Progress 03/01/07 to 02/28/13
Outputs
OUTPUTS: JLH is retiring on August 1, 2012 and will not formally continue this project. His colleagues, Drs. Phillip Greenspan, Ruthann Swanson, and Ron Pegg will continue related work. The main area of our research has been analyzing and testing underutilized constituents of Georgia commodities (muscadine grapes, sorghum bran and peanut skins). We primarily have worked with Paulk Vineyards in Satilla, GA, as well as Duplin Winery in Rose Hill, NC and the Post Vineyards in Arkansas. Our work was partly supported through federal SBIR grants and partly through a Georgia Center of Agricultural Innovation grant in 2008. Our main work from 2001-08 was testing and developing products from discarded muscadine grape skins and seeds, called pomace. Tons of pomace are produced when juices and wines are made, and until this year, growers had to pay to have it trucked away. Pomace contains most of the active bioflavonoids and catechins in the grape, and we wished to develop a market for pomace. Our meeting presentations, published work and trade books, Muscadine Medicine (2005), and Muscadine Health (2008), came to the attention of various private companies. Over the past 2 years, 2 main products have been developed (Heartland Select muscadine superjuice, and Vivix formulated product). As a result, by the end of 2008, muscadine pomace was selling for up to $500 a ton. This represents a potential income of millions of dollars to the muscadine industry. A similar situation on a much larger scale exists in the peanut industry. Blanching facilities in Sylverster and elsewhere produce tons of peanut skins (or testa). There is no present use for this byproduct other than cattle feed. We expect to work on peanut skins for the coming year, and will seek to develop commercial uses for the bioactive fractions. One aim is to set up an extraction facility in Georgia that would require new jobs related to this industry. We have submitted a grant proposal to the Peanut Institute for a Food Industry Partnership that will enable us to explore this area. Work done to date and reported at International Food Technology meetings has characterized the phenolic content of peanut skins and peanut butters with up to 5% peanut skins by weight. Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability tests have been good, and full publication of the results is underway. Because Dr. Hargrove is retiring, this work will be completed by Drs. Pegg, Swanson and their colleagues and students. PARTICIPANTS: Partners who worked on this project included Drs. Diane K. Hartle and Phillip Greenspan in the College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, as well as Dr. Ruthann Swanson in the College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, and Dr. Ron Pegg in the Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Georgia. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The main practical impact of this and related research has been to help create a market for muscadine grape pomace. It had no value when we began our work, but some vineyards now have contracts to sell some or all of their pomace to companies that make and market products to consumers who are seeking health benefits from muscadine polyphenolic compounds. Similarly, one company (Silver Palate) has begun marketing a line of breakfast cereals that include sorghum bran for its putative health benefits. Our work with peanut skins suggests there are similar opportunities, but no major company has yet elected to include more peanut skins in a formulated peanut butter or peanut spread.
Publications
- McDougald, L. R., Hofacre, C., Mathis, G., Fuller, L., Hargrove, J. L., Hartle, D. and Greenspan P. Enhancement of resistance to coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by dietary muscadine pomace. Avian Diseases 2008, 52(4): 646-651.
- Farrar J, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, Greenspan P. A Novel Nutraceutical Property of Select Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Brans: Inhibition of Protein Glycation. Phytotherapy Res. 2008, 22(8):1052-6.
- Dearlove RP, Greenspan P, Hartle DK, Swanson RB, Hargrove JL. Inhibition of Protein Glycation by Extracts of Culinary Herbs and Spices. J. Med Food 2008, 11(2): 275-281.
- Bralley EE,Greenspan P, Hargrove, JL and Hartle, DK. Inhibition of Hyaluronidase Activity by Select Sorghum Brans. J. Med. Food 2008, 11(2): 307-312
- Bralley EE, Greenspan P, Hargrove JL, Wicker L, Hartle DK. Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity of Polygonum cuspidatum Extract in the TPA Model of Ear Inflammation. J. Inflammation 2008. 5:1
- Srivastava, Anita; Greenspan, Phillip; Hartle, Diane; Hargrove, James; Amarowicz, Ryszard; Pegg, Ronald, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Polyphenolics from Southeastern U.S. Range Blackberry Cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010, 58(10): 6102-6109
- Burdette, A, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, and Greenspan PG Anti-inflammatory effects of select sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) brans. J. Medicinal Food 13 (4) 2010, 1-9.
- Hargrove JL, Greenspan P, Hartle DK, and Dowd C. Inhibition of Aromatase and alpha Amylase by Select Sorghum Brans Journal of Medicinal Food Volume: 14 Issue: 7-8 Pages: 799-807 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0143 Published: JUL-AUG 2011.
- Hartle DK, Greenspan P and Hargrove JL. Sorghum Brans with Higher Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Polyphenolic Content Are Superior to Other Dietary Brans. Experimental Biology annual meeting, Washington, DC, FASEB J. 25:773.4, 2011.
- Yuanyuan Maa, William L. Kerra, Ruthann B. Swansona, James L. Hargroveb and Ronald B. Pegg. Peanut skin-fortified peanut butters: Effect of processing on phenolicscontent and antioxidant activity. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Food Expo, Book of Abstracts, 2011, #097-12, p. 89.
- Sanders, CT, III, DeMasie, CL, Swanson, RB, Kerr, WL, Hargrove, JL and Pegg, RB. Peanut Skin Fortified Peanut Butters: Effects on Consumer Acceptability and Quality Characteristics. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA , Food Expo, Book of Abstracts, 2011, 057-09, p. 50
- Hargrove JL, Greenspan P, Hartle DK, and Dowd C. Inhibition of Aromatase and alpha Amylase by Select Sorghum Brans J. Medicinal Food 14 (7) 2011, 799-807.
- Bralley EE., Hargrove JL, Greenspan P, Hartle DK. Topical Anti-inflammatory Activities of Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine Grape) Extracts in the Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate (TPA) Model of Ear Inflammation. J. Medicinal Food 2007, 10(4):636-642.
- Bralley, E. Greenspan P., Hargrove JL and Hartle DK : Inhibition of Hyaluronidase Activity by Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine) Berry Seeds and Skins. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2007, 45(9): 667-673.
- Farrar JL, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, and Greenspan P. Inhibition of Protein Glycation by Skins and Seeds of the Muscadine Grape. Biofactors 2007, 30:193-200.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This laboratory has developed test systems for evaluating anti-inflammatory activity of muscadine pomace (dried, pulverized muscadine skins and seeds) and has published a number of reports during prior years. We have now applied the same tests to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of blackberry extracts and the results have been published (see list in last section of this report). Our primary interest is in finding possible uses for agricultural products that presently have low value or that are discarded. Therefore, we have also done work on peanut skins ("red skins", not peanut hulls) that are discarded although a low volume is sold for inclusion in cattle feed. Similarly, we have been testing bran fractions from different sorghum varieties in comparison with bran fractions from wheat, rice and oats. Two papers published or in press this year show that brans with high polyphenolic content do possess anti-inflammatory activity in the model of tissue inflammation that we employ. See publication list below. PARTICIPANTS: Drs. Diane K. Hartle and Phillip Greenspan are faculty members in the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Georgia. Dr. Ronald Pegg is a faculty member in the Department of Food Science and Technology at University of Georgia. Trainees who worked on this project included Amy Burdette and Anita Srivastava. Both have completed their doctorates and are now working in industry. TARGET AUDIENCES: Potential target audiences include specialty fruit growers and product development arms of nutraceutical and cosmeceutical firms. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The major aim in the next year is to publish research showing anti-inflammatory activity of peanut skins, and the fact that peanut skins can be incorporated into food products as a source of antioxidants without impairing sensory qualities while complying with definitions of peanut butter as stipulated by federal code.
Impacts
The main impact of our work on muscadine pomace is that there is now a market for products containing muscadine skins, seeds and/or pomace. The major muscadine grower in Georgia is Paulk Vineyards, which spun off Muscadine Products Corporation to manage aspects of the business separate from fresh grapes and juices. There has also been interest in other states, particularly North Carolina and Arkansas. Our main aim at present is to help develop capacity to produce muscadine pomace extract and muscadine juice concentrates because this is an area favored by the nutraceutical industry. Significant work is also being done by other laboratories throughout the Southeast, but the main impact on the industry has probably come from the book, Muscadine Health, by Drs. Diane Hartle, Phillip Greenspan, and myself. The limiting factor in commercialization continues to be finding sources of venture capital to provide partnerships equipment needed to develop the products of interest to the industry. The scientific basis for such commercialization is already in place.
Publications
- Srivastava A, Greenspan P, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, Amarowicz R, and Pegg RB. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenolics from Southeastern U.S. range blackberry cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:6102-9.
- Burdette, A, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, and Greenspan PG. Anti-inflammatory effects of select sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) brans. J. Medicinal Food 2010,13:1 to 9.
- Hargrove JL, Greenspan P, Hartle DK, and Dowd C. Inhibition of Aromatase and alpha Amylase by Select Sorghum Brans J. Med. Food, in press, 2011.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities supported by this project include facilitating graduate research on blackberry polyphenolics and inflammation in a mouse model of topical inflammation. The main product resulting from this work is a collaboration intiated because Mr. Paulk converted a large portion of muscadine juice to a 10X juice concentrate that is very rich in polyphenolics. JLH worked with collagues at Emory University School of Medicine to initiate a small clinical trial that is evaluating effects of the juice concentrate on inflammatory markers in blood. That study is ongoing. The concentrate contains about 10 mg of antioxidants (gallic acid equivalants per mL, which is double the content found in blackberries). In addition, the techniques we have applied to analyzing biological effects of blackberry and muscadine polyphenolics can also be applied to other Georgia agricultural products. An opportunity has arisen to evaluate effects of polyphenolics from peanut skins that are discarded by blanching facilities. We had also been working with grain sorghum polyphenolics, but are setting that project aside to focus on peanut skins as a result of obtaining funding for that work. PARTICIPANTS: This project is being conducted with three colleagues: Dr. Ronald Pegg, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, and Drs. Diane Hartle and Phillip Greenspan, College of Pharmacy, all of whom are faculty at University of Georgia. Mr. Chris Paulk of Muscadine Products Corporation of Satilla, Georgia, has provided most samples of muscadine grape products. Paulk Vineyards provided blackberries for our work. Work on the papers and abstracts was conducted by graduate students including Anita Srivastava, who earned her doctorate with Dr. Pegg, and Amy Burdette, who completed her doctoral training with Dr. Greenspan. Pamela Garner is a current graduate student with Dr. Greenspan. JLH has also initiated a collaboration for a clinical trial on muscadine juice concentrate that is being conducted by Drs. Ahn Le and Thomas Ziegler at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audiences for this work primarily include muscadine growers who can provide bulk materials to businesses in the value added, nutraceutical industry, and the businesss in that industry that are able to market products to the public. This includes firms that operate through traditional "health food" chains and independent operators, as well as firms whose business model includes multi-level marketing and/or sales through the internet. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The work with muscadine products continues to be our main focus. However, we are evaluating biological activities of polyphenolics from peanut skins. We expect to include tests concerning protein glycation in vitro, and possibly enzyme inhibition. We will also include sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability of products that contain 0-10% peanut skins as a source of polyphenolics.
Impacts
The primary outcome of our work has been the development of a significant market for nutraceutical products (as distinguished from fresh fruit, jellies and beverages) from muscadine grapes. When we began testing biological activities of muscadine polyphenolics, there was no market for muscadine pomace (grape skins and seeds left over from juicing operations), pomace extract, or juice concentrate. The market was entirely for fresh grapes, muscadine juice, and muscadine wine. By 2008-2009, we had helped develop connections with the nutraceutical industry such that contracts were available for pomace and high-antioxidant juices. There are now several farm operations, wineries and related companies that are selling significant amounts of crushed muscadine seed capsules, muscadine pomace capsules, and products with muscadine pomace extract. We are not privy to financial information of private companies, but the market is clearly now in the millions of dollars per year. Businesses in Georgia, Florida, Arkansa, North Carolina, New York and California carry these products. When Mr. Paulk introduced his juice concentrate this year, he had several thousand gallons on hand but had not sold any of it. He had the concentrate made as a way of saving storage space. Dr. Hartle began sending letters and making telephone calls, and the entire lot sold within two weeks. It is very useful for vineyards to have marketable products in several categories in order to smooth out sales when demand subsides in any one area. In this case, Mr. Paulk had extra juice that he could not sell partly because of his contract for pomace extract. Dr. Hartle realized that there is a large market for juice concentrate in the nutraceutical industry that differs from the uses in the beverage industry, and was able to bring together the interested parties.
Publications
- Srivastava A, Greenspan P, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, Amarowicz R, and Pegg RB. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenolics extracted from southeastern U.S. range blackberry cultivars. J. Ag. Food Sci., In press, 2009.
- International Conference and Exhibition on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 2009. International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, San Francisco, CA The phytonutrients of peanut skins: An untapped resource. Pegg, Ronald, Craft, B. D., Hartle, Diane K., Hargrove, James L., Greenspan, Phillip. November 2, 2009.
- 12th International Flavor Conference/4th George Charalambous Memorial Symposium. American Chemical Society, Agricultural & Food Chemistry Division, and the International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Skiathos, Greece LC characterization of peanut skin phytonutrients: Antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and biological activities. Pegg, Ronald, Craft, B. D., Hartle, Diane K., Hargrove, James L., Greenspan, Phillip. May 27, 2009.
- Pamela L. Garner, James L. Hargrove, Diane K. Hartle, Ronald B. Pegg and Phillip Greenspan 2009. Effect of peanut skin phenolics on pancreatic amylase activity and fructose-mediated albumin glycation. Experimental Biology 2009, New Orleans, LA
- Burdette A., Mayer E, Hargrove JL, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, Greenspan P. "Anti-inflammatory Activity of Select Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Brans" accepted for publication in Journal of Medicinal Food. In press, 2009
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The market for nutraceutical products is approximately $20 billion worldwide. JLH works in the University of Georgia Nutraceutical Resarch Laboratories with Drs. Phillip Greenspan, Diane Hartle (Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences in the College of Pharmacy) and Ronald Pegg (Food Science and Technology). The aim of our work is to screen underutilized or waste agricultural by-products for potentially healthful constituents. We primarily have worked with Paulk Vineyards in Satilla, GA, as well as Duplin Winery in Rose Hill, NC and the Post Vineyards in Arkansas. In addition to the funding from this Hatch project, our work was partly supported through federal SBIR grants and partly through a Georgia Center of Agricultural Innovation grant in 2008. Our main work from 2001-08 was testing and developing products from discarded muscadine grape skins and seeds, called pomace. Tons of pomace are produced when juices and wines are made, and until this year, growers had to pay to have it trucked away. Pomace contains most of the active bioflavonoids and catechins in the grape, and we wished to develop a market for pomace. Our meeting presentations, published work and trade books, Muscadine Medicine (2005), and Muscadine Health (2008), came to the attention of various private companies. An offshoot of this work was demonstration that muscadine pomace incorporated into chicken feed may reduce the need for antibiotics. The paper just appeared in Avian Medicine. This topic is of great concern in Georgia's very large poultry industry. Sadly, there are not enough muscadines in the world for 8 billion chickens. PARTICIPANTS: Drs. Phillip Greenspan and Diane Hartle (Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences in the College of Pharmacy, UGA) and Ronald Pegg (Food Science and Technology, UGA) collaborate on the work. In particular, Dr. Hartle has served as liaison with industry and also with a laboratory at the National Cancer Institute headed by Dr. Jeffrey Green that has now tested muscadine extract in a prostate cancer cell line. We primarily have worked with muscadine growers, Jacob and Chris Paulk of Paulk Vineyards in Satilla, GA, as well as David Fussell of Duplin Winery in Rose Hill, NC and Andrew Post of the Post Vineyards in Arkansas in Arkansas. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this work is primarily individuals who work in development and marketing of dietary supplements and functional foods. Our book, Muscadine Health, is intended to explain the scientific rationale for including muscadine grapes, grape products, grape skins and grape pomace in the diet. The book is most often sold to customers at vineyard showrooms. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: In general, we have succeeded in our original goal of establishing a market for muscadine grape pomace. The last item on our list is to help develop a concentrated extract of muscadine pomace that could be consumed in liquid form. Many such products have entered the functional food market in recent years. We are discussing similar work to be done with peanut skins (redskins), which have a very high content of polyphenolics. Although we have started work in this area, the business of our partner at a hulling plant in Blakely, GA, was impacted when a nearby plant sold peanut products that were contaminated with Salmonella. We can still work on the science but the businesses are dealing with basic food safety issues and it is not clear how much cooperation will be forthcoming.
Impacts
There is now a commercial market for muscadine grape pomace and muscadine grape seeds, owing partly to our work not only in the laboratory but also with representatives of companies in the market for dietary supplements. Over the past 2 years, private companies have developed 2 main products using muscadine pomace (Heartland Select muscadine superjuice, and Shaklee's Vivix formulated product). In addition, several firms are selling dried and ground muscadine seeds and also dried pomace. As a result, by the end of 2008, muscadine pomace was selling for up to $500 a ton. This represents a potential income of millions of dollars to the muscadine industry. Our intention now is to help sustain this market, as well as to investigate other sources of plant bioactives that are currently being discarded.
Publications
- Bralley EE., Hargrove JL, Greenspan P, Hartle DK. Topical Anti-inflammatory Activities of Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine Grape) Extracts in the Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate (TPA) Model of Ear Inflammation. J. Medicinal Food (2007) 10(4):636 to642.
- Bralley, E. Greenspan P., Hargrove JL and Hartle DK : Inhibition of Hyaluronidase Activity by Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine) Berry Seeds and Skins. Pharmaceutical Biology, (2007) 45(9): 667 to 673.
- Farrar JL, Hartle DK, Hargrove JL, and Greenspan P. Inhibition of Protein Glycation by Skins and Seeds of the Muscadine Grape. Biofactors 30 (2007) 193 to 200.
- McDougald, L. R., Hofacre, C., Mathis, G., Fuller, L., Hargrove, J. L., Hartle, D. and Greenspan P.(2008) Enhancement of resistance to coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by dietary muscadine pomace. Avian Diseases 52(4): 646 to651.
- Hartle DK, Greenspan P and Hargrove JL. (2008) Muscadine Health: Healthful Benefits of Muscadine Products. NC, Lulu Press. 73 pages, ISBN 9781606438701. Published 6/17/2008
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