Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Staudhammer, C. L. was terminated by the university and will not complete final report. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Staudhammer, C. L. was terminated by the university and will not complete final report.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During 2009, I completed several projects, published results in refereed journals, and presented outputs at international, national, and regional conferences. My core research is in growth and yield in planted and natural southern pine stands; however, I continue to be heavily involved in statistical modeling in several other areas. In particular, I continue to synthesize and analyze data from tropical forests, and research methods of relating growth and productivity of urban forests to environmental and climatic factors. Together with colleagues, I continue to analyze southern pine data from the PPINES (Pine Productivity Interactions on Experimental Sites) study. The goal of our research is to discover the effect of genetic deployment in full-sibling individuals from elite loblolly and slash pine families. Uneven-aged/multi-species forest models also are a major part of my research. One collaboration deals with fruit production and it's interactions with seasonal, climatic, and environmental variation. In this and other projects related to complex forests, data is often collected on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Thus, I continue to actively develop and refine statistical methods and models to relate these data, as well as describe the uncertainty of such models. Several of my projects involve applying these methods to complex tropical forests, where such techniques have wide utility. New methodologies in this area allow external inputs (e.g., environmental and climate data) into models at varying spatial and temporal scales. Many of the same research methodologies used in southern pine and complex tropical forests are also applicable to urban forest research. My colleagues and I have collected data from four urban areas in Florida. While this data has given us a better understanding of how urban forest cover and diversity relate to urbanization and development patterns, post-hurricane data collected in two southern cities have led to hurricane-caused debris models which have wide applicability for communities in hurricane prone areas. Another two projects focus on refining estimates of urban forest productivity and growth. We have just completed a second inventory of urban trees in one city, which will provide much needed information on the growth and survival of urban trees. This will enable researchers and city planners with the tools necessary to better manage existing urban trees as well as make more informed planning decisions. We also continue to collect data in support of obtaining better allometric relationships for urban tree species in the southeast. We are simultaneously testing traditional methods of biomass estimation versus other protocols and providing updated biomass estimates for urban oak trees. We plan to update existing allometric equations for urban oak trees, adjusting them for the differences between those estimated from forest trees and those developed from other areas of the US. Our results will enable us to better describe the benefits of urban forests in the southeast and to estimate biomass debris following windstorms. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
In 2009, we published the results of our 2008 PPINES analysis. This paper highlighted the differential family performance of mixed- versus pure- plot planted loblolly and slash pine, as measured by DBH, height, basal area, volume, survival, and disease and damage traits. We also successfully identified putative crop and competition ideotypes in both species. We have received very positive feedback from landowners and forest companies, who have verified the utility of these findings in that it will help them to make better forest management decisions. Together with graduate students and colleagues, I continue to develop analysis methodologies for data collected in uneven-aged and uneven-sized mixed species forests in both Florida and Brazil. I have developed techniques for combining data from multiple scales, and we are able to better quantify the trade-offs and relationships between growth, regeneration, fruit production, and climatic variables. Since climatic effects may take several years to fully impact the production ecology of these complex systems, we continue to monitor plot data in Brazil and in Florida. We have presented these results at several international and national meetings, and several publications are in preparation and in review. These publications will further share this information with forest managers and conservation agencies in understanding the development of mixed stands, and aid in making better management decisions. Two publications and several presentations have resulted from my work in urban forestry, in particular as it pertains to hurricane events. We have shown that there is a strong relationship between pre-hurricane forest conditions and the amount of damage experienced during hurricane events. Moreover, this relationship has been shown to be much stronger than that of storm variables, such as windspeed and wind direction. This is incredibly important information for city planners and managers, who make decisions regarding the development and maintenance of urban forests. We have shown how these decisions will impact how a community's forests fair during future hurricane events. To date, we have measured more than twenty trees in support of research that (1) looks at the applicability of Randomized Branch Sampling (RBS) to southern oak trees, and (2) supports the development new urban forest allometric equations for the southeast. One publication now in progress will show that RBS methods are inappropriate for trees whose biomass is disproportionately contained in the crown. Another publication will update existing standard allometric equations for southern oak, reflecting these species' larger carbon storage capacity and biomass weights. These results will help urban planners and community leaders better describe the potential their urban forests have for ecosystem services, as well as help communities determine volumes of tree debris generated in windstorm events.
Publications
- Staudhammer, C., F. Escobedo, C. Luley, and J. Bond. 2009. Urban Forest Debris from the 2004 and 2005 Hurricane Seasons in Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 33(4): 193-196(4).
- Valle, D.R., C.L. Staudhammer, W. Cropper, and P. Van Gardingen. 2009. The importance of multimodel projections to assess uncertainty in projections from simulation models. Ecological Applications 19(7): 1680-1692.
- Escobedo, F., C. Luley, J. Bond, C. Staudhammer, and C. Bartel. 2009. Hurricane debris and damage assessment for Florida urban forests. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(2): 100-106.
- Staudhammer, C.L., E.J. Jokela, and T.A. Martin. 2009. Competition dynamics in pure- versus mixed-family stands of loblolly and slash pine in the southeastern United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39(2): 396-409.
- Wadt, L.H.O., K.A. Kainer, C.L. Staudhammer, and A. Duchelle. 2009. Seeking sustainability in the Amazon: Shifting from Brazil nut exploitation to conscious management. Poster presented at the XIII World Forestry Conference, October 18-23, 2009, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Staudhammer, C., F. Escobedo, C. Luley, and J. Bond. 2009. Urban Forest Debris and Damage Assessment: the Florida 2004-2005 Hurricane Seasons. Talk presented at the Society of American Foresters National Convention, September 30-October 4, 2009, Orlando FL.
- Escobedo, F., C. Staudhammer, B. Thompson, Z. Szantsoi, S. Smith, M. Duryea, and B. Dewitt. 2009. Rapid Assessment of Urban Forest Damage and Debris Following Hurricanes. Talk presented at the Society of American Foresters National Convention, September 30-October 4, 2009, Orlando FL.
- Camp, E.V., W.E. Pine III, C.L. Staudhammer, T.K. Frazer. 2009. Relationships between aquatic habitats and small fish and macroinvertebrates: consequences of habitat shifts. Annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society, August 30 - September 3, 2009, Nashville, Tennessee. .
- Camp, E, W.E. Pine, C.L. Staudhammer, and T.K. Frazer. 2009. Macrophyte declines in Florida's spring-fed rivers: implications for faunal organisms Assessing relationships between aquatic habitats and small fish and macroinvertebrates: does plant type matter Talk presented at the 94th Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, August 2-7, 2009, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
- Staudhammer, C.L., F.E. Escobedo, and M. Zhao. 2009. Patterns of invasive woody trees in a tropical urban forest: Implications for land management and ecosystem services Poster presented at the 94th Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, August 2-7, 2009, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
- Staudhammer, C.L., F.E. Escobedo, and L.F. Osorio. 2009. An Investigation of the Effect of Selection Probabilities in Randomized Branch Sampling for Urban Quercus Trees. Talk presented at the Western Mensurationists Meeting, June 21-23, 2009, Vancouver, Washington.
- Staudhammer, C.L., K.A. Kainer, and L.H.O. Wadt. 2009. Trigonometric random regression modeling: an application describing the growth - production tradeoff in a tropical tree species. Presented at the Southern Mensurationists Meeting, October 25-27, 2009, San Antonio, TX.
- Staudhammer, C.L. 2009. Modeling data repeated over time and space: investigations of autocorrelation structures, response variables, and trigonometric random regression. Presented at the Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, November 12, 2009, Newton, GA.
- Camp, E, W.E. Pine, C.L. Staudhammer, and T.K. Frazer. 2009. Assessing relationships between aquatic habitats and small fish and macroinvertebrates: does plant type matter Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Florida Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, February 17-19 2009, Altoona, Florida.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Over the past year, I have completed important projects, with results published and presented at conferences. I continue to analyze and interpret data related to growth, disease and damage in southern pine, as well as synthesize and analyze data from tropical forests. New projects have also emerged related to this work, relating growth and productivity of urban forests to environmental factors. Researchers from the Forest Biology Research Cooperative continue to collect southern pine data from the PPINES (Pine Productivity Interactions on Experimental Sites) trials, which were installed in 2000. The effect of genetic deployment in full-sibling individuals from elite loblolly and slash pine families planted under two spacings and two silvicultural intensities continues to be a topic of interest in Florida and beyond. Together with other University of Florida researchers, I was interested in identifying crop and competition ideotypes in southern pine. This led to the development of methods to test growth efficiency using variables derived from crown and stem measurements, as well as from existing allometric equations for these species. I continue to work on development of methodologies for uneven-aged and multiple species forest models. The analysis of regeneration and it's interactions with seasonal variation has been an area of fruitful collaboration. With several other UF researchers, I have developed methods to combine data collected on multiple spatial and temporal scales, which is a prominent feature of many complex structure forest models. I also continue to develop statistical methods to describe the uncertainty of such models. Our current state of knowledge about these complex tropical forests has advanced through the use of such techniques, as they allow external inputs, such as climate data, into explanatory models, and also allow us to better communicate the variation inherent in our projections. These techniques are also very applicable to urban forestry. Using data from four urban areas in Florida (Gainesville, Tampa, Miami, and Pensacola), we are gaining a better understanding of how urban forest cover and diversity relate to urbanization and development patterns. Together with other UF researchers, I have sought to refine these methods by obtaining better allometric relationships for urban tree species in the southeast. Most existing allometric equations for urban trees were estimated from forest trees, or from trees growing in the northeastern or western US. Sample data more appropriate to the southeastern US has been collected over the last year, and analyses necessary to produce better allometric equations should be complete in 2009. These results will not only enable us to better describe the benefits of urban forests in the southeast, but also to estimate biomass debris following windstorms. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The 2008 PPINES analysis showed numerous examples of differential family performance in mixed- versus pure plots manifested as significant deployment x family interactions for DBH, height, basal area, volume, survival, disease and damage traits. Significant and consistent interactions of several families with mixed- versus pure-deployment led to the identification of putative crop and competition ideotypes in both loblolly and slash pine. Tree-level crown architectural traits and an index of growth efficiency for the identified families were consistent with the hypothesized ideotypes. Results of this study are being prepared for publication. Landowners and forest companies have found this information to be of great use, in that it helps them to make better decisions when forest stands are being established in terms of growing stock. Future data collection and analyses of data from these trials will provide an opportunity to describe the productivity and competition interactions of elite genotypes in contrasting cultural regimes as these trees growth to maturity. These data also have tremendous potential for spatial pattern analysis, as they are spatially mapped. In the future, this dataset can be used to describe not only growth and disease of southern pines, but also their spatial patterns. Analysis of data collected in uneven-aged and uneven-sized mixed species forests in both Florida and Brazil is underway. In particular, data from Brazil have shown that there is a definite trade-off between growth, regeneration and fruit production, and that these trade-offs interact strongly with climatic variables. The impacts of extreme weather events may take several years to fully impact the production ecology of these complex systems. Moreover, spatial diversity may play a role in mitigating the effects of climatic events. Because climatic variation is an important factor in answering questions about how these natural systems respond to external environmental pressures, it is important that we refine methods and incorporate longer-term data into these models. In particular, we intend to answer questions about the development of complex forests under changing climate, in terms of their temporal and spatial patterns of diversity, growth, and survival. This information has already proven useful to forest managers and conservation agencies in understanding the development of mixed stands, and aided in better management decision processes. To date, twelve trees have been measured for use in developing new urban forest allometric equations for the southeast. These data represent a start toward an extensive dataset which will help urban planners and community leaders better describe their urban forests and the potential they have for ecosystem services. In the event of a storm, these equations will further serve community needs in determining the volume of tree debris which might be generated in a windstorm event.
Publications
- Cotta, J., K. Kainer, L.H.O.Wadt, and C.L. Staudhammer. 2008. Shifting cultivation effects on Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 28-35.
- Escobedo, F.J., M. Duryea, C. L. Staudhammer, S. Smith, B. Dewitt, L.F. Osorio, Z. Szantsoi, and B. Thompson. 2008. Rapid Assessment of Urban Forest Landscapes Following a Hurricane: Damage and Debris. Proceedings of the IUFRO 8.01.02 International Conference. Landscape Ecology and Forest Management: Challenges and Solutions. Chengdu, China. September 16-22, 2008, 74-75.
- Kozak, A., R.A. Kozak, C.L. Staudhammer, and S. Watts. 2008. Introductory Probability and Statistics: Applications for Forestry and Natural Sciences. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 448 Pp.
- Lawrence, A.B., F.J. Escobedo, and C. L. Staudhammer. 2008. Analysis of Biomass Equations for Common Urban Trees in Gainesville, FL. Poster presented at ACES (A Conference on Ecosystem Services) 2008: Using Science for Decision Making in Dynamic Systems, Naples, FL. December 8-11, 2008.
- Timilsina, N. and C.L. Staudhammer. 2008. Simulation modeling to test harvest regimes for stand conversion and old-growth restoration in southern pine. Poster presented at School of Forest Resources & Conservation - Society of American Foresters 39th Annual Spring Symposium, April 16-17, 2008, Gainesville, FL.
- Valle, D.R. and C.L. Staudhammer. 2008. Assessing model uncertainty in forest dynamic models. Poster presented at Working Forests in the Tropics Meeting, October 5-7, 2008, Gainesville, Florida.
- Vasconcelos, S.S., D.J. Zarin, M.M. Araujo, L.G.T. Rangel-Vasconcelos, C.J.R. Carvalho, C.L. Staudhammer, and F. de Assis Oliveira. 2008. Seasonal and experimental effects on litterfall quantity and quality in eastern Amazonian forest regrowth, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 24:27-38.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Key events over the past year have included the completion of several important analyses, with results published and presented at conferences. This included several analyses related to growth, disease and damage in southern pine, as well as analysis and synthesis of data from tropical forests. Data from five sites in the PPINES (Pine Productivity Interactions on Experimental Sites) trials were used to analyze the effect of genetic deployment. Full-sibling individuals from elite loblolly and slash pine families were planted under mixed and pure deployments, at two spacings and two silvicultural intensities. The impact of deployment and its interaction with silvicultural intensity, spacing, and genetics were assessed in terms of their impact on tree growth, disease and damage. Growth variables included height, diameter, volume, tree density and basal area per acre. Disease and damage were assessed in terms of susceptibility to pitch canker, fusiform rust, forking and
weather-related deformities. As part of the PPINES study, a methodology emerged for combining data collected at different spatial scales. Because mixed- versus pure-deployment experimental plots contained considerably less trees on a per family basis, an adjustment scheme was developed whereby plot-level results by family were adjusted to account for plot-by-plot differences and then combined at the family level. This allowed for a more powerful analysis, by creating a larger sample pool for analysis. Results of the PPINES study were presented at two meetings. For the Biennial Southern Silvicultural Conference, I presented a paper focusing on the differences in size distributions in pure- versus mixed-family stands. At the IUFRO Sustainable Forest Management conference, I presented a paper describing more general growth and yield differences in pure- versus mixed-family stands. As part of the development of a methodology for uneven-aged growth and yield models in multiple species
stands, I collaborated with several other UF researchers to produce a synthesis on multiple use forest models. This synthesis summarized our current state of knowledge about complex tropical forest models and their relationship to multiple forest uses. This synthesis is the "jumping off point" for somewhat less complex models for mixed forest growth in the southern US. To this end, extensive baseline data from north-central Florida has already been obtained toward the goal of developing such a model for the southeast United States. I also used data from several mixed tropical forests to analyze competition and spatial patterns. Specifically, data obtained over several years from three communities in the eastern Amazonian region of Brazil were analyzed to obtain information on patterns of production, regeneration, and growth of Brazil nut trees. These data provided insight into how the spatial patterns of adult trees are related to seed dispersal and regeneration success. Results of
this analysis, including methodology for analyzing the spatial patterns of data collected on different spatial scales was presented at the Southern Mensurationists Meeting.
Impacts
The results of the PPINES trials showed the degree to which intergenotypic competition affects growth, disease, and damage resistance in southern pine plantations, and how this competition varies over time by silvicultural treatment and stand planting density. This information is of great use to landowners and forest companies, in that it helps them to make better decisions about growing stock when forest stands are being established. In the future, these trials will provide ample opportunity to perform many interesting analyses describing the productivity of elite genotypes in contrasting cultural regimes as these trees growth to maturity. Moreover, these data are spatially mapped and future analyses will use this information to describe not only growth and disease, but also their spatial patterns. Similarly, ongoing data collection in uneven-aged and uneven-sized mixed species forests in both Florida and Brazil will be extremely valuable in determining adequate models
of growth and yield in diverse forests. These large and extensive datasets will serve to answer important questions about natural systems. In particular, they will answer questions about how complex forests develop as stands and how the spatial patterns of individual trees interact to affect growth and survival. This information will be very useful to forest managers and conservation agencies to understand the development of mixed stands, and make better decisions in terms of their management.
Publications
- Valle, D.R., C.L. Staudhammer, and W. Cropper. 2007. Simulating multiple use forest management: How to integrate the simulation of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) extraction to the simulation of timber extraction in tropical mixed forests? Journal of Forestry 105(6): 301-306(6).
- Kainer, K. A., L.H. Wadt and C.L. Staudhammer. 2007. Explaining variation in Brazil nut fruit production. Forest ecology and management 250:244-255. Rockwell, C.A., K.A. Kainer, C.L. Staudhammer, and C. Baraloto. 2007. Evaluating future crop tree damage in a certified community forest in southwestern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management 242 (2):108-118.
- Valle, D.R. and C.L. Staudhammer. 2007. Assessing uncertainty in forest dynamic models. Poster presented at Ecological Society of America/Society for Ecological Restoration Meeting, August 5-August 10, 2007, San Jose, California.
- Wadt, L.H.O., K.A. Kainer, C.L. Staudhammer, and R.O.P. Serrano. 2007. Sustainable forest use in Brazilian extractive reserves: natural regeneration of Brazil nut in exploited populations. Presented at Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation Annual Meeting, July 15-19, 2007, Morelia, Mexico.
- LeMay, V.M. and C.L. Staudhammer. 2007. A stand structural diversity index for horizontal, vertical, and spatial diversity. Presented at IUFRO Complex Stands Structures and Associated Dynamics: measurement indices and modelling approaches, July 29 to August 2, 2007, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
- Staudhammer , C.L., K.A. Kainer, and L.H.O. Wadt. 2007 Modelling Brazil nut demography and fruit fate in three Western Amazonian extractive areas. Presented seminar at the Program for Environmental Statistics, March 20, 2007, IFAS Statistics, University of Florida.
- Staudhammer , C.L., K.A. Kainer, and L.H.O. Wadt. 2007 Modelling Brazil nut demography and fruit fate: issues of scale and dispersion. Presented at the Southern Mensurationists Meeting, November 12-14, 2007, Orange Beach, Alabama.
- Staudhammer, C.L., E. Jokela, T.A. Martin. 2007. Differences in Growth, Yield, and Size Distributions In Pure- Versus Mixed-Family Stands: Six-Year Results From Slash And Loblolly Pine Trials. Presented at: Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, February 26-March 1, 2007, Athens, GA.
- Staudhammer, C.L., B.E. Roth, L.F. Osorio. 2006. Growth and Yield Differences in Pure- Versus Mixed-Family Stands: Six-Year Results From Slash and Loblolly Pine Trials. Presented at: Sustainable Forest Management with Fast Growing Plantations (IUFRO 4.04.02 meeting), October 10-13, 2006, Charleston, SC.
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