Progress 09/01/06 to 08/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. Channel cross sections were surveyed in 2008 at 56 locations originally surveyed in 1963 plus 51 additional locations (107 total). For each cross section, we measured upstream drainage area, geology, occurrence and timing of channelization, adjacent land use/land cover, type and width of riparian vegetation, Simon Rapid Geomorphic Assessment values, dominant bed materials, channel slope, channel depth in 1963 and 2008, change in channel depth, unit stream power, cross sectional area. The time stream reaches were channelized was determined and mapped from 8 sets of historical areal photos. Data were mapped and entered into a GIS for watershed geology and land cover, channel depth in 1963, 2008, and the 1963-2008 change, and channel stage. Streambank erosion prediction curves for NE Kansas streams, specifically Black Vermillion watershed, were developed. Rosgen methods were employed; 18 study banks were measured and monitored over a 4-yr period, summer 2007 (baseline) through summer 2011. At each study bank, a toe pin and 2-3 bank pins were set at a recorded longitudinal profile station. Measurements from toe pin to bank face were taken each summer. Bank profiles were overlaid to gain insight into bank area lost due to erosional processes. Obj. 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. Automated stream-flow samplers with continuous flow measurement were maintained at the overall watershed outlet as well as outflow of 3 targeted subwatersheds from summer 2007 through 2009 (outlet plus one subwatershed through summer 2011). An overall watershed sediment budget and source assessment was completed using an integrated modeling approach, including AnnAGNPS and SWAT for overland sediment processes, REGEM for ephemeral gully erosion, and several methods to disaggregate annual streambank contributions to event-based loadings. Integrated models were calibrated for flow, sediment. Obj. 3: Restoration Scenarios. Failure to consider streambank erosion in modeling leads to overestimated sediment-load reductions from upland BMPs. Integrated models were applied to test various sediment management scenarios. These scenarios were guided by the local Stakeholder Leadership Team (SLT) watershed restoration and protection strategies (WRAPS) plan. Obj. 4: Extension Programs. Project investigators worked with local stakeholders (landowners, land operators, conservation districts, watershed districts, etc.) to complete a WRAPS plan for Blue River/Tuttle Creek Lake Watershed, which includes the project watershed. Information was presented on project objectives and results at SLT meetings. Project investigators provided technical information and support to the SLT as the WRAPS plan was written, edited, finalized. Obj. 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. New KSU graduate certificate program in Agric. Resources & Env. Mgmt. (AREM) was approved. This program heavily emphasizes a systemic watershed management approach. Course lectures and team projects have applied watershed sediment-process oriented modules from project data and concepts in 5 courses taught by project faculty across 4 disciplines and 3 interdisciplinary courses. PARTICIPANTS: Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; provided overall coordination for the project, directed efforts to model sediment in the target watershed, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Timothy D. Keane, Professor, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University; directed stream geomorphologic assessments and field work related to monitoring bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Daniel L. Devlin, Professor, Extension Specialist and Environmental Quality Coordinator of the Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University; coordinated Extension program development and evaluation. Philip L. Barnes, Associate Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; directed watershed monitoring, stream sediment sampling, and sediment analyses. Richard A. Marston, University Distinguished Professor and Head, Geography, Kansas State University; led GIS stream geomorphologic assessments, assisted with interpretation of bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Michael Christian, Extension Watershed Specialist, Kansas State University; was responsible for direct communication, education, and coordination with watershed stakeholders. William L. Hargrove, former Professor and Director, Kansas Center for Agricultural Resources and the Environment; provided administrative support for the project and served as a liaison with appropriate local and state agencies. Christopher Sass, Ph.D. student, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Nicholas Graf, M.S. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Mark Goddard, Ph.D. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection and data analysis. Naga Raghuveer Modala, M.S. student, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; assisted with developing and testing an integrated system for modeling watershed sediment sources and transport. Sumathy Sinnathamby, Ph.D. student, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; assisted with developing and testing an integrated system for modeling watershed sediment sources and transport. Several other graduate and undergraduate students have been employed by the project and received training and experience with stream geomorphologic assessments, stream sediment monitoring, and watershed sediment modeling. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience toward reaching our goal of abating key sources of sediment in the Black Vermillion River watershed has been members of the Tuttle Creek Lake/Big Blue River Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) stakeholder leadership team, which includes farmers, urban residents, and other citizens and agency personnel of the watershed. They have used project information in creating and implementing a plan to restore the health of the watershed's land, streams, and other water bodies. The Kansas Lower Big Blue/Lower Little Blue River Watershed WRAPS Plan was the first approved plan in Kansas to meet U.S. EPA Nine-Element criteria, and was recognized in July 2011 by U.S. EPA as one of four "Best Watershed Plans" in the nation, receiving one of the highest scores of all rated plans. Other audiences included: university students studying environmental sciences and engineering, to increase their understanding of sediment fate, transport, and management; state and federal agency personnel in Kansas, to increase their understanding of sediment sources and management; and other citizens within the Black Vermillion River Watershed, to educate them on sediment sources and management. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Obj. 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. Map/survey analysis indicates channel incision occurs throughout the watershed. Little pattern is evident to timing of channelization, which commonly leads to incision. Most channels are in Simon & Rinaldi channel evolution stage III-IV, still incising, or incising/widening. Chanel stage is most closely related to past channelization, adjacent land use/land cover, and geology. Current channel depth and change from 1963-2008 both depend on watershed position and riparian vegetation type/width. In apparent contradiction to the above survey data, our monitored reaches did not show active incision but rather slight filling and general fining of sediment. Bank erosion ranged from 469-1719 lbs/ft/yr. All reaches but one were classified as G5c or G4c, using Rosgen classification. Bank erosion rates will likely increase as the channel attempts to regain length and pattern lost as a result of channelization. Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) and Near Bank Stress (NBS) ratings were assessed for each study bank. Erosion rates differed for banks with vs. without woody vegetation. Calibration of BEHI/NBS model according to woody vegetation along streambanks improved R^2 to 0.78 for High/Very High BEHI and 0.82 for Moderate BEHI ratings. This type of calibration was the first of its kind. Obj. 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. Summary of streamflow monitoring data (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011-to-date) at study watershed outlet: average daily flow (407, 224, 203, 263, 129 cfs/day), annual TSS load (9519, 8817, 7672, 8814, 4323 tons), annual TN load (44.5, 35.6, 34.8, 38.5, 18.9 tons), and annual TP load (23.2, 17.4, 16.9, 19.1, 9.4 tons). Calibrated model efficiency (E) of simulated sediment yield for Irish Cr. and Main Stem improved as sediment source models were added, from E=0.25-0.30 using AnnAGNPS alone, to E=0.34-0.37 using AnnAGNPS with REGEM, to E=0.46-0.67 using AnnAGNPS and REGEM along with three different methods to disaggregate stream bank erosion (based on event rainfall, event stream flow, and event stream power). Obj. 3: Restoration Scenarios. The integrated model showed streambank loads ranged from 60% (Irish Cr.) to 88% (Main Stem). Since upland BMPs primarily reduce upland erosion, modeled load reductions from converting cropland to no-till were overestimated by AGNPS alone (18 to 22%) compared to integrated model (12 to 3%), which included streambank sources. This may help explain why crop BMPs seldom achieve modeled sediment reductions at a watershed outlet. Obj. 4: Extension Programs. Project results are influencing decisions made by the watershed SLT and were included in the WRAPS Plan. The Plan will guide future watershed implementation activities. Obj. 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. More than 130 students in 10+ classes across many disciplines were trained on the latest watershed sediment source/transport information and methods from this study. Both graduate-level AREM and undergraduate NRES (Natural Resource & Env. Sci.) secondary-major interdisciplinary capstone courses included semester projects related to watershed sediment management in and around the study watershed.
Publications
- Nejadhashemi, A.P., S.A. Woznicki, and K.R. Douglas-Mankin. 2011. Comparison of four models (STEPL, PLOAD, L-THIA, SWAT) in simulating sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads and pollutant source areas. Transactions of the ASABE 54(3): 875-890.
- Daggupati, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, A.Y. Sheshukov, P.L. Barnes, and D.L. Devlin. 2011. Field-Level Targeting using SWAT: Mapping Output from HRUs to Fields and Assessing Limitations of GIS Input Data. Transactions of the ASABE 54(2): 501-514.
- Devlin, D.L., K.R. Mankin, P.L. Barnes, T.D. Keane, M.R. Langemeier. 2011. Measuring Success of a TMDL Implementation Plan: Land, Stream, and Economic Responses to Targeted Stakeholder Actions. USDA-NIFA Integrated Research, Education and Extension Water Quality Program, Project of Excellence poster. USDA National Water Conference, Washington, D.C.
- Keane, T.D. 2010. Stream Channel Succession and Sediment Dynamics: Black Vermillion River, Kansas. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 21-25, Hilton Head, SC. USDA, Washington, D.C.
- Marston, R.A., B. Meade, M. Gossard. 2010. Spatial extent, timing, and causes of channel incision, Black Vermillion watershed, northeast Kansas. Kansas Natural Resources Conference, February 5, Wichita, KS.
- Marston, R.A., B. Meade, M. Gossard. 2010. Geomorphic impact of discontinuities in fluvial incision, North-Central Kansas (invited 50th Annual Meeting, British Society for Geomorphology, September 1, 2010, London, ENG.
- Keane, T.D., and C. Sass. 2009. Quantification of In-channel Sediment Contributions: Black Vermillion River, KS. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 8-12, St. Louis, MO. USDA, Washington, D.C.
- Keane, T.D. 2009. Quantification of In-Channel Sediment Contributions Eastern and Central Kansas. In: From Dust Bowl to Mud Bowl: Sedimentation, Conservation Measures, and the Future of Reservoirs. USDA-CSREES/K-State Research & Extension/SWCS, September 14-16, Kansas City, MO.
- Sass, C. and T. Keane. 2009. Historical Inventory and Analysis of the Riparian Vegetation Corridors in the Black Vermillion Watershed, Kansas. In Conference Proceedings: of the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture (CELA) 2008-2009 Teaching + Learning Landscape. Tucson, AZ.
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Progress 09/01/09 to 08/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. Streambank erosion prediction curves for Northeast Kansas streams, specifically the Black Vermillion watershed, were developed. Rosgen (2001, 2006) methods were employed and 18 study banks were measured and monitored over a 4-year period, summer 2007 (baseline) through summer 2010. At each study bank, a toe pin and 2-3 bank pins were set at a recorded longitudinal profile station. Vertical and horizontal measures from toe pin to bank face were taken each summer. Bank profiles were overlaid to gain insight into bank area lost or gained due to erosional or depositional processes. Objective 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. Automated stream-flow samplers with continuous flow measurement were maintained at the overall watershed outlet as well as outflow of 3 targeted sub-watersheds. An overall watershed sediment budget and source assessment was completed using an integrated modeling approach, including AnnAGNPS for overland sediment processes, REGEM for ephemeral gully erosion, and several methods to disaggregate annual stream bank contributions to event-based loadings. The integrated models were calibrated. Objective 3: Restoration Scenarios. The calibrated integrated models will be applied to test various sediment management scenarios. These scenarios will be guided by the local Stakeholder Leadership Team (SLT) WRAPS Plan. Objective 4: Extension Programs. Project investigators have worked with local stakeholders (landowners, land operators, conservation districts, watershed districts, etc.) to complete a watershed restoration and protection strategies (WRAPS) plan for Blue River/Tuttle Creek Lake Watershed, which includes the project watershed. Information was presented on project objectives and results at SLT meetings. Project investigators provided technical information and support to the SLT as the WRAPS plan was written, edited, and finalized. Objective 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. New KSU graduate certificate program in Agricultural Resources and Environmental Management (AREM) was approved. This program heavily emphasizes a systemic watershed management approach. Course lectures and team projects have continued to evolve applying watershed sediment-process oriented modules from project data and concepts in 5 courses taught by project faculty across 4 disciplines and 3 interdisciplinary courses. PARTICIPANTS: Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; provided overall coordination for the project, directed efforts to model sediment in the target watershed, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Timothy D. Keane, Professor, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University; directed stream geomorphologic assessments and field work related to monitoring bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Daniel L. Devlin, Professor, Extension Specialist and Environmental Quality Coordinator of the Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University; coordinated Extension program development and evaluation. Philip L. Barnes, Associate Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; directed watershed monitoring, stream sediment sampling, and sediment analyses. Richard A. Marston, University Distinguished Professor and Head, Geography, Kansas State University; led GIS stream geomorphologic assessments, assisted with interpretation of bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Michael Christian, Extension Watershed Specialist, Kansas State University; was responsible for direct communication, education, and coordination with watershed stakeholders. William L. Hargrove, former Professor and Director, Kansas Center for Agricultural Resources and the Environment; provided administrative support for the project and served as a liaison with appropriate local and state agencies. Christopher Sass, Ph.D. student, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Nicholas Graf, M.S. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Mark Goddard, Ph.D. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection and data analysis. Naga Raghuveer Modala, M.S. student, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; assisted with developing and testing an integrated system for modeling watershed sediment sources and transport. Several other graduate and undergraduate students have been employed by the project and received training and experience with stream geomorphologic assessments, stream sediment monitoring, and watershed sediment modeling. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience toward reaching our goal of abating key sources of sediment in the Black Vermillion River watershed has been members of the Tuttle Creek Lake/Big Blue River Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) stakeholder leadership team, which includes farmers, urban residents, and other citizens and agency personnel of the watershed. They will allow project information to be directed effectively toward creating and implementing a plan to restore the health of the watershed's land, streams, and other water bodies. Other audiences included: university students studying environmental sciences and engineering, to increase their understanding of sediment fate, transport, and management; state and federal agency personnel in Kansas, to increase their understanding of sediment sources and management; and other citizens within the Black Vermillion River Watershed, to educate them on sediment sources and management. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No changes to this project at this time.
Impacts
Objective 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. A Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) and Near Bank Stress (NBS) combination rating was assessed and calculated for each study bank. The streambanks experienced varied erosion rates for similar BEHI/NBS combinations producing R^2 values from 0.43 as the High/Very High BEHI rating to 0.80 as the Moderate BEHI rating. However, Moderate BEHI ratings provided higher erosion rates than the High/Very High BEHI curve and the curves intersected at lower NBS ratings, suggesting a discrepancy in the model used. Banks with and without woody riparian vegetation were then plotted against BEHI and NBS values. There was a statistical significance between average erosion rates with banks having woody vegetation versus banks not having woody vegetation. These findings can begin to allow us to calibrate BEHI/NBS ratings according to woody vegetation along streambanks in the Black Vermillion watershed. Modification to the BEHI model was completed and the results generated improved R^2 values to 0.78 for High/Very High BEHI and 0.82 for Moderate BEHI ratings. In addition, High/Very High provided higher predicted erosion rates than Moderate rating and slopes of the curves did not intersect at lower NBS ratings. Objective 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. The Black Vermillion Watershed represents roughly 4.8% of the drainage into Tuttle Creek Reservoir near Manhattan, Kansas. Measured suspended sediment loadings from this watershed during the study period added 2.5% of the total watershed sediment loading to the reservoir. Calibrated model efficiency (E) of simulated watershed sediment yield improved as sediment source models were added, from E=0.30 using AnnAGNPS alone, to E=0.38 using AnnAGNPS with REGEM, to E=0.67 or better using AnnAGNPS and REGEM along with three different methods to disaggregate stream bank erosion (based on event rainfall, event stream flow, and event stream power). Objective 3: Restoration Scenarios. No results at this time. Objective 4: Extension Programs. Project results are influencing decisions made by the watershed SLT and are being included in the WRAPS Plan that is currently being written. The Plan will guide future watershed implementation activities. Objective 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. More than 100 students in at least 8 classes across many disciplines were trained on the latest watershed sediment source and transport information and methods from this study. Both graduate-level AREM (Agricultural Resources and Environmental Management) program and undergraduate NRES (Natural Resource and Environmental Science) secondary-major interdisciplinary capstone courses included semester projects related to watershed sediment management in and around the study watershed.
Publications
- Douglas-Mankin, K.R., R. Srinivasan, J.G. Arnold. 2010. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model: Current Developments and Applications. Transactions of the ASABE 53(5): 1423-1431.
- Tuppad, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, J.K. Koelliker, J.M.S. Hutchinson, and M.C. Knapp. 2010. NEXRAD Stage III Precipitation Local Bias Adjustment for Streamflow Prediction. Transactions of the ASABE 53(5): 1511-1520.
- Tuppad, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, and K.A. McVay. 2010. Strategic targeting of cropland management using watershed modeling. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal 12(3): 19 pp.
- Tuppad, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, J.K. Koelliker, and J.M.S. Hutchinson. 2010. SWAT discharge response to spatial rainfall variability in a Kansas watershed. Transactions of the ASABE 53(1): 65-74.
- Modala, N.R., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, P.L. Barnes, T.D. Keane. 2010. Methods to Integrate Overland, Ephemeral Gully and Stream Bank Erosion Models. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 21-25, Hilton Head, SC. USDA, Washington, D.C.
- Modala, Naga Raghuveer. 2010. Methods to Integrate Overland, Ephemeral Gully and Streambank Erosion Models. Unpublished Master's Report. Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
- Daggupati, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, A.Y. Sheshukov, P.L. Barnes. 2010. Targeting BMP placement using SWAT sediment yield estimates for field-scale BMPs. In: Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and Emerging TMDL, November, Baltimore, MD. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Daggupati, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, A.Y. Sheshukov, and P.L. Barnes. 2010. Monitoring and Estimating Ephemeral Gully Erosion using Field Measurements and GIS. ASABE Paper No. 10-9663. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
- Sheshukov, A., S. Perkins, and K.R. Douglas-Mankin. 2010. Evaluation of Sedimentation Sources in East-Central Kansas with SWAT. ASABE Paper No. 10-9917. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
- Daggupati, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, A. Sheshukov, P.L. Barnes, D.L. Devlin, and R. Graeber. 2010. Targeting agricultural field and BMP implementation using ArcSWAT. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 21-25, Hilton Head, SC. USDA, Washington, D.C.
- Daggupati, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, A.Y. Sheshukov, P.L. Barnes. 2010. Monitoring and estimating ephemeral gully erosion using field measurements and GIS. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 21-25, Hilton Head, SC. USDA, Washington, D.C.
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Progress 09/01/08 to 08/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. 56 channel cross sections surveyed in 1963 were resurveyed to measure change in channel depth. An additional 51 cross sections were surveyed in 2008, for a total of 107. For each cross section, the following were measured: upstream drainage area, geology, occurrence of channelization, timing of channelization, adjacent land use/land cover, type and width of riparian vegetation, Simon Rapid Geomorphic Assessment values, dominant bed materials, channel slope, channel depth in 1963 and 2008, change in channel depth, unit stream power, cross sectional area. The time stream reaches were channelized was determined and mapped from 8 sets of historical areal photos. Data were mapped and entered into a GIS for watershed geology and land cover, channel depth in 1963, 2008, and the 1963-2008 change, and channel stage. Nine 1200-ft stream reaches (3 on each major branch) were initially surveyed and instrumented in 2007. At least twice and in some cases 5 times since installation, these reaches have been re-surveyed and monitored for longitudinal profiling, cross-sectional profiling, erosion/bank pin monitoring along with study bank profiling, scour chain installation and excavation, and detailed sediment measurement. All reaches have been classified using Rosgen (1996) classification, and all study bank sites (18) have been assessed for bank erosion potential given BEHI and NBS predictions. Annual measurement of actual erosion rates allows calibration of BEHI/NBS curves in addition to quantification of sediment yields from bank erosion. Thus we have actual erosion rates over 2 years in all 9 monitored reaches. In addition we have measures of stream bed changes, sediment size shifts and scour/bedload transport volumes. Objective 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. Automated stream-flow samplers with continuous flow measurement were maintained at the overall watershed outlet as well as outflow of 3 targeted sub-watersheds. A combination of methods will assess the overall watershed sediment budget: AnnAGNPS for overland sediment processes, REGEM for ephemeral gully erosion, and a regional BEHI method for streambank contribution. Objective 3: Restoration Scenarios. The integrated watershed sediment models will be calibrated and applied to test various sediment management scenarios. These scenarios will be guided by the local Stakeholder Leadership Team (SLT) WRAPS Plan. Objective 4: Extension Programs. Project investigators have worked with local stakeholders (landowners, land operators, conservation districts, watershed districts, etc.) to develop a watershed restoration and protection strategies (WRAPS) plan for Blue River/Tuttle Creek Lake Watershed, which includes the project watershed. Four meetings were held with local SLT during 2009. Information was presented on project objectives and results. Objective 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. New watershed sediment-process oriented modules using project data and concepts were developed and incorporated into 5 courses taught by project faculty across 4 disciplines, and into lectures and team projects of 3 interdisciplinary courses. PARTICIPANTS: Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; provided overall coordination for the project, directed efforts to model sediment in the target watershed, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Timothy D. Keane, Professor, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University; directed stream geomorphologic assessments and field work related to monitoring bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Daniel L. Devlin, Professor, Extension Specialist and Environmental Quality Coordinator of the Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University; coordinated Extension program development and evaluation. Philip L. Barnes, Associate Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; directed watershed monitoring, stream sediment sampling, and sediment analyses. Richard A. Marston, University Distinguished Professor and Head, Geography, Kansas State University; led GIS stream geomorphologic assessments, assisted with interpretation of bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Michael Christian, Extension Watershed Specialist, Kansas State University; was responsible for direct communication, education, and coordination with watershed stakeholders. William L. Hargrove, former Professor and Director, Kansas Center for Agricultural Resources and the Environment; provided administrative support for the project and served as a liaison with appropriate local and state agencies. Christopher Sass, Ph.D. student, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Benjamin Meade, M.A. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection and data analysis. Has completed a thesis based on his project work. Nicholas Graf, M.S. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Mark Goddard, Ph.D. student, Geography, Kansas State University; assisted with field data collection and data analysis. Naga Raghuveer Modala, M.S. student, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University; assisted with developing and testing an integrated system for modeling watershed sediment sources and transport. Several other graduate and undergraduate students have been employed by the project and received training and experience with stream geomorphologic assessments, stream sediment monitoring, and watershed sediment modeling. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience toward reaching our goal of abating key sources of sediment in the Black Vermillion River watershed has been members of the Tuttle Creek Lake/Big Blue River Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) stakeholder leadership team, which includes farmers, urban residents, and other citizens and agency personnel of the watershed. They will allow project information to be directed effectively toward creating and implementing a plan to restore the health of the watershed's land, streams, and other water bodies. Other audiences included: university students studying environmental sciences and engineering, to increase their understanding of sediment fate, transport, and management; state and federal agency personnel in Kansas, to increase their understanding of sediment sources and management; and other citizens within the Black Vermillion River Watershed, to educate them on sediment sources and management. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Objective 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. Channel incision occurs throughout the watershed. Little pattern is evident to the timing of channelization, which commonly leads to incision. Most channels are in Simon & Rinaldi channel evolution stage III-IV, still incising, or incising and widening. Chanel stage is most closely related to occurrence of past channelization, adjacent land use/land cover, and geology. Current channel depth and the change from 1963-2008 both depend on position in the watershed, type and width of riparian vegetation. In apparent contradiction to the above survey data, our monitored reaches are not showing active incision but rather some slight filling as well as a general fining of mean sediment size. Bank erosion rates for the study bank sites range from 469 lbs/ft/yr to 1719 lbs/ft/yr. All reaches, save one, are classified as "G5c" or "G4c" using Rosgen (1996) classification and appear to be headed towards "F" channel status. Such a change in channel type would likely entail even higher bank erosion rates as the channel attempts to regain length and pattern lost as a result of channelization. Riparian vegetation changes have also been documented in a Master's Thesis. Objective 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. Data have been measured and compiled for each of 3 subwatersheds as well as the overall watershed outlet for all storm events as well as baseflow conditions for Jan 2007 through Sep 2009. A preliminary summary of 3 years (2007, 2008, 2009-to-date) of stream flow monitoring data at the study watershed outlet provides estimates of average daily flow (407, 224, 203 cfs/day), annual TSS load (9519, 8817, 7672 tons), annual TN load (44.5, 35.6, 34.8 tons), and annual TP load (23.2, 17.4, 16.9 tons). Further analysis, synthesis with stream bed and bank erosion measurements, and comparison among subwatersheds and years are planned for baseflow, event, seasonal, and annual loadings. Objective 3: Restoration Scenarios. No results at this time. Objective 4: Extension Programs. Project results are influencing decisions made by the watershed SLT and are being included in the WRAPS Plan that is currently being written. The Plan will guide future watershed implementation activities. Objective 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. More than 100 students in at least 8 classes across many disciplines were trained on the latest watershed sediment source and transport information and methods from this study. Both graduate-level AREM (Agricultural Resources and Environmental Management) program and undergraduate NRES (Natural Resource and Environmental Science) secondary-major interdisciplinary capstone courses included semester projects related to watershed sediment management in and around the study watershed.
Publications
- Maski, D., K.R. Mankin, K.A. Janssen, P. Tuppad, and G.M. Pierzynski. 2008. Modeling runoff and sediment yields from combined in-field crop practices using SWAT. J. Soil and Water Conservation 63(4): 193-203.
- Parajuli, P.B., K.R. Mankin, and P.L. Barnes. 2008. Applicability of targeting vegetative filter strips to abate fecal bacteria and sediment yield using SWAT. J. Agricultural Water Management 95: 1189-1200.
- Meade, B.K. 2009. Spatial extent, timing, and causes of channel incision, Black Vermillion watershed, northeast Kansas. M.A. Thesis in Geography, Kansas State University: Manhattan, KS, 124 pp. + app.
- Sass, C.K. 2008. Inventory and analysis of the Black Vermillion riversystem riparian corridors. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
- Nejadhashemi, A.P., C.M. Smith, K.R. Mankin, R.M. Wilson, S.P. Brown, and J.C. Leatherman. 2009. Lower Big Blue Watershed Assessment: Preliminary Report. Kansas State Research and Extension Publication #EP-140. 66 pages. www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/h20ql2/EP140.pdf
- Daggupati, P., A. Sheshukov, K.R. Douglas-Mankin, P.L. Barnes, and D.L. Devlin. 2009. Field-Scale Targeting of Cropland Sediment Yields Using ArcSWAT. 5th International SWAT Conference, Boulder, CO, Aug 3-4, 2009. USDA-ARS, Washington, D.C.
- Sheshukov, A., P. Daggupati, M.C. Lee, and K.R. Douglas-Mankin. 2009. ArcMap Tool for Pre-processing SSURGO Soil Database for ArcSWAT. 5th International SWAT Conference, Boulder, CO, Aug 3-4, 2009. USDA-ARS, Washington, D.C.
- Daggupati, P. and K.R. Douglas-Mankin. 2009. Identifying potential ephemeral gully locations at a watershed scale. ASABE Paper No. 09-7439. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
- Barnes, P.L., T.D. Keane, D.L. Devlin, and K.R. Douglas-Mankin. 2009. Watershed assessment to target practice placement. ASABE Paper No. MC09-302. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
- Daggupati, P., K.R. Douglas-Mankin, and P.L. Barnes. 2009. Identifying potential ephemeral gully locations at watershed scale using GIS techniques. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 8-12, St. Louis, MO. USDA, Washington, D.C.
- Barnes, P.L., T.D. Keane, D.L. Devlin, and K.R. Douglas-Mankin. 2009. Watershed water-quality assessment tools. USDA-CSREES National Water Conference, February 8-12, St. Louis, MO. USDA, Washington, D.C.
- Maski, D., K.R. Mankin, P. Tuppad, K.A. Janssen, J.G. Arnold, G.M. Pierzynski. 2008. Simulation modeling of runoff and sediment losses for integrated crop tillage systems. 38th Biological Systems Simulation Conference, Temple, TX. April 8-10, 2008. USDA-ARS, Washington, D.C.
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Progress 09/01/07 to 08/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Fluvial Sediment Processes. Historical aerial photographs have been obtained and are being scanned and digitized. Land surveys from 1857 have been obtained on CD. Three sub-watersheds (Irish Creek and North and South Black Vermillion River) have been identified for project activities, including stream geomorphologic assessment, bed-load and bank-erosion measurements, flow and sediment monitoring, and watershed modeling. Baseline geomorphologic assessments were completed at upper, middle, and lower reaches (1600 ft average length) in each of the 3 target sub-watersheds. At each of the 9 reference reaches, the locations were noted where sediment enters the stream from agricultural fields through drains or gullies. Stream channel dimensions (width and depth, as measured from the floodplain) were recorded at approximately 100 stream crossings in the watershed, with more to come. Each site was photographed and the stage of channel evolution (Simon and Hupp, 1986) was evaluated. Using this information, it will be possible to determine the geographic (spatial) controls on stream channel incision. Watershed Sediment Budget. Automated stream-flow samplers with continuous flow (stage) measurement were installed at the outflow of 3 targeted sub-watersheds. Models (e.g., AnnAGNPS, SWAT, CONCEPTS, REGEM, WARSSS) are being assessed for capabilities in quantifying channel-related sediment transport processes. Restoration Scenarios. A graduate student has been recruited for the watershed and fluvial-process modeling, to begin in 2008. Modeling input data for target BMPs are being collected from iterative meetings with the watershed leadership team. Extension Programs. Watershed leadership team has been assembled and is active, meeting numerous times in 2007. Watershed and Fluvial System Education. A Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences graduate certificate program has been developed and received support by the undergraduate NRES governing board. Program is proceeding in approval process. PARTICIPANTS: Kyle R. Mankin, Associate Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University provided overall coordination for the project, and directed efforts to model sediment in the target watershed, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements Timothy D. Keane, Associate Professor, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University directed stream geomorphologic assessments and field work related to monitoring bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Daniel L. Devlin, Professor, Extension Specialist and Environmental Quality Coordinator of the Department of Agronomy at Kansas State University coordinated Extension program development and evaluation. Philip L. Barnes, Associate Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University directed watershed monitoring, stream sediment sampling, and sediment analyses. Richard A. Marston, Professor and Head, Geography, Kansas State University led GIS stream geomorphologic assessments, assisted with interpretation of bank and channel sediment processes, and assisted with implementing course and curriculum enhancements. Michael Christian, Extension Watershed Specialist, Kansas State University was responsible for direct communication, education, and coordination with watershed stakeholders. William L. Hargrove, Professor and Director, Kansas Center for Agricultural Resources and the Environment provided administrative support for the project and served as a liaison with appropriate local and state agencies. Jeffery C. Neel, Ph.D. student, Geography, Kansas State University assisted with field data collection, data management, data analysis, watershed and stream modeling, and communications with stakeholders. Jeffery C. Neel, Ph.D. student, Geography, Kansas State University assisted with field data collection, data management, data analysis, watershed and stream modeling, and communications with stakeholders. Christopher Sass, Ph.D. student, Landscape Architecture and Planning, Kansas State University assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Nicholas Graf, M.S. student, Geography, Kansas State University assisted with field data collection, data management, and data analysis. Several other graduate and undergraduate students have been employed by the project and received training and experience with stream geomorphologic assessments and stream sediment monitoring. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience toward reaching our goal of abating key sources of sediment in the Black Vermillion River watershed has been members of the Tuttle Creek Lake/Big Blue River Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) committee, which includes farmers, urban residents, and other citizens and agency personnel of the watershed. They will allow project information to be directed effectively toward creating and implementing a plan to restore the health of the watershed's water bodies. Other audiences included: university students studying environmental sciences and engineering, to increase their understanding of sediment fate, transport, and management; state and federal agency personnel in Kansas, to increase their understanding of sediment sources and management; and other citizens within the Black Vermillion River Watershed, to educate them on sediment sources and management. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Fluvial Sediment Processes. All reaches are entrenched, with channel-forming discharge that remains within the channel without interaction with the flood-plain, and will likely classify as F5 or F6 Rosgen Stream Type. Measurements of bank/lateral migration (via erosion pins) and bed scour/degradation (via scour chains) will yield sediment sizes and volumes contributed by the monitored reaches on an annual basis. A striking pattern to the channel incision is emerging from our analyses. Lower sections of the three subwatersheds are carved into Post-Kansan sandy alluvium. These channels are incised, but not as much as elsewhere, and they have also widened in the erodible sands. Middle sections of the three subwatersheds are most incised. Upper sections of the three subwatersheds are not incised. Irish Creek is not as incised as the other two subwatersheds. We have not yet determined the timing of incision, but work is in-progress on this important issue. Watershed Sediment Budget. Monitored of stream flow for 3 major events in 2007 in the 3 target watersheds resulted in average turbidity of 260 NTU, TSS of 191 mg/L, total N of 3.4 mg/L, and total P of 1.7 mg/L with CV of 0.3 to 0.4 among all data. Restoration Scenarios. No results at this time. Extension Programs. Worked with farmer to install cedar revetment off N. Fork. Watershed and Fluvial System Education. A week-long course module on Fluvial Processes and Monitoring was delivered by project team members in an upper-level watershed restoration course.
Publications
- Anand, S., K.R. Mankin, K.A. McVay, K.A. Janssen, P.L. Barnes, and G.M. Pierzynski. 2007. Calibration and validation of ADAPT and SWAT for field-scale runoff prediction. J. American Water Resources Association 43(4): 899-910.
- Nejadhashemi, A.P., P.B. Parajuli, and K.R. Mankin. 2007. Prediction of sediment, nutrients, and pathogen using LSPC, AVSWAT-X, and WARMF water quality models. In: Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Watershed Management to meet Water Quality Standards and Emerging TMDL, March 11-13, San Antonio, TX. ASAE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Nejadhashemi, A.P., and K.R. Mankin. 2007. Comparison of Four Water Quality Models (STEPL, PLOAD, AVSWAT-X and WARMF) in Simulating Watershed Nutrient Yields. ASABE Paper No. 07-2211. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
- Maski, D., and K.R. Mankin. 2007. Sensitivity Analysis of SWAT Nutrient Modeling of Field Scale Till and No-till Practices. ASABE Paper No. 07-2060. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
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Progress 09/01/06 to 09/01/07
Outputs
Objective 1: Fluvial Sediment Processes. A. The US Army Corps of Engineers completed the "Black Vermillion Watershed Study" for the Kansas Water Office in October 1998. Findings of this study found that channels of the Black Vermillion Watershed have been shortened a total of 15.8 miles, which reduces the channel lengths from 71.3 to 55.5 miles. B. Changes to the channels of the Black Vermillion were evaluated for effects on streambank stability, water surface profiles, and flood frequency and magnitude. The area experiencing the worst flooding is downstream from the confluence of the Black Vermillion and North Fork between Vliets and Frankfort, Kansas, whereas streambank instability has been noted throughout the basin. C. Storms from May 1993 and May 1996 were used to compare hydraulic conditions. The travel times for the 1993 storms were 17% to 42% shorter than travel times for the historic condition, depending on the reach of interest. The travel times for the 1996
storms were 26% to 47 % shorter than travel times for historic conditions. The most dramatic decreases in flow travel time were in the two reaches above Vliets. D. Aerial photos of the watershed from the past 50 years are being compiled to compare stream reach changes and loss of riparian vegetation during that period. Watershed reconnaissance has begun to assess the current stream and riparian conditions. Objective 2: Watershed Sediment Budget. Watersheds are being selected for monitoring based on Corps reports and will include five sub-watersheds based on when channelization occurred in the sub-watershed. Objective 3: Restoration Scenarios. Watershed and fluvial process models will be assessed for suitability using current conditions in the Black Vermillion Watershed and using these models to predict the improvements made by different restoration scenarios. Objective 4: Extension Programs. Meetings are being scheduled with local watershed and conservation districts to discuss local
attitudes about channelization. Objective 5: Watershed and Fluvial System Education. A week-long course module on Fluvial Processes and Monitoring was developed and delivered in an upper-level KSU course.
Impacts
Project is in its initial phases.
Publications
- Mankin, K.R. and D.L. Devlin. 2006. Watershed Modeling to Estimate Sediment Loads. Kansas Environment Conference. Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka, KS. 23 August, Topeka, KS. (Invited)
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