Progress 03/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The avocado lace bug (ALB), Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) (Heteroptera:Tingidae), is a pest of avocado, Persea americana in Florida, the Caribbean Basin, California and northern South America. Different biotic mortality factors, i.e., the egg parasitoids Erythmelus (Erythmelus) klopomor and a new species of Trichogrammatidae and the predators Chrysoperla rufilabris , Paracarniella cubana , Stethoconus vitripennis, and Tingidoletes praelonga have been reported as natural enemies of P. perseae in Florida. We determined the effect of the mortality factors during 3 seasons, by exposing P. perseae cohorts to known biotic factors and compared their survival to cohorts protected from these factors. The red palm mite, Raoiella indica is an invasive pest affecting coconuts and banana in the neotropics. We determined the host plants, spatial distribution, chemical control and biological control agents against this mite. The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is an adventive pest of Lauraceae in the southeastern U.S. This wood-boring insect vectors a lethal fungus, Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, the causal agent of laurel wilt (LW) disease. The vector-pathogen complex is responsible for extensive mortality of native Persea trees in South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida, and now poses an imminent threat to the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) industry in south Florida. While chemical control of the vector is not viewed as the primary solution, control tactics should be made available to Florida avocado growers. Field tests were conducted using potted avocado trees, and field grown swampbay trees (P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg.) to determine efficacy of insecticides against RAB. Survey for natural enemies of the red bay ambrosia beetle in Florida and in Taiwan. Determined the population dynamics of RAB in Florida. Participated on workshops on IPM of avocado and lime pests in Florida. Determined efficacy of soaps and hot water treatments on dislodging eggs, immature stages and adults of Brevipalpus phoenicis from citrus fruits. Indentified major constraint for the recovery and establishment of exotic parasitoids of Diaprepes abbreviatus. PARTICIPANTS: The following individuals worked in this project. Dr. J. E. Pena is the leader of the program and he cooperated with Dr. D. Carrillo who investigated the biological control and host plants for the red palm mite; Dr. Pena also cooperated with Dr. P. Kendra (USDA), S. Koptur (Florida International University), Dr. Amy Roda (APHIS PPQ), Dr. Jose Carlos Rodrigues (University of Puerto Rico and Dr. J. Morse (University of California at Riverside). Trainingn and professional development on knowledge of the red palm mite dynamics and control was taught to Mexican tecnicians in the area of Yucatan and Merida. TARGET AUDIENCES: The efforts were aimed at State and Federal Agencies as well as grower groups such as Florida Avocado Committee; California Avocado Growers and Florida Avocado Growers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The avocado lace bug (ALB), Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) (Heteroptera:Tingidae): The predators appeared to have a more constant mortality impact than egg parasitoids. The total percent mortality caused by biotic factors was 16 to 90 % above the mortality caused by abiotic factors during 3 seasons. The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Chemical Control: Avocado trees treated with Fenpropathrin, cryolite Na Al fluoride, and lambda-cyhalothrin+thiametoxam showed less beetle entry on treated trees than on the untreated control trees. Acetamyprid+Li 100 and the mixture of imidacloprid+cyfluthrin resulted in fewer entrance holes in swampbay trees; however, no statistical differences were observed in disease severity on treated versus non-treated avocados or swampbay. Linear regression models between the number of RAB holes per tree (x) and LW disease severity (ya) and between RAB entry holes per tree (x) and recovery of R. lauricola (yb) were both significant. Dailight rhythm of X. glabratus showed that this species flies between 1600 and 1800 h indicating that control measures should be practiced late during the day. Fifteen days is the maximum number of days that a manuka oil bait is effective caputuring X. glabratus. Then, baits should be changed every 2 weeks after deployment. Fourteen species of Scolytinae were found associated with avocado in Florida. Work is underway to determine if these species can vector Raffaellea lauricola. Lethal concentration of insecticides causing 90% mortality corroborated that the insecticides malathion and endigo were most efficient than other tested. Determined that parasitoids belonging the the families, Eulophidae, Scelionidae and Braconidae emerged from avocado logs infested with RAB. It is not clear yet if these are indeed parasitoids of RAB or parasitoids of adventive species. Brevipalpus phoenicis: Brushing appears to be a more effective practice to dislodge B. phoenicis mites from citrus fruits compared to the use of soaps alone. Use of hot water treatments dislodges motile mites from fruit, but does not dislodge eggs from fruit infested with Brevipalpus phoenicis.
Publications
- Pena, J. E., Bruin, J., and Sabelis M.W. 2012. Biology and control of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica: an introduction. 57: 211-213.
- Carrillo, D., de Coss, M., Hoy, M. A., and Pena, J. E. 2012. Variability in response of four populations of Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and Tetranychus gloveri (Acari: Tetranychidae) eggs and larvae. Exp. and Appl. Acarol. 57:30-45.
- Carrillo, D., Frank, H., Rodrigues, J.C. and Pena, J. E. 2012. A review of natural enemies of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Exp. and Appl. Acarol. 57:347-360.
- Carrillo, D., R. E., Duncan, and J. E. Pena. 2012. Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) that breed in avocado wood in Florida. Florida Entomologist. 95: 573-579.
- OBrien, C., and J. E. Pena. 2012. Two species of Compsus Schoenherr, new citrus pests from Colombia. Insecta Mundi. 227: 15 pp.
- Brar, G., Capinera, J. McLean, S., P. Kendra, Ploetz, R. and Pena, J. E. 2012. Effect of trap size, trap height and age of lure on sampling of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and its flight periodicity and seasonality. Florida Entomol. 95: 1003-1011.
- Koptur, S., Pena, J. E., and Grogan, W.L. 2012. The biting midge, Forcipomyia (Microhelea) eriophora (Williston) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), an ectoparasite of larval Phoebis sennae (Pieridae) in south Florida. J. Lepidopterist Soc. (In Press)
- Diaz, A. E., Jacas, J., Palacios, X., and Pena, J. E. 2013. Comparative suitability of Diaprepes abbreviatus and Pachnaeus litus eggs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as hosts for Brachyufens osborni (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its implication in the biological control of D. abbreviatus in Florida. Biological Control (Submitted, October 31st, 2012).
- Atkinson, T. H., Carrillo, D., Duncan, R. E., and Pena, J. E. 2013. Occurrence of Xyleborus bispinatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Eichhoff in southern Florida. Zootaxa (In Press) (accepted December 2012).
- Pena, J. E., J. A. Jacas, B. Ulmer, S. Trypazin and R. E. Duncan. 2010. Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids other than Trichogramma -the Citrus and Grape Cases. In: L. F. Consoli, J. R. P. Parra and R. A Zucchi (eds.). Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 341-371.
- Pena, J. E., M. Aluja and M. Wysoki. 2009. Pests. In: Litz, R.E. (ed.). The Mango Botany Production and Uses 2nd edition, CABI, Wallingford Oxon, pp.317-366.
- Pena, J. E. 2008. Plagas del Palto en Florida. In Ripa, R., and P. Larral, (eds.). Manejo de plagas en paltos y citricos, Coleccion Libros, INIA, 23, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile, pp. 310-316.
- Pena, J. E., Duncan, R. W. Roltsch and D. Carrillo. 2012. Life tables of the avocado lace bug, Pseudacysta perseae. Florida Entomol. (In Press).
- Castaneda-Vildozola, A., Nava-Diaz, C., Franco-Mora, D., Lomeli-Flores, J., and Pena, J. E. 2012. Diospyros digyna Jacq (Ebenaceae) a new host record for Bephratelloides ablusus Grissell and Foster (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae in Mexico. Florida Entomol. 94: 1071-1072.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The avocado lace bug (ALB), Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) (Heteroptera:Tingidae), is a pest of avocado, Persea americana in Florida, the Caribbean Basin, California and northern South America. Different biotic mortality factors, i.e., the egg parasitoids Erythmelus (Erythmelus) klopomor and a new species of Trichogrammatidae and the predators Chrysoperla rufilabris , Paracarniella cubana , Stethoconus vitripennis, and Tingidoletes praelonga have been reported as natural enemies of P. perseae in Florida. We determined the effect of the mortality factors during 3 seasons, by exposing P. perseae cohorts to known biotic factors and compared their survival to cohorts protected from these factors. The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is an adventive pest of Lauraceae in the southeastern U.S. This wood-boring insect vectors a lethal fungus, Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, the causal agent of laurel wilt (LW) disease. The vector-pathogen complex is responsible for extensive mortality of native Persea trees in South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida, and now poses an imminent threat to the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) industry in south Florida. While chemical control of the vector is not viewed as the primary solution, control tactics should be made available to Florida avocado growers. Field tests were conducted using potted avocado trees, and field grown swampbay trees (P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg.) to determine efficacy of insecticides against RAB. Survey for natural enemies of the red bay ambrosia beetle in Florida and in Taiwan. Determined the population dynamics of RAB in Florida. Participated on workshops on IPM of avocado and lime pests in Florida. Determined efficacy of soaps on dislodging eggs, immature stages and adults of Brevipalpus phoenicis from citrus fruits. Indentified major constraint for the recovery and establishment of exotic parasitoids of Diaprepes abbreviatus PARTICIPANTS: Pena, J. E. Univ Fl TropicalREC, Homestead;Crane, J.H.: Univ. FL TropicalREC; B. Schaffer, Univ. FL, Tropical REC; P. Kendra: USDA, ARS, Miami; Epsky, Nancy: USDA ARS, Miami; I. Baez, USDA APHIS, PPQ, Raleigh, NC; Hennessey, M. USDA APHIS PPQ Raleigh, NC. TARGET AUDIENCES: Florida Avocado Committee Florida Avocado Growers California Avocado Growers Florida Tropical Fruit Growers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The avocado lace bug (ALB), Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) (Heteroptera:Tingidae): The predators appeared to have a more constant mortality impact than egg parasitoids. The total percent mortality caused by biotic factors was 16 to 90 % above the mortality caused by abiotic factors during 3 seasons. The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Chemical Control: Avocado trees treated with Fenpropathrin, cryolite Na Al fluoride, and lambda-cyhalothrin+thiametoxam showed less beetle entry on treated trees than on the untreated control trees. Acetamyprid+Li 100 and the mixture of imidacloprid+cyfluthrin resulted in fewer entrance holes in swampbay trees; however, no statistical differences were observed in disease severity on treated versus non-treated avocados or swampbay. Linear regression models between the number of RAB holes per tree (x) and LW disease severity (ya) and between RAB entry holes per tree (x) and recovery of R. lauricola (yb) were both significant. Parasitoids belonging the the families, Eulophidae, Scelionidae and Braconidae emerged from avocado logs infested with RAB. It is not clear yet if these are indeed parasitoids of RAB or parasitoids of adventive species. Brevipalpus phoenicis: Brushing appears to be a more effective practice to dislodge B. phoenicis mites from citrus fruits compared to the use of soaps alone.
Publications
- Susceptibility of Persea spp. and Other Lauraceae to Attack by Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae).Florida Entomol.(in Press).Roda, A., G. Natchan, J C. Rodriguez and J. E Pena, 2012.
- Dispersion of the red palm mite Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on coconuts. Exp. Appl. Acarol.(Accepted for publication,June, 2011) Rodriguez, J. C., and J. E. Pena. 2012.
- Chemical control of the red palm mite Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. Downloaded as: http://www.springerlink.com/content/d1436qr81hp2mo36/ Pena, J. E., R. Duncan, J. Crane, J. Capinera, S. Mclean, P. Kendra, R. Ploetz and R. Cave. 2011.
- Chemical control of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Florida Entomol. 94:(In Press).Castaneda-Vildozola, A., Nava-Diaz, C.,Franco-Mora, D., Lomeli-Flores, J., and Pena, J. E. 2012.
- Diospyros digyna Jacq (Ebenaceae) a new host record for Bephratelloides ablusus Grissell & Foster (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae0 in Mexico. Florida Entomol.94: 1071-1072.Carrillo, D. and J. E. Pena. 2011.
- Prey-stage preference, functional and numerical responses of Amblyseius largoensis (Acari:Phytoseiidae) to Raoiella indica (Acari:Tenuipalpidae ) Exp. Appl. Acarol. Downloaded as: http://springerlink.com/content/1207x2522144113/Carrillo, D., Amalin, F. Hosein, A. Roda, R. Duncan, and J.E. Pena 2011.
- Host plant range ofRaoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in areas of invasion of the new world Exp. Appl. Acarol.Downloaded as: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v646635q3x832682/Carrillo, D., D. Navia, F. Ferragut and J. E. Pena. 2011.
- First report of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Colombia. Florida Entomol. 94: 370-371. Kendra, Paul E., J. Sanchez, W Montgomery, K. Okins, J. Niogret, J. E. Pena, N. Epsky, and R.Heath. 2011.
- Diversity of Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attracted to avocado, lychee, and essential oil lures. Florida Entomol. 94: 123-130. Epsky, N., Kendra, P., J. E. Pena and R. Heath. 2011.
- Comparison of synthetic food-basedlures and liquid protein baits for capture of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera:Tephritidae) adults. Florida Entomol. 94: 180-185.Kendra, P., W. Montgomery, J. Niogret, J. E. Pena, J L. Capinera, G. Brar, N. Epsky,and R.Heath. 2011.
- Attraction of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to avocado, lychee, and essential oil lures. J. Chem. Ecol. 37: 932-942. Carrillo, D., M. de Coss, M. A. Hoy and J. E. Pena. 2011.
- Variability in response of four populations of Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and Tetranychus gloveri (Acari: Tetranychidae) eggs and larvae . Biol. Cont. 60: 39-45. Carrillo, D. and J. E. Pena. 2011.
- Prey-stage preferences and functional and numerical responses of Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Exp. Appl. Acarol. Downloaded as: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1207y23221447113/ Carrillo, D., H. Frank , J. C. Rodrigues and J. E. Pena. 2011.
- A review on the natural enemies of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Exp. Appl. Acarol. Downloaded as: http://www.springerlink.com/content/fw73h23k48rg8382/ Carrillo, D., D. Navia, F. Ferragut and J. E. Pena. 2011. First report of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Colombia. Florida Entomol. 94: 370-371.
- Pena,J. E.,Duncan,R. W.Roltsch and D.Carrillo. 2012.Life tables of he avocado lace bug, Pseudacysta perseae. Florida Entomol.(In Press).Pena,J.E.,D.Carrillo,R.Duncan,J.Capinera,S.McLean,G.Brar,M.L.A rpaia,M. Hughes,J.Smith and P. Kendra.2012
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The role of natural enemies of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica was determined. The predators Amblyseius largoensis, Caerochrysa claveri, Stethorus utilis, S. punctillum, Aleurodothrips fasciapennis, Artocnodax sp., were tested. Effectiveness of insecticides against the red bay ambrosia beetle were determined in avocado. The life cycle, diel periodicity and trapping techniues for the red bay ambrosia beetle were determined. Effect of Beetleblock as repellent of the red bay ambrosia beetle was determined in the field. Dispersion of Brevipalpus phoenicis, the vector of citrus leprosis was determined under lab and field conditions. PARTICIPANTS: Universita Jaume I, Castello Spain University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico Volcani Center, Tel Aviv, Israel APHIS PPQ, Raleigh, NC Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL TARGET AUDIENCES: Researchers, growers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Natural enemies of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica: The endemic predator, Amblyseus largoensis was the key predator of the red palm mite. It can reproduce and develop by feeding entirely on the red palm mite. However, augmentation techniques to increase the densities of the predator are needed in order to increase the biological control of the mite. Six experiments were carried and it was determined that at least 5 acaricides can be used by nursery growers to control the red palm mite. The availability of these acaricides will allow growers to sell their palms. Three insecticides prooved to be efficient by controlling the red bay ambrosia beetle when infesting avocado as well as effective in reducing laurel wilt inoculum. Determining diel periodicity of the red bay ambrosia beetle would help with timing of control tactics. Beetle block reduced infestation of the red bay ambrosia beetle in avocado logs in natural settings. However, further research is needed to determine its effect reducing tree infestations. Brevipalpus phoenicis can disperse to nearby trees and it can be carried by workers and by insects if these are in contact with fruit heavily infested with the mite.
Publications
- Carrillo, D. and J. E Pena (2010). Studies on the biology of native predators associated with Raoie/la indica (Acari : Tenuipalpidae) in Florida, USA: implications on their potential as biological control agents of this exotic species. . XIII International Congress of Acarology, Brazil, Recife.
- Castarieda-Vildozola, A , J. E. Pena , et al. (2010). Avocado Weevils of the Genus Heilipus. Potential Invasive Pests Workshop, Miami (Coconut Grove), Florida, USA, University of Florida, IFAS.
- Duncan, R. E., D. Carrillo, et al. (2010). Population dynamics of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Florida, USA . XIII International Congress of Acarology, Brazil , Recife .
- Gamliel-Atinsky, E, S. Freeman, et al. (2010). Eriophyoid fungal interaction: a win win situation. XIII International Congress of Acarology, Brazil, Recife.
- Hennessey, M., J. E Pena. et al. (2010). likelihood of Establishment of Diaspidid Scales Legally Entering the United States via the Commercial Fresh Fruit for Consumption Pathway Potential Invasive Pests Workshop, Miami (Coconut Grove), Florida USA, Univerity of Florida, IFAS.
- Jacas, J. A , B. J. Ulmer, et al. (2010). "The role of Brachyufens osborni (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the classical control program against Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida." Biological Control xxx(xxx): xxx.
- Pena, J. E , I. Baez, et al. (2010). Dispersal Patterns of Brevipalpus phoenicis from Citrus Fruits. Potential Invasive Pests Workshop Miami (Coconut Grove), Florida USA, Univerity of Florida, IFAS.
- Pena, J. E., R. Duncan, et al. (2010) . The African Fig Fly: Surveys to Ascertain the Status of an Invasive Pest in the US Potential Invasive Pests Workshop Miami (Coconut Grove), Florida USA, Univerity of Florida, IFAS.
- Pena, J. E., R. E. Duncan, et al. (2010). Dynamics of Mortality Factors of the Citrus Psyllid in South Florida. XXXIII Congreso Nacional de Control Biologico. R. M. Sanchez, M. A S. Miranda, J. J. F. Munoz, B. N. C. Lara and V. M. A Coria . Uruapan , Michoacan, Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias. 1: 45-55.
- Pena, J. E., J. A Jacas, et al. (2010). Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids other than Trichogramma -the Citrus and Grape Cases. Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma. L. F. Consoli, J. R. P. Parra and R. A Zucchi, Springer. 1: 341-371
- Pena, J. E. and J. C. Rodrigues (2010). Alternatives for the chemical control of the red palm mite, Raoie/la indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on plams and bananas. XIII International Congress of Acarology, Brazil, Recife.
- Pena-Rojas, J. E. (2010). Control biologico de plagas invasoras de los citricos y Lauraceas: exito, problematica y realidades. XXXIII Congreso Nacional de Control Biologico. R. M. Sanchez, M. A. S. Miranda, J. J. F. Munoz, B. N. C. Lara and V. M. A. Coria. Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias. 1: 10-26.
- Rodrigues, J. C. V., L. M. Colon, et al. (2010). RaoiJIa indica: facing it. XIII International Congress of Acarology, Brazil, Recife.
- Welbourn, C. W., J. E. Pena, et al. (2010). The Hibiscus Erineum Mite, Aceria hibisci (Acari: Eriophyidae) a Threat Malvaceae Potential Invasive Pests Workshop Miami (Coconut Grove), Florida USA, Univerity of Florida, IFAS
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The first focusing on the association between Aceria mangiferae and the fungal pathogen Fusarium mangiferae in mango is presented as a case study. The second, as the research is still in a preliminary phase, reports on quantitative and descriptive associations between the cereal rust mite Abacarus hystrix and rusts caused by Puccinia spp. Mango bud tissue colonized with F. mangiferae, and wheat and quackgrass leaves colonized with Puccinia spp., supported significantly higher populations of eriophyoid mites. Both mite species were observed bearing the spores of the respective pathogens on their body integument. Aceria mangiferae vectored the pathogen's spores into the bud, the sole port of entry for the fungal pathogen and the frequency and severity of fungal infection increased in the presence of A. mangiferae. While it appears that eriophyoids are playing a role in fungal epidemiology, clearly further research is needed to enhance our understanding of direct and indirect (plant mediated) interactions between plant pathogens and eriophyoid mites in different plant-pathogen systems. The red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) invaded the new world around 2004 and is now reported from the Caribbean Islands, Florida (USA) and northern South America (Venezuela). Surveys to determine generalist fauna prior its arrival during the end of 2007 in Florida, reported the predators, Amblyseius largoensis, Stethorus utilis, Chrysoperla spp. Aleurodothrips fasciapennis and Bdella distincta in association with diaspidids, aleyrodids and tetranychids. Predator density increase was not observed until 6 months after the arrival of R. indica in Florida.Studies on predator composition after the initial detection in 2006 of R. indica in Trinidad and Tobago, indicated that the predaceous mite, A. largoensis increased as the red palm mite population grew and spread to new locations. Other reported predators, were A. fasciapennis, Bdella sp., Cheletomimus sp., and species of the Cecidommyidae and Chrysopidae. The predator A. largoensis, while preying on the red palm mite in Puerto Rico, has not substantially reduced the high numbers of R. indica. Studies to find exotic and more effective predators of the red palm mite should be intensified. The Asian plant bug Stethoconus praefectus (Distant) (Heteroptera: Miridae) was recently discovered in Florida preying on the avocado lace bug,Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann)(Heteroptera: Tingidae). Its life cycle and effectiveness as a predator of P. perseae were investigated at 26 centigrades, 60 relative humidity , and 12: 12 (L: D) under laboratory conditions.Stethoconus praefectus developed from egg to adult in 16.5 0.2 d. On average, the first 4 instars consumed 2 to 4 prey per day, whereas the last 2 instars consumed 2 to 7 lace bugs per day.Stethoconus praefectus was observed in the field from Aug through Dec 2007. External morphology and development of the immature stages of Brachyufens osborni (Dozier) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a Nearctic solitary endoparasitoid of the eggsof Pachnaeus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are reported. PARTICIPANTS: Partner organizations for this project were: The University of Puerto Rico, Volcani Center, Israel, University Jaume I, Spain, Cenicafe, Colombia, USDA, Smithsonian Institution. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The red palm mite, R. indica did not cause the extensive damage in Florida as it was predicted. Research on economic thresholds, physiological damage and production were not carried because of lack of interest of funding agencies to continue support for the project. Research on new invasive pests, such as the red bay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus proved to be more of a threat to one of the most important commodities, avocado; therefore, research efforts were aimed at this pest.
Impacts
Predators of Raoiella indica in the neotropics were identified. This identification will be followed by determination of effectiveness of Amblyseius largoensis, Bdella disticnta, A. faciapennis and Chrysoperla spp. Those proven to be effective will be studied further in order to promote their predation of the invasive species. Stethoconus praefectus is currently being reared at TREC. Colonies of the predator are available for other studies carried against Tingidae in the USA. The role of Brachyufens osborni, as native parasitoid of Pachnaeus sp in Florida has been evaluated.
Publications
- Pena, J. E., Aluja, M., and Wysoki, M. 2009. Pests. In: The Mango, Botany, Production and Uses, 2nd Ed., R. E. Litz, Ed. CABInternational, Wallingford, UK, pp: 317-366. Carrillo, D., J. E. Pena, and M. E. Rogers. 2009. Relative susceptibility of Haeckeliania sperata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to pesticides used in citrus and ornamental systems in Florida. J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 905-912. Carrillo, D., J. E. Pena and J. L. Capinera. 2009. Effect of host plants on successful parasitism by Haeckeliania sperata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Eggs. Environ. Entomol. 37: 1565-1572. Pena, J. E., J. C. Rodrigues, L. Osborne and A. Roda. 2009. The red palm mite, Raoiella indica: Effect of Resident and Commercially Produced predators against a recently introduced pest in Florida, USA. Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp. Efrat Gamliel-Atinsky, Stanley Freeman, Marcel Maymon, Eduard Belausov, Ronald Ochoa, Gary Bauchan, Anna Skoracka, Jorge Pena and Eric Palevsky 2009. The role of eriophyoids in fungal pathogen epidemiology, mere association or true interaction Exp. Appl. Acarol. Pena, J. E., Rodrigues, J C., Roda, A., Carrillo, D and L. Osborne. 2009. Predator-prey dynamics and strategies for control of the red palm mite (Raoiella indica)(Acari:Tenuipalpidae) in areas of invasion in the Neotropics. Integrated Control of Plant-Feeding Mites, IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 50, 2009 pp. 69-79 Holguin, C. M., J. E. Pena, T. J. Henry and F. Acevedo.2009. Biology of Stethoconus praefectus (Distant) (Heteroptera: Miridae), a newly established predator of the avocado lace bug, Pseudacysta perseae (Heteroptera: Tingidae), in Florida. Florida Entomol.92:54-57
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The plant bug Stethoconus praefectus (Distant), a member of the subfamily Deraeocorinae and tribe Hyaliodini, is reported in North America for the first time based on specimens collected on avocado, Persea americana L. (Lauraceae), in South Florida. The adult is diagnosed and redescribed; photographs of the adult female, SEM photomicrographs of selected structures, and illustrations of male genitalia are given to help distinguish this species; The life cycle of S. praefectus and its effectiveness as predator of P. perseae were investigated at 26 C, 60 RH, and 12:12 (L:D) under laboratory conditions. Stehoconus praefectus development from egg to adult was achieved in 16.5 days. On average, the first four nymphal stages consumed two to four prey per day whereas the last two instars consumed two to seven lace bugs per day. Frequency of parasitoids and predators of Diaphorina citri was recorded during the morning and afternoon hours by observing activity and presence of natural enemies on a D. citri-infested orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata, hedge located in Homestead. The most common natural enemies during these observations were the predators, Zelus longipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Allograpta obliqua (Diptera: Syrphidae), Cicloneda sanguinea , Harmonia axyridides (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Eriophora ravilla (Aranea: Araneidae). Pests and diseases are not usually considered a major problem on sapodilla, however, the larva of a small moth Banisia myrsusalis has been reported as an occasional pest that causes extensive damage to sapodilla blooms in Florida. Damage to buds, flower drop and damage to 70 percent of fruits have been observed . A preliminary survey of sapodilla groves was conducted during May to July 2002, since very little was known about this moth. The survey indicated the presence of lepidopterous pests, feeding on the young leaves, flowers or young fruits. Three Lepidoptera species were frequently encountered, Banisia myrsusalis (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae), Dichrorampha sapodilla (Lepdioptera: Tortricidae) and a Zamagiria sp (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). A test was conducted on 2006 to determine the efficacy of Fury, Novaluron, Venom, Danitol, Thiamethoxan, and Alverde for control of the sapodilla moths. The external morphology and development of the immature stages of Brachyufens osborni (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a nearctic solitary endoparasitoid of the eggs of Pachnaeus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are reported. B. osborni reared in eggs of Pachnaeus litus had a developmental time of 14.7 d. Selected pesticides , were evaluated for control of the spider mites , (Tetranychus spp,) infesting bananas , sri-lankan weevil (Myllocerus undecimpustulatus) infesting mangoes, armored scales, (Andaspis punicae and C. dyctiospermi) infesting mangoes, and Persea mite, (Oligonychus perseae) infesting avocados. PARTICIPANTS: R. Gagne, T. Henry from USDA; J. Heppner and A. Mayfield from FDACS; J. Jacas from IVIA, Spain. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
1. The discovery of the predator S. praefectus, shows that the natural enemy complex observed in Florida preying or parasitizing the avocado lace bug, Pseudacysta perseae (Hteroptera: Miridae) is more extensive as obsered during the 90s. S. praefectus appears to be a key predator that is keeping the densities of the lace bug under the economic threshold. 2. Determining the efficacy of predators and parasitoids of the Asian citrus psyllid in south Florida, allow us to predict that their role as mortality factors of this pest, is lower than predicted before by other researchers. Also, the predator complex observed in south Florida was dominated by the family Reduviidae, and not by the family Coccinellidae as observed in other areas. 3. The complex of microlepidoptera affecting sapodilla in Florida was ellucidated. Management tactics for their control are being developed. 4. The morphology of the native parasitoid Brachyufens osborni was determined for the first time. 5. Efficacy trials against, banana, litchi, mango and avocado pests, allow us to determine which pesticides can be recomended to for registration on these crops.
Publications
- Pena, J. E., R. Duncan and C. Meister. 2008. Effect of Pesticides on Pests Affecting Tropical Fruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
- Holguin, C. M., J. E. Pena, T. J. Henry and F. Acevedo. 2008. Biology of Stethoconus praefectus (Distant) (Heteroptera: Miridae), a newly established predator of the avocado lace bug, pseudacysta perseae (Heteroptera: Tingidae), in Florida. Florida Entomol. 91:000-000(In Press).
- Carrillo, D., J. E. Pena, and J. L. Capinera. 2008. Effect of host plants on successful parasitism by Haeckeliania sperata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) eggs. Environ. Entomol. 37: 000-000.
- Irwin Duarte S., Ligia Nunez B., J. E. Pena and Libardo Pinto. 2008. Biology, Parasitoids and Damage of Leptoglossus zonatus and Leptoglossus gonagra (Heteroptera: Coreidae) on Citrus .Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
- Myers, L., J. E. Pena , R. Duncan and J. B. Heppner. 2008. Microlepidoptera Complex Affecting Sapodilla, (Manilkara zapota van Royen) in Florida.Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
- Jorge E. Pena, R.E. Duncan and Josep A. Jacas . 2008. Dynamics of Mortality Factors of the Citrus Psyllid in South Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.
- Pena, J. E. 2008. Plagas del Palto en Florida. In Ripa, R., and P. Larral, (eds.)Manejo de plagas en paltos y citricos, Coleccion Libros, INIA, 23, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile.pp:310-316.
- Pena, J.E., and M. Wysoki. 2008. In Ripa, R., and P. Larral, (eds.).Manejo de plagas en paltos y citricos, Coleccion Libros, INIA, 23, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Chile.pp: 303-309.
- Mayfield, A., Pena, J. E., J. Crane, J. Smith, C. Branch, E. Ottoson and M. Hughes. 2008. Ability of the redbay ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to bore into young avocado (Lauraceae) plants and transmit the laurel wilt pathogen (Raffaelea sp.). Florida Entomol. 91: 485-487
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