and P. H. Brown. 2015. Insecticide Resistance of Spotted Wing Drosophila in Sweet Cherry. Continuing report to the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission (year 2 of 3).
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audiences are the growers, and pest managers in the tree fruit industry of Washington. Peer scientists working in applied agriculture are also a target audience where results of our research reveal new technologies and their use in perennial cropping systems as well as new knowledge leading to the stability of pest management programs. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Summer students hired on these project experienced the scientific method, learned how to collect and enter data from a research project, interacted with research scientists and gained understanding of teamwork on a large project. Post-docs and graduate students working on the projects gained a better understanding of managing a research project and experience in supervising summer staff associated with projects. Post-docs and graduate students gained experience in presenting results of their research activities at scientific meetings and to growers at extension meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been shared with stakeholders at winter meetings and with peers at scientific meetings. Relevant information from projects has been made available on web sites. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In Washington State, pheromone-mediated mating disruption technologies have become a key component of apple IPM programs as growers have transitioned away from the use of organophosphate (OP) insecticides for codling moth (CM) control. Aerosol pheromone emitters for CM control have been used for many years in walnut and have been used more in apple in recent years. Over the past three years, two aerosol pheromone emitter technologies, Checkmate CM-O Puffer and Isomate CM MIST, have been evaluated for their ability to suppress capture of codling moth adults in attractant traps. These emitter technologies were compared to a hand applied pheromone treatment, Isomate CM Flex, as it was difficult to find a true untreated pheromone control at most locations. Because CM populations in commercial orchards in WA are typically very low, we released sterile CM obtained from the Sterile Insect Release Program's facility in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, to challenge pheromone treatments. In 2014, and in the previous three years, our results indicate that the CM MISTaerosol emitter technology was at least as good as a hand-applied Isomate CM Flex. The aerosol emitter technology should be used in large blocks, 40 acres or more, and the borders of the orchard need to be treated with hand-applied dispensers. In 2014, we also evaluated a new hand-applied technology, Isomate CM long-rope, which was easier to apply than traditional dispensers and results showed it was as good as Isomate CM Flex in suppressing trap capture in orchards. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, extended its distribution throughout western and eastern Washington with establishment of breeding populations in Yakima and detections in King county. An aggregation pheromone for BMSB identified by the USDA along with an aggregation pheromone identified for a closely related stink bug, Plautia stali, were placed in traps, with and without lights for capture of BMSB. Captures in light traps with pheromone did not capture any more BMSB than traps with just pheromone. The website http://www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/swd has served as the portal to trap catch information on activity of the spotted wing drosophila (SWD) in eastern Washington. Five years of studying Drosophila suzukii under eastern Washington conditions have shown a consistent pattern of seasonal abundance: low throughout the winter, spring and summer, rising in mid-August, and peaking in the fall (October-November). Trap captures appear to be limited only by cold temperatures during the winter months. While 2014 trap captures were high in the fall, they were somewhat delayed in comparison to 2013. A pattern is emerging wherein D. suzukii population build up during the growing season is influenced by severe cold temperature events during the winter; this may be an important mechanism for temporal escape of early-season crops in eastern Washington. A second year's data with four cherry cultivars ('Rainier', 'Bing', and 'Lapins' Sweetheart') indicate that they must be green (no yellow or pink coloration) to be not susceptible to attack by this pest; fruit became susceptible about 1 June 2014. A new synthetic lure from Scentry was compared to the Trécé lure. Only the Scentry lure caught more flies than the standard apple cider vinegar (ACV) baited trap when densities were low (July-August); neither lure caught more than ACV during October when densities were highest. A survey of acaricide resistance ratios in Tetranychus urticae populations from pear orchards indicated moderate to high levels for the materials tested (bifenazate, 6.8-1,379; abamectin, 35,774-479,087; fenpyroximate, 1-22; 2-extremely high; hexythiazox, 4-17,502; spirodiclofen, 0-0.19). Further comparisons between the two phytoseiid predatory mites Galendromus occidentalis and Amblydromella caudiglans indicate the A. caudiglans is more susceptible to a number of orchard pesticides, including bifenazate, azinphosmethyl, and carbaryl; however, both were susceptible to imidacloprid and spinetoram. A. caudiglans consumed similar numbers of Tetranychus urticae eggs as G. occidentalis, but laid few eggs unless fed protonymphs, supporting previous observations that the Tetranychus spp. are less suitable prey for A. caudiglans.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and R. A. Schmidt. 2014. Impacts of orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis: Lethal and sublethal effects. Crop Prot. 56: 16-24.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Brown mite, pp. pp. 203-204, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. McDaniel spider mite, pp. p. 204, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Twospotted spider mite, pp. p. 202-203, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Woolly apple aphid, pp. p. 174, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and B. M. Greenfield. 2014. Pear psylla insecticide test, 2013. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests. 39: submitted.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. Walsh, and T. J. Smith. 2014. Spotted Wing Drosophila Report for 2013. 88th Annual Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 2014, 8-10 January, 2014, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Tree Fruit IPM from a Dream to Its Realization: Honoring the Career of Jay Brunner. Jay Brunner: the Early Years. Entomological Society of America, 15-19 November, 2014, Portland Convention Center, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Spotted Wing Drosophila control on Sweet Cherry: Recommendations for Eastern Washington for 2014. . http://www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/swd/SWDrecommendations2014.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Amblydromella caudiglans: A new predatory mite for Washington apples. Project #AN14023 (Final Report). Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Spotted Wing Drosophila Management on Sweet Cherry. New Proposal. Cherry Research Review, 13 November, 2014, Hood River Best Western, Hood River, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Little Cherry Disease and Spotted Wing Drosophila Update. Concepts in Integrated Fruit Production, 13 February, 2014, Coast Hotel, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Changes in the Management of Spotted Wing Drosophila and Campylomma. Lake Chelan Hort Day, 20 January, 2014, Lake Chelan High School, Chelan, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Spotted Wing Drosophila & BMSB Update. NWW Organic Grower Meeting, 11 February, 2014, Campbells Resort, Chelan, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Understanding and Controlling Your Major Orchard Pests. Northwest Wholesale Grower Meeting, 28 January, 2014, Wenatchee Convention Center, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Spotted Wing Drosophila: Modifying Your Management Plan. Stone Fruit Day, 21 January, 2014, Wenatchee Convention Center, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Modifying Your Management Plan for Spotted Wing Drosophila. Cherry Institute, 10 January 2014, Yakima Convention Center, Yakima, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Twospotted spider mites. Wilbur-Ellis Fieldman's Meeting, 20 November 2014, River Room, Campbell's Lodge, Chelan, WA.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. Walsh, and T. J. Smith. 2014. Spotted Wing Drosophila Report for 2013, In 88th Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, 8-10 January, 2014, Hilton Portland, Portland, OR.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audiences are the growers, and pest managers in tree fruit industry of Washington. Peer scientists working in applied agriculture are also a target audience where results of our research reveal new technologies and their use in perennial cropping systems as well as new knowledge leading to the stability of pest management programs. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results of this research have been disseminated to the tree fruit industry stakeholders through multiple venues. Presentations were given at several traditional winter grower meetings organized by WSU Extension or industry organizations. At these meetings the key elements of research are shared that can be put into practice by growers, or growers are educated about what changes they should anticipate in the coming season. We typically give oral presentations or poster presentations at the large annual meeting of the Washington State Horticulture Association in December. Popular press articles are written by researchers or appear in these venues through reporters writing articles about presentations given by researchers. The Good Fruit Grower and Western Fruit Grower are typical outlets that have large readership in the tree fruit industry throughout the nation. We maintain web sites associated with current projects where growers and consultants go to find the latest updates on research findings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Populations of Drosophila suzukii were considerably higher in 2013 than in previous years, likely due to a mild winter and favorable growing season temperatures. Cherry fruit bioassays indicated that the cultivars ‘Rainier,’ ‘Bing,’ and ‘Lapins’ were susceptible to damage by 4 June, while ‘Sweetheart’ were susceptible a week later. Fruit were susceptible when they were straw colored with some blush, but not while green. A new lure from Trécé captured the highest numbers of D. suzukii, and the earliest captures at low density. This lure has promise to provide a better monitoring tool for action thresholds. A study of trap/bait configuration indicated that bait volume, rather than surface area, had a significant effect on D. suzukii captures. Bioassays of pesticides residues for D. suzukii indicated that malathion has a relatively short period of activity (<7 days), diazinon and carbaryl are intermediate (10 days), and the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) had the longest residual (14 days). In a separate test, lambda-cyhalothrin applied by three methods (handgun and airblast at 100 and 400 gpa) provided similar levels of residual control (14-21 days). A survey of predatory phytoseiids from 102 apple orchards in eastern Washington indicated that while Galendromus occidentalis was still the dominant species in 60% of apple orchards, Amblydromella caudiglans was dominant in 22% of the orchards, a new finding for Washington apple orchards. Other species found include Amblyseius andersoni, Euseius finlandicus, Galendromus flumenis, Neoseiulus fallacis, Typhldromina citri, and Typhlodromus pyri. Life table studies of A. caudiglans indicate its developmental time is slightly longer than G. occidentalis. Pesticide use survey information indicates that G. occidentalis dominated in orchards where carbaryl was used (eastern part of the growing district). A. caudiglans was more prevalent in areas where bifenazate was not used, pesticide coverage was poor, and its favored prey, Panonychus ulmi, was present. In Washington State, pheromone-mediated mating disruption technologies have become a key component of apple IPM programs as growers have transitioned away from the use of organophosphate (OP) insecticides for codling moth (CM) control. Aerosol pheromone emitters for CM control have been used for many years in walnut and have been used more in apple in recent years. Over the past three years, two aerosol pheromone emitter technologies, Checkmate CM-O Puffer and Isomate CM MIST, have been evaluated for their ability to suppress capture of codling moth adults in attractant traps. These emitter technologies were compared to a hand applied pheromone treatment, Isomate CM Flex, as it was difficult to find a true untreated pheromone control at most locations. Because CM populations in commercial orchards in WA are typically very low, we released sterile CM obtained from the Sterile Insect Release Program’s facility in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, to challenge pheromone treatments. In 2013, and in the previous two years, our results indicate that aerosol emitter technologies are at least as good as a hand-applied Isomate CM Flex treatment and they therefore represent a viable alternative in most WA apple orchards. The aerosol emitter technology should be used in large blocks, 40 acres or more, and the borders of the orchard need to be treated with hand-applied dispensers. The introduction of OP-alternative insecticides brought a major change in tree fruit pest management programs. For many years OP insecticides dominated control of the key pest, codling moth (Cydia pomonella), and leafrollers. Previous research showed that the obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana, could develop resistance when exposed to Altacor (chlorantraniliprole) and Delegate (spinetoram) after two generations and that resistance increased through four to six generations. The same research showed that low levels of resistance to these products were detected in field populations of OBLR before they were ever exposed to them. While there might have been the expectation that field populations of OBLR would show cross-resistance between Success/Entrust (spinosad) and Delegate, the resistance to Altacor was unexpected. Previous evaluations of field populations of OBLR to Success showed that resistance showed up only four years after the product had been registered for use in apple. Recently, two populations of OBLR have been evaluated because of concerns about control failures after using Entrust and Altacor. The OBLR population tested from an organic apple orchard showed a 322-fold resistance compared to our susceptible laboratory colony. The OBLR population collected from a conventional apple orchard showed a 10-fold resistance, the highest level of resistance we have observed for this product. Monitoring for the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, throughout Washington revealed new detections and expanding populations in areas where BMSB had been detected previously. BMSB has now been detected in several counties in eastern Washington where most of the tree fruit and other high value specialty crops are grown. An aggregation pheromone for BMSB identified by the USDA along with an aggregation pheromone identified for a closely related stink bug, Plautia stali, were placed in traps and compared with light traps for capture of BMSB. Captures in light traps were very low and only slightly higher in traps baited with the aggregation pheromones. The primary host plants identified for BMSB that would be important in eastern WA were big leaf maple, tree of heaven and wild black berries.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Gontijo, L., E. H. Beers, and W. E. Snyder. 2013. Flowers promote aphid suppression in apple orchards. Biol. Contr.: in press.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mekuria, T. A., T. J. Smith, E. H. Beers, and K. Eastwell. 2013. First report of transmission of Little cherry virus 2 to sweet cherry by Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) [Note]. Plant Dis. 97: 851.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Schmidt, R. A., E. H. Beers, T. R. Unruh, and D. R. Horton. 2013. Releases of insectary-reared Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in commercial apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: in press.
Citation Type: Journal Articles
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and R. A. Schmidt. 2014. Impacts of orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis: Lethal and sublethal effects. Crop Prot. 56: 16-24.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Brown mite, pp. pp. 203-204, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. McDaniel spider mite, pp. p. 204, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Twospotted spider mite, pp. p. 202-203, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Beers, E. H. 2014. Woolly apple aphid, pp. p. 174, Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. Second Edition ed. American Phytopathological Society.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Beers, E. H., and B. M. Greenfield. 2013. Woolly apple aphid insecticide test, 2012. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests. 38: submitted.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Beers, E. H., D. Walsh, and T. J. Smith. 2013. Spotted Wing Drosophila: Year 3 in Eastern Washington, In 87th Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, 9-11 January, 2013, Hilton Portland, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Goldberger, J., Lehrer, N., & Brunner, J.F. (2013). Adoption of Organophosphate Alternatives in Washington Apple IPM programs: Survey evidence from pest management consultants and growers. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 4(3), E1-E8.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Gallardo, R.K., Toro-Gonz�lez, D., Goldberger, J., Lehrer, N., & Brunner, J.F. (submitted). Factors Affecting the Adoption of Biological Control in Fruit Orchards. Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Granger, K.R., & Brunner, J.F. (2013). Solid Set Canopy Delivery System. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Ohler, Bonnie and Brunner, J.F. (2013). Aerosol Pheromone Emitters for Codling Moth Control. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Chambers, U., Jackson, C.E., Petit, B., Brunner, J.F., & Jones, V. (2013). OPENED - A new resource for pesticide effects on natural enemies in orchards. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Brunner, J.F. (2013). Managing Invasive Pests: Spotted Wing Drosophila and Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. CHERRY INSTITUTE, Yakima, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Brunner, J.F. (2013). Apple IPM in Washington: Transition to New Technologies and Threats. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Brunner, J.F. (2013). Codling Moth, Leaf Roller Control Measures & WSU Endowment. Northwest Wholesale Inc. Wenatchee Annual Grower Meeting, Wenatchee, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Brunner, J.F., & Beers, E.H. (2013). Management of Cherry Pests in Washington: special reference to the spotted wing drosophila. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Schmidt, R. A., E. H. Beers, T. R. Unruh, and D. R. Horton. 2013. Releases of insectary-reared Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in commercial apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1996-2005.
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Yellow sticky card traps for Aphelinus mali were more attractive than white or clear traps; placement on the trunk caught more insects than those affixed to or suspended from a scaffold limb. Multi-year applications of spirotetramat to apple provided the most effective control of woolly apple aphid. Populations of Drosophila suzukii rebounded in 2012 from the low levels found in 2011 in the third year of a regional monitoring program. In laboratory bioassays, Bing and Sweetheart cherries were fully susceptible to attack by D. suzukii 21 d before harvest. Diazinon and lambda-cyhalothrin provided the longest residual control of D. suzukii, malathion the shortest. Preliminary results of an ATV-applied bait plus insecticide trial indicate that its performance in bioassays is similar to that of a full canopy spray. The same bait used in a monitoring trap caught 3x as many flies as the standard, apple cider vinegar. In traps baited with apple cider vinegar, fly capture increased with increasing bait volume, surface area, and number of diffusion points. Inundative releases of Galendromus occidentalis failed to establish or provide spider mite control, despite release rates that were 3x higher than recommended. In a survey of commercial Washington orchards, G. occidentalis was the dominant phytoseiid in ca. 80% of the orchards, while Amblydromella caudiglans was dominant in the remaining 20%. A total of 7 phytoseiid species have been found to date. Immunomarking of released predators can aid in tracking the success of releases, however, fluorescent powder lasted slightly longer, and was less labor intensive. Two aerosol pheromone emitters, CheckMate CM Puffer and Isomate CM MIST, were evaluated using treatments of different release rates and emitter density per acre and challenged by the release of sterile codling moth (CM). The aerosol emitters worked as well as a standard hand-applied dispenser system, Isomate CM Flex, even when releasing 50% of the pheromone. An experimental pheromone dispenser, meso-type, produced by Trece Inc. provided good suppression of CM when used at 32 units per acre. The addition of the pear ester to the meso-type dispenser did not add to the disruption of CM. Resistance in several apple genotypes to Choristoneura rosaceana was demonstrated through bioassays. Resistance was expressed differently in some apple genotypes at different times of the season. A novel system for delivering pesticides to apple and cherry orchards was developed and evaluated. The solid set canopy delivery system (SSCDS) concept utilizes the existing infrastructure (trellis system) of modern high-density apple and UFO cherry plantings. Preliminary results showed that coverage of the foliage using the SSCDS was less on the underside of leaves than achieved with a standard airblast sprayer. However, control of codling moth in apple was statistically as good as that achieved by the airblast sprayer and better than an untreated control. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, was detected for the first time in eastern WA as well as far north as Thurston County in western WA. PARTICIPANTS: Peter Shearer, Larry Gut, Todd Murray, Peter Landolt TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audiences are the tree fruit growers and crop consultants of Washington State but growers and consultants of other regions of the USA and world-side also benefit from these studies. Scientists working in applied agriculture are also a technical audience for these results. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Improving monitoring of D. suzukii will aid in gathering phenology information and predicting when damage is likely to occur. Statewide monitoring currently serves this function on a regional basis. Use of bait sprays will greatly reduce the amount of pesticide used against this pest, and facilitate harvest operations. The detection of BMSB in eastern WA threatens the primary agricultural area of Washington state. This pest has the potential to set back IPM systems in tree fruit and other crops by 50 years. The verification that aerosol pheromone emitters work as well as hand-applied pheromone dispensing systems provides for a new means of delivering pheromone in apple orchards with a high potential of reducing the cost of this technology to the grower. The development of a solid set canopy delivery system could revolutionize the way pesticides are applied to modern apple and cherry plantings. This system once optimized could replace the ground application of pesticides through tractor drawn sprayers. The long-term impact would be a reduction in the use of pesticides, utilization of softer pesticides in orchards and reduced exposure of pesticide applicators to pesticides during application.
Publications
- Haviland D.R., E.H.Beers 2012. Chemical control programs for Drosophila suzukii that comply with International limitations on pesticide residues for exported sweet cherries. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 3(2).
- Lee J.C., H.J.Burrack, L.D.Bahder, E.H.Beers, A.J.Dreves, K.Hamby, D.R.Haviland, R.Isaacs, T.Richardson, P.Shearer, C.A.Stanley, D.Walsh, V.M.Walton, F.G.Zalom, D.J.Bruck 2012. Evaluation of monitoring traps for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in North America. Journal of Economic Entomology 105(4):1350-1357.
- Unruh T.R., R.Pfannenstiel, C.Peters, J.F.Brunner, V.Jones 2012. Leafroller parasitism in Washington pome fruit orchards is enhanced by perimeter plantings of rose and strawberry habitats. Biological Control.
- Doerr M.D., J.F.Brunner, K.R.Granger 2012. Incorporating Organophosphate Alternative Insecticides into Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) Management Programs in Washington Apple Orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology .
- Sial A., J.F.Brunner 2012. Selection for resistance, reversion toward susceptibility, and synergism of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).. Pest Management Science. 68:469-475.
- Brunner J.F. 2012. Selection for resistance, reversion toward susceptibility, and synergism of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).. Pest Management Science. 68:462-468.
- Beers E.H. 2012. Effect of trap color and orientation on the capture of Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of woolly apple aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 105(4):1342-1349.
- Gontijo L.M., S.Cockfield, E.H.Beers 2012. Natural enemies of woolly apple aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Washington state. Environmental Entomology 41(6):1364-1371.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Pesticide trials for woolly apple aphid showed that applying spirotetramat at petal fall for 2 years in a row was more effective than a single year's application. Of the treatments applied at threshold, sulfoxaflor (several rates), BYI-2960, and lambda-cyhalothrin were not significantly different than the standard, diazinon. Novaluron applied at second generation codling moth timing did not increase woolly apple aphid populations. Five pesticides were screened for sublethal effects on Aphelinus mali in laboratory bioassays. Of those tested, only cyazypyr showed a significant sublethal effect; however, spinetoram was acutely toxic to A. mali, and lambda-cyhalothrin was toxic to the host, causing juvenile mortality in A. mali. Large plot tests on the effects of codling moth programs on indirect pests indicated that spinetoram was disruptive to biocontrol of woolly apple aphid, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin provided direct pest control, and only moderate suppression of A. mali. Lambda-cyhalothrin was toxic to predatory mites, but did not cause a mite outbreak. Trap tests for Drosophila suzukii indicated that the Haviland trap with an open-mesh top caught the most individuals, whereas the Contech trap caught the fewest. A bait composed of red wine, molasses, and apple cider vinegar was more attractive than apple cider vinegar alone. Populations of D. suzukii were 90% lower throughout eastern Washington in 2011 in comparison to 2010. Two new pheromone delivery technologies, puffers and meso-dispensers, were evaluated for a second year using the release of sterile codling moth (CM) to challenge treatments. The meso-dispensers, Isomate CM Ring, evaluated at 20, 30 and 40 dispensers per acre (d/a) were as good as Isomate CM Flex hand applied dispensers at 400 d/a. The CheckMate CM Puffer at 1/acre was found to be as effective as CM Flex hand applied dispensers at 400 d/a. An automated system to deliver pheromone dispensers was evaluated and found to reduce application time by 80% and provided suppression of CM similar to Isomate CM Flex. The release rate of the aggregation pheromone for the stink bug, Euschistus conspersus, was optimized using polyethylene lures. The slower releasing lures, including a commercially available lure, were found to capture most E. conspersus in mid-summer through fall, when adults were moving into apple orchards. The biochemical basis of resistance of two newly registered insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, against the leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, was characterized and results published in a peer review journal. PARTICIPANTS: At the research center there were several graduate students, post-docs and temporary summer employees working on this project. There were also a large number of cooperating growers who provided orchards in which to conduct research with pheromones, spotted wing drosophila and stink bugs. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project are the pome fruit growers of Washington State, crop consultants who provide information on pest management to growers and scientists working in the area of tree fruit production nationally and internationally. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Science-based information on pesticide efficacy, coupled with nontarget impacts on natural enemies provides growers with specific, practical tools to both control target pests and avoid disruption of biological control of secondary pests. Statewide monitoring of Drosophila suzukii alerted growers when crop protection measures were needed in their growing region, avoiding crop infestation and unneeded pesticide applications. The information on nontarget impacts of pesticides on natural enemies, coupled with information on evidence of disruption of biological control in commercial orchards, provides growers with specific information on choice of pesticides to avoid secondary pest outbreaks, and the need to spray them. The information on the efficacy and resistance risk of newly registered organophosphate insecticide alternatives is critical to helping growers and consultants implement these tools using the most efficient approaches while practicing good stewardship. The new information on pheromone delivery technology will help the growers make better decisions on the possible options to integrate into their IPM programs. New pheromone dispenser technologies will likely make this tool less expensive for growers and, therefore, increase its use and a selective IPM tactic.
Publications
- Sial, A., and J.F.Brunner. 2011. Baseline toxicity and stage specificity of recently developed reduced-risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram to obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).. Pest Management Science.
- Beers, E. H., R. A. Van Steenwyk, P. W. Shearer, B. Coates, and J. A. Grant. 2011. Developing Drosophila suzukii management programs for sweet cherry. Pest Manag. Sci.
- Goldberger, J., N.Lehrer, and J.F.Brunner. 2011. Azinphos-Methyl (AZM) Phase-Out: Actions and Attitudes of Apple Growers in Washington State. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26(4):276-286.
- Krupke, C.H., V.Jones, and J.F.Brunner. 2011. Evaluating aggregation membership and copulatory success in the stinkbug, Euschistus conspersus, using field and laboratory experiments. Journal of Insect Science.
- Jones, V., S.A.Steffan, L.Hull, J.F.Brunner, and D.J.Biddinger. 2011. Effects of the loss of organophosphate pesticides in the US: Opportunities and needs to improve IPM programs. Outlooks on Pest Management 21:161-166.
- Mullinix, K., J.F.Brunner, and M.B.Isman. 2011. Apple leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations and parasitism in an orchard managed with either a grass or alfalfa cover and without insecticides over four growing seasons.. International Journal of Fruit Science 11(2):99-110.
- Sial, A., and J.F.Brunner. 2011. Biochemical characterization of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram resistance in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 99(3):274-279.
- Cockfield, S. D., E. H. Beers, K. S. Pike, and G. Graf. 2011 (in press). Biology of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini, (Homoptera: Aphididae) on its summer hosts in eastern Washington. Pan-Pac. Entomol.
- Haviland, D., and E. H. Beers. 2011 submitted. Chemical Control Programs for Drosophila suzukii that Comply with International Limitations on Pesticide Residues for Exported Sweet Cherries. Journal of Integrated Pest Management.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A series of orchard pesticides were screened for lethal and sublethal effects on Aphelinus mali in laboratory bioassays. Azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl were highly toxic to A. mali. Of the newer insecticides, spinosad and spinetoram were equally toxic (about 100% mortality at both the 1x and 0.1x rates). Acetamiprid, thiacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin were moderately to highly toxic (60-90% mortality at the 1x rate). Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, and novaluron were moderately toxic (33-43% mortality at the 1x rate). Sulfur, mancozeb, copper hydroxide and spirotetramat were non-toxic to A. mali on contact. In a test of sublethal effects, novaluron caused slightly higher female mortality, but because the sex ratio of the progeny was changed slightly in favor of females, the R0 was slightly higher in the novaluron treatment when compared to the check. Two large-scale experiments on the effect of codling moth programs on woolly apple aphid were conducted in 2010. One experiment showed evidence that novaluron and spinetoram were associated with higher woolly apple aphid densities. In the other test, the lowest woolly apple aphid populations were in the lambda-cyhalothrin program, followed by the chlorantraniliprole program. The highest populations were in the spinetoram program, followed by the azinphosmethyl program. Tetranychid mite populations were highest in the spinetoram program, and the lowest in the chlorantraniliprole program. The potential of two newly registered insecticides was characterized in a series of studies published in peer review journals. Both products, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, were highly effective in controlling codling moth and leafrollers, but both were shown to be prone to resistance development if continuously selected for only a few generations. Two new pheromone delivery technologies, puffers and meso-dispensers, were evaluated using the release of sterile codling moth. The meso-dispensers at a rate of 32/acre and puffers at 1/acre were found to be as effective as 320 Isomate Flex dispensers per acre. The release rate of the aggregation pheromone for the stink bug Chlorochroa ligata was evaluated. Captures of C. ligata in traps baited with its aggregation pheromone showed specificity, but few bugs were trapped over the season. Evaporation of the aggregation pheromone was very low and synthesis of the pheromone was very expensive making its commercialization potential very unlikely. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Elizabeth Beers and Dr. Jay Brunner were active participants on this project in 2010. Dr. John Dunley resigned from WSU in January of 2010 and, therefore, did not contribute to this project's activities. TARGET AUDIENCES: Tree fruit growers and crop consultants of Washington State. Farm workers affiliated with tree fruit production in Washington. Regulatory agencies who are interested in the use and impacts of pesticides in agriculture. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The information on non-target impacts of pesticides on natural enemies, coupled with information on evidence of disruption of biological control in commercial orchards, provides growers with specific information on choice of pesticides to avoid secondary pest outbreaks, and the need to spray them. The information on the efficacy and resistance risk of newly registered organophosphate insecticide alternatives is critical to helping growers and consultants implement these tools using the most efficient approaches while practicing good stewardship. The new information on pheromone delivery technology will help the growers make better decisions on the possible options to integrate into their IPM programs. New pheromone dispenser technologies will likely make this tool less expensive for growers and therefore increase its use as a selective IPM tactic. Educational activities directed at the transition from organophosphate (OP) insecticides to new OP alternatives resulted in a rapid adoption of these latter products. The 2009 National Agricultural Statistics Service chemical use survey and apple showed that OP use dropped by over 50% compared to 2007.
Publications
- Grieshop, M., J.F.Brunner, V.Jones, and N.M.Bello. 2010. Recapture of Codling Moth Males: Influence of Lure Type and Pheromone Background. Journal of Economic Entomology 103:1242-1249.
- Sial, A., J.F.Brunner, and M.D.Doerr. 2010. Susceptibility of Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to Two New Reduced-Risk Insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 103(1):140-146.
- Sial, A., and J.F.Brunner. 2010. Assessment of resistance risk in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to the reduced-risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram. Journal of Economic Entomology 103(4):1378-1385.
- Pfannenstiel, R.S., T.R.Unruh, and J.F.Brunner. 2010. Overwintering hosts for the exotic leafroller parasitoid, Colpoclypeus florus: Implications. Journal of Insect Science.
- Mullinix, K., M.B.Isman, and J.F.Brunner. 2010. Key and secondary arthropod pest population trends cultivated over four seasons with no insecticides and a legume cover. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 34:584-594.
- Jones, V., J.F.Brunner, G.G.Grove, B.Petit, G.V.Tangren, and W.E.Jones. 2010. A web-based decision support system to enhance IPM programs in Washington tree fruit. Pest Management Science. 66:587-595.
- Stockle, C.O., R.L.Nelson, S.Higgins, J.F.Brunner, G.G.Grove, R.A.Boydston, M.D.Whiting, and C.E.Kruger. 2010. Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Eastern Washington Agriculture. Climatic Change. 102:77-102.
- Sial, A., and J.F.Brunner. 2010. Lethal and sublethal effects of an insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, on obliquebanded. Journal of Economic Entomology 103(2):340-347.
- Sial, A., and J.F.Brunner. 2010. Toxicity and Residual Efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole, Spinetoram and Emamectin benzoate to Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103(4):1277-1285.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A series of orchard pesticides was screened for lethal and sublethal effects on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory bioassays. Lambda-cyhalothrin, spinetoram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, carbaryl, and novaluron were moderately to highly toxic to G. occidentalis females in acute contact tests, while chlorantraniprole and azinphosmethyl were nontoxic. Larval mortality was much lower than adult mortality caused by spinetoram, thiacloprid, and novaluron. Several of the materials were moderately repellent, with the exception of novaluron, which was highly repellent. Mesocosm studies indicated that while spinetoram was toxic to the predator, it was also toxic to the prey, thus pest mite increases did not occur. Sulfur disrupted integrated control, whereas novaluron caused no disruption despite its acute and sublethal effects. Chlorantraniprole had no effect on the predator-prey interaction in the mesocosm study, consistent with its lack of effect in leaf disk bioassays. Two large-scale experiments on the effect of codling moth programs on woolly apple aphid were conducted in 2009. Both experiments showed evidence that novaluron and spinetoram were associated with higher woolly apple aphid densities. Earwig populations were suppressed by the same materials. There was an increase in spider mite densities associated with novaluron in one of the experiments. A susceptible laboratory population of the leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, selected in the laboratory to two newly registered insecticides, spinetoram and chlorantranilipriole, developed resistance after only a few generations. After removal from selection, reversion of laboratory selected C. rosaceana to chlorantranilipriole and spinetoram occurred in five and six generations, respectively. C. rosaceana populations resistant to chlorantranilipriole showed increased levels of esterases while populations resistant to spinetoram showed increased levels of oxidases. Several field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different organophosphate (OP) insecticide alternatives for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Different combinations of OP alternatives showed control equal to azinphos-methyl. Video monitoring systems were used to evaluate the behavior of codling moth adults around attractive sources, pheromones and kairomones. This technology allowed independent assessment of moth behaviors at night. Very little source contact occurred with devices releasing high levels of pheromone. The shape of dispensers was also shown to impact moth contact. The attraction of the stink bug, Chlorochroa ligata, to an aggregation pheromone was evaluated for the first time in Washington. Compared to a blank trap, significant numbers of C. ligata males, females and nymphs were captured. C. ligata was not attracted to the aggregation pheromone of Euschistus conspersus. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Tree fruit growers, managers and crop consultants of Washington State. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The information on nontarget impacts of pesticides on natural enemies, coupled with information on evidence of disruption of biological control in commercial orchards, provides growers with specific information on choice of pesticides to avoid secondary pest outbreaks, and the need to spray them. Laboratory selection of leafroller resistance to two newly registered insecticides shows the risk of resistance development to OP alternative insecticides. The biochemical basis for resistance to the two insecticides was different suggesting that they could be used in rotation to slow the development of resistance in the field. The fact that resistance reversion occurred within 5 to 6 generations was encouraging, suggesting that resistance carries a fitness cost and is not fixed within the genome.
Publications
- Thomson, Don, Jay Brunner, Jack Jenkins, and Larry Gut. 2009. Commercial use of Codling moth mating disruption: A success story despite the limitations. IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 41, 2009 pp. 53-60.
- Beers, E. H., and R. R. Talley. 2009. Woolly apple aphid control with unregistered pesticides, 2008. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests. 34: A1.
- Beers, E. H., and R. R. Talley. 2009. Registered materials for control of woolly apple aphid, 2008. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests. 34: A2.
- Beers, E. H., and R. R. Talley. 2009. Large block test of insecticides for woolly apple aphid control, 2008. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests. 34: A3.
- Beers, E. H., and R. R. Talley. 2009. Chemical control of woolly apple aphid, In Proceedings, 83rd Annual Western Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 14-16 January, 2009, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Beers, E. H., R. R. Talley, L. Martinez-Rocha, and J. E. Dunley. 2009. Nontarget effects of pesticides on Typhlodromus occidentalis, In Proceedings, 83rd Annual Western Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 14-16 January, 2009, Portland Hilton, Portland, OR.
- Curkovic T., J. F. Brunner, P. J. Landolt. 2009. Field and laboratory responses of male leaf roller moths, Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis pyrusana, to pheromone concentrations in an attracticide paste formulation. 14pp. Journal of Insect Science 9:45, available online: insectscience.org: 9.45
- Jones V.P., T. R. Unruh, D. R. Horton, N. J. Mills, J. F. Brunner, E. H. Beers, P. W. Shearer. 2009. Tree fruit IPM programs in the Western United States: the challenge of enhancing biological control through intensive management. Pest Management Sci. In Focus article. 65: 1305-1310.
- Beers, E. H. 2009. Cover crops: Inviting Natural Enemies into Your Orchard. 6th International IPM Symposium, Presentation #42.5. Oregon Convention Center, Portland, OR. March 24-26, 2009
- Beers, E. H. 2009. Disruption of Secondary Pests of Apple in the Northwest by Reduced-Risk Pesticides. 6th International IPM Symposium, Presentation #55.1. Oregon Convention Center, Portland, OR. March 24-26, 2009.
- Beers, E. H., L. Martinez-Rocha, R. R. Talley, and J. E. Dunley. 2009. Lethal, sublethal and behavioral effects of sulfur-containing products in bioassays of three species of orchard mites. J. Econ. Entomol. 102(1): 324-335.
- Jones, V. P., T. R. Unruh, D. R. Horton, N. J. Mills, J. F. Brunner, E. H. Beers, and P. W. Shearer. 2009. Manuscript: Tree fruit IPM programs in the Western United States: The challenge of enhancing biological control through intensive management. Pest Manag. Sci. 65: 1305-1310.
- Doerr, Michael D., J. F. Brunner and T. J. Smith . 2008. Biology and Management of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Washington Cherry Orchards. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 105, Dec. 2008. p 69-81.
- Vianna, Ulysses R., Dirceu Pratissoli, Jose C. Zanuncio, Eraldo R. Lima, Jay Brunner, Fabrıcio F. Pereira, Jose E. Serrao. 2009. Insecticide toxicity to Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) females and effect on descendant generation. Ecotoxicology (2009) 18:180-186.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Several pheromone formulations for control of codling moth were evaluated in 2008. Relative to the known industry standards and under low to moderate pest pressure, all formulations provided acceptable control. Home video surveillance cameras were adapted to monitor behavior of codling moth. Using this method we were able to quantify moth approaches to different sources and determine which optimized time spent near the source and source contact. Laboratory studies selecting Choristoneura rosaceana with two new insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, demonstrated the potential for resistance development in this species. After six generations, C. rosaceana populations were seven and four times more resistant to chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, respectively, than the unselected laboratory population. Field populations of C. rosaceana were also found resistant to chlorantranilprole even though they had never been exposed to this pesticide. Field surveys of C. rosaceana also showed all populations tested were resistant to emamectin benzoate four seasons after it was registered for use. A survey of natural enemies of woolly apple aphid was initiated in 2008, including 20 orchards in Okanogan, Chelan, Douglas, Grant, and Benton counties. Aphid populations consisted of two peaks in the orchards sampled: one in July/August, and a later peak in September/October. Syrphids were the most frequently encountered predators (62.7%), followed by lacewings (23.6%) and coccinellids (8.9%). Other predators (4.8%) included nabids, Deraeocoris, spiders, and earwigs. Aphelinus mali was the only parasitoid found, but seasonal pattern of occurrence was detected. Flowering annual plants were tested for their attractiveness to adult syrphids. The greatest total number of adults were found on alyssum, followed by mustard, buckwheat and marigold; very few adults were captured on cosmos and zinnia. Insecticide tests against woolly apple aphid demonstrated the high level of efficacy of diazinon, followed by endosulfan, Spirotetramat gave inconsistent results; petroleum oil provided moderate suppression. In a test of registered acaricides, bifenazate provided faster knockdown than spirodiclofen, but spirodiclofen reduced peak populations to a lower level. All rates and formulations of bifenazate performed similarly. PARTICIPANTS: Elizabeth Beers, Mike Doerr and John Dunley, WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Larry Gut, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan. Peter Landolt, USDA-ARS Wapato, WA TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences are: 1) Apple and pear growers of the Pacific Northwest (4,000) and professional crop consultants (300) working with these crops. 2) County Extension educators in the Pacific Northwest, and 3) Peer scientists working in perennial cropping systems throughout the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The research on pheromone formulations has shown that the amount of pheromone released from dispensers is likely higher than needed to optimize control. The impact of this research could lead to a reduction in the cost of pheromone technology, therefore increased use, which in turn would reduce use of supplemental insecticides. The research on new organophosphate alternative/reduced risk insecticides demonstrates the inherent vulnerability of these products to a relatively rapid resistance development. It is imperative that sound resistance management practices be implemented as a way to preserve the value of these new pest control technologies. The research program on secondary pests is aimed at reducing damage by these species, improving biological or cultural control, and providing tools to transition to the organophosphate-replacement pesticides. The research on woolly apple aphid may reduce problems with quarantines placed on this pest, and possibly provide a less disruptive, longer-term control solution than the current one of spraying the aerial colonies on an ad hoc basis.
Publications
- Krupke, C.H., J.F.Brunner, and V.Jones. 2008. Factors influencing mate choice in Euschistus conspersus Uhler (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Environmental Entomology 37:192-197.
- Jones, V., M.D.Doerr, and J.F.Brunner. 2008. Is biofix necessary for predicting codling moth emergence in Washington State apple orchards Journal of Economic Entomology. 101:1651-1657.
- Stelinski , L., D.McKenzie , L.Gut, R.Isaacs , and J.F.Brunner. 2008. Comparison of female attractiveness and male response among populations of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) in Western and Eastern US apple orchards. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 36(2007):1032-1039.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Three pheromone technologies were compared for efficacy against codling moth. A flake technology developed by Heron did not provide adequate control under moderate to high pressure. Reducing the number of Isomate CTT dispensers resulted in increasing crop injury. A new prototype technology developed by Trece provided codling moth control as good as Isomate C-plus. Several new insecticides provided good control of codling moth and leafrollers in field trials. Bioassays provided baseline data for new insecticides to codling moth and leafrollers. A survey of field populations of codling moth to rynaxypyr, a new insecticide developed by Dow Agrochemicals, showed no clear indications that there would be cross-resistance to organophosphate insecticides; however, four leafroller populations have shown this tendency. The third season's data were taken on the effect of codling moth programs on integrated mite control in five commercial orchards. Mite levels were overall much lower in
2007 than the previous year, with peak populations in the 6 mites/leaf range (as opposed to up to 80 mites/leaf in 2006). Only two of five orchards sampled experienced a moderate increase in spider mite levels, with high levels occurring in the novaluron treatment in one orchard, and acetamiprid and thiacloprid in another. Slightly elevated levels of spider mites also occurred in the organophosphate check in one orchard. Bioassays with sulfur products on pest and predatory mites gave a clear indication that lime-sulfur and ammonium thiosulfate were highly toxic to mites when applied topically, and reduced prey consumption and oviposition in western predatory mites when exposed to residues. Wettable sulfur had little or no measureable effect either in topical or topical/residual bioassays. Field and greenhouse experiments were performed to investigate various materials, timings, and application methods for control of woolly apple aphid, Chlorpyrifos plus oil at delayed dormant provided
nearly season-long control of woolly apple aphid shoot colonies, although populations increased in the fall in some plots. Chlorpyrifos applied post-harvest did not affect the mid-summer peak of shoot colonies. Densities in the diazinon treatments, applied post harvest or delayed dormant, did not differ significantly from the checks. Tolfenpyrad and flonicamid appeared to have little activity against the aerial colonies when applied airblast in midsummer, whereas diazinon provided excellent control in all tests. Spirotetramat applied twice in the latter half of May provided season-long control of a low population, which peaked in mid-summer in the check plots.
PARTICIPANTS: Cooperating growers, crop consultants, private companies and scientists collaborating on research projects.
TARGET AUDIENCES: All Washington growers, other tree fruit industries, nationally and internationally, and crop consultants.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.
Impacts
Evaluation of new pheromone products will help bring new, and possibly better, technologies to growers for managing codling moth. This activity also reveals weaknesses in technologies so growers can make informed decisions when choosing a pheromone tool. Testing of new insecticides provides growers crop consultants with the knowledge to make informed decisions about which products best fit their pest control needs. The research on disruption of integrated mite control has identified key components of apple production that are contributing to destabilization of this important IPM program. This is the first step in modifying production activities to bring stability back to biological control of spider mites. The research on woolly apple aphid may reduce problems with quarantines placed on this pest, and possibly provide a less disruptive, longer-term control solution than the current one of spraying the aerial colonies on an ad hoc basis.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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