Progress 09/01/06 to 08/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Effects of rates of increase in water temperature on catfish spawning were evaluated. Ovulation rates of the rapid, gradual, and natural temperature groups were 0, 21, and 84%, respectively. Similar fecundity (eggs/kg of female) was observed but average fry survival was 10 times higher in fish held under the normal temperature profile. Total volume of individual eggs was significantly larger and higher fry survival was observed among pond spawned fish than fish held indoors. No fish ovulated in the 'rapid group'. Plasma estradiol concentrations were similar when injected with CCP in both ovulating and non-ovulating fish but ovulating and non-ovulating fish, decreased following CCP injection in ovulating fish but increased in non-ovulating fish. The majority of catfish fingerling producers surveyed followed similar broodstock selection and management practices. Most farmers employed some strategy for genetic improvement; 40% for faster growth and 20% for early spawning. Sixty percent fed broodstock daily during spring while only 30% of the farmers fed every day during the fall season. During winter, 40% of survey participants reduced feeding to once or twice per week but 20% did not feed during winter. Sixty percent of farmers reported stocking densities in spawning ponds of less than 1,000 lb brood fish per acre,at a male: female ratio of 1:3. Seventy percent of farmers reported an average weight of egg mass between 0.75-1.51 and troughs were loaded with 20-30 lb eggs/trough. Conventional paddles and aeration in troughs were common (50%) followed by paddles alone (30%), and paddles, air and oxygen (20%). Hatch rate of eggs 70 to 90% and 20% of the hatcheries reported hatch rates above 90% (Figure 16I). We surveyed 620 consumers, 75 retailers, and 6 wholesalers in Asian ethnic markets in the N.E. US. The top three fish species were tilapia, salmon and shrimp. Chinese consumers preferred tilapia, shrimp, and other live fish species. Southeast Asian consumers, particularly from Philippines, preferred milkfish. South Asian consumers preferred king fish, pomfret, and pompano. The non-Asian market segment (especially African American/African consumers) preferred red snapper, whiting, and mackerel. Consumer preference was influenced by size, freshness, scale color, flesh quality and taste. All market segments, except non-Asian segment, preferred fish with scales. White/silvery scale color was the most preferred attribute level for all market segments, followed by black in all market segments except the south Asian market segment. Chinese consumers preferred yellow scale color. All market segments (except Southeast Asian market segment that preferred red flesh color)preferred whitish flesh color. Consumers in all market segments preferred an average size of fish between one to two pounds. The second most preferred fish size was two to three pounds. Consumers would be willing to pay higher price for larger sizes of fish. PARTICIPANTS: Andrew Goodwin, Larry Dorman, Steeve Pomerleau, Carole R. Engle, Madan Dey, Alf Haukenes, Mini Jose, Ganesh Thapa, Nicholas Phelps TARGET AUDIENCES: Catfish Farmers, Baitfish Farmers, Ornamental Fish Growers, Catfish Hatcheries PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Degree days are useful in predicting reproductive maturation but continued exploration into proper maintenance of broodstock held under artificial temperature regimes is warranted to decrease variation in egg quality. While sex steroids provide some information of the reproductive status of pre-spawning animals these observations illustrate that circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone do not provide the resoultion to accurately assess preparedness for induced spawning. Most supermarkets surveyed have expanded their live fish business over the last three to five years. More than 20 different fish and seafood species are sold as live in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Among these, tilapia, striped bass and crabs are the three most important species. Live fish buyers represent all ethnic groups and income classes in the country. Though most of the buyers of live fish are still ethnic Asians, but their ethnic diversity is growing.
Publications
- Thapa, G., M.M. Dey and K. Singh. 2009. Consumer preferences for seafood in the northeastern region of U.S.: Results of Asian ethnic fish market survey. Aquaculture 2010, March 1-5, 2010. San Diego, California. (Pending)
- Thapa, G., M.M. Dey and K. Singh. 2009. The Asian ethnic fish market in the northeastern region of U.S.: Consumer preferences, market growth and structure. 15th Biennial Research Symposium of the Association of Research Directors, March 28-April 1, 2009, Atlanta.
- Phelps, N.B.D. and A.E. Goodwin. 2008. Vertical transmission of (Ovipleistophora ovariae) (Microspora) within the eggs of cyprinid fishes. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 20:45-53.
- Dorman, L. and A. Goodwin. 2009. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bolbophorus sp.) on Arkansas fish farms during 2006 and 2007. Research and Review, A Compilation of Abstracts of Research on Channel Catfish, 2009, Catfish Farmers of America, Natchez, Mississippi.
- Goodwin, A.E., G.E. Merry and H. Attoui. 2009. Detection and prevalence of the nonsyncytial American grass carp rehovirus (Aquareovirus G) by quantitative RT-PCR. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. (In press)
- Haukenes, A., L. Dorman and A. Goodwin. 2009. Exploring the utility of a GIS in evaluating the risks an dimpacts of catfish trematode to Arkansas aquaculture. Proceedings of Aquaculture America 2009, Seattle, Washington.
- Jose, M.T. and A. Haukenes. 2009. An evaluation of channel catfish eggs derived from fish held under different environmental conditions. Proceedings of Aquaculture America 2009.
- Thapa, G., M.M. Dey and K. Singh. 2009. The Asian ethnic fish market in the northeastern region of U.S.: Consumer preferences, market growth and structure. 15th Biennial Research Symposium of the Association of Research Directors, March 28-April 1, 2009. Atlanta.
- Dey, M., G. Thapa and K. Singh. 2009. Live fish market in norhteastern USA: Past trend, current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture 2010, March 1-5, 2010, San Diego, California. (Pending)
- Jaafar, F.M., A.E. Goodwin, M. Belhouchett, G. Merry, Q. Fang, J-F. Cantaloube, P. Biagini, P. De Micco, P.P.C. Mertens and H. Attoui. 2008. Complete sequence analysis of American grass carp reovirus genome, a new member of the genus Aquareovirus (family Reoviridae): evidence for an evolutionary link between the aquareoviruses and coltiviruses. J. Virology 373:310-321.
- Dorman, L.W. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bolbophorus sp.) in Arkansas. AFS-FHS Annual Meeting, Lake Jackson, Wyoming, June 2007.
- Dorman, L.W. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bolbophorus sp.) in Arkansas. CFAR Annual Meeting, Lake Village, AR, Oct. 2007.
- Phelps, N.B.D. and A.E. Goodwin 2007. Vertical transmission of (Ovipleistophora ovaraie). WAS Meeting, San Antonio, TX.
- Goodwin, A.E. and J. Sadler. 2007. The epidemiology of CyHV-2 on commercial goldfish farms. International symposium of viruses of lower vertebrates. Oslo, Norway, April 22-26.
- Goodwin, A.E., J. Sadler and G. Merry. 2007. Diagnosing fish disease with high carrier prevalence and vague clinical signs. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY. June 4-6.
- Dorman, L. and A.E. Goodwin. 2007. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bulbophorus sp.) in Arkansas. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY. June 4-6.
- Batts, B., A. Goodwin and J. Winton. 2007. Genetic analyses of the virus formerly known as fathead minnow "Rhabdovirus" (FHMRV) reveals a novel positive-sense Rna virus (FHMNV) belonging to the (Nidovirales) order. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY. June 4-6.
- Goodwin, A.E. and G. Merry. 2007. Are all koi and goldfish ulcers caused by aeromonas (Salmonicida achromogenes) FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY. June 4-6.
- Goodwin, A.E. 2007. Fish inspection 101. National Aquaculture Extension Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, May 2-3, 2007.
- Phelps, N.B.D. and A.E. Goodwin. 2007. Vertical transmission of (Ovipleistophora ovariae) within the eggs of the cyprinid fish, Notemigonus chrysolucas. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY, June 4-6.
- Goodwin, A.E., G.E. Merry, E. Marecaux and J. Sadler. 2007. The impact of Cyhv-2 and cyprinid aquareoviruses on farmed fishes: epidemiology by quantitative PCR. European Association of Fish Pathologists, Grado, Italy. September 18-21.
- Phelps, N.B.D. and A.E. Goodwin. 2007. The microsporidian parasite (Ovipleistophora ovariae) is vertically transmitted within the eggs of the cyprinid fish, (Notemigonus crysoleucas). European Association of Fish Pathologists, Grado, Italy. September 18-21.
- Goodwin, A., G. Merry and E. Marecaux. 2007. CyHV-2 and aquareoviruses in farmed cyprinid fishes: epidemiology by quantitative PCR, SEAFDEC Bangkok, Thailand. December 6.
- Goodwin, A. 2007. Goldfish herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease in AFS-FHS (American Fisheries Society-Fish Health Section). FHS blue book: suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens, 2007 edition. AFS-FHS, Bethesda, Maryland.
- Phelps, N.B.D. and A.E. Goodwin. 2007. Validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method for the detection of the microsporidian (Ovipleistophora ovariae) in cyprinid fishes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 76:215-221.
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Progress 09/01/07 to 08/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Analysis of the trematode surveys completed showed that farms that stocked sterile triploid black carp either eliminated or greatly reduced trematode infections. Farmers in areas where trematodes are becoming more prevalent have been notified and intensive surveillance, preventive and control methods implemented. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed based on standard winter feeding recommendations lost weight during two different winter feeding studies conducted at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. Feed consumption of channel catfish was measured over the winter. Six concrete vats were stocked in October 2007 with sub-market and market size fish. Feed (32% protein full-sink pellet) was offered daily in feeding trays at a weight of 2% of total body weight of fish. After 15 minutes, trays were pulled up and remaining pellets were counted. All vats were harvested 16 March 2008. Channel catfish consumed from 0.1% to 0.7% of their body weight daily over the winter when offered feed every day. While catfish ate more at higher water temperatures, they continued to eat at temperatures as low as 45 degrees F. Compared to standard winter feeding recommendations, daily feed consumed by catfish was slightly (0.2 - 0.3%) less than the recommended daily percent of body weight to feed (at temperatures greater than or equal to 50 degrees F). However, the recommended frequency of feeding resulted in weekly recommended feed quantities lower (1% - 2%) than actual quantities of feed consumed by catfish. Protocols that optimize artificial spawning practices of channel catfish are necessary to increase availability of hybrid catfish fingerlings. Channel catfish were injected with an implant containing 75 ug of recombinant salmonid gonadotropin, followed by priming and resolving injections of gonadotropin; their responses were compared to fish receiving only the gonadotropin injections. This test was performed in early and late May in fish maintained in two water temperature profiles. In early May a significantly higher proportion (P<0.05) of female catfish that had been 'primed' with the implant before the pre-spawning injections ovulated versus fish that received only the injections, while in the second test in late May no significant differences were observed between the two treatments. The concentrations of estradiol in plasma significantly increased in animals treated with the implants illustrating that catfish were clearly responding to the salmonid gonadotropin analog. Estradiol concentrations in plasma from animals that received no implant appeared to fall during the days following handling although the trend was not significant. Among animals receiving the implant there was a significant difference in their response between the two water temperature treatments. Animals maintained under the advanced temperature protocol were less responsive to the implants than animals held under a natural temperature regime. PARTICIPANTS: Andrew Goodwin, Larry Dorman, Steeve Pomerleau, Carole R. Engle, Madan Dey, Nicholas Phelps TARGET AUDIENCES: Catfish Farmers, Baitfish Farmers, Ornamental Fish Growers, Catfish Hatcheries PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None reported.
Impacts
The highest risk areas for trematode infection in Arkansas have been identified. Baitfish farmers who adopted the new feeding and aeration studies were the only ones with adequate supplies of fish to meet demand in 2008.
Publications
- Goodwin, A. 2007. Goldfish herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease in AFS-FHS (American Fisheries Society-Fish Health Section). FHS blue book: suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens, 2007 edition. AFS-FHS, Bethesda, Maryland.
- Goodwin, A. and J. Sadler. 2007. The epidemiology of CyHV-2 on commercial goldfish farms. International Symposium of Viruses of Lower Vertebrates. Oslo, Norway 4/22-26.
- Goodwin, A., J. Sadler, and G. Merry. 2007. Diagnosing fish diseases with high carrier prevalence and vague clinical signs. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY, June 4-6.
- Goodwin, A. and G. Merry. 2007. Are all koi and goldfish ulcers caused by aeromonas Salmonicida achromogenes FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY, June 4-6.
- Goodwin, A.E., G.E. Merry, E. Marecaux and J. Sadler. 2007. The impact of Cyhv-2 and cyprinid aquareoviruses on farmed fishes: epidemiology by quantitative PCR. European Association of Fish Pathologists, Grado Italy. September 18-21.
- Goodwin, A., G. Merry and E. Marecaux. 2007. CyHV-2 and aquareoviruses in farmed cyprinid fishes: epidemiology by quantitative PCR, SEAFDEC Bangkok Thailand. December 6.
- Phelps, N. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Vertical transmission of Ovipleistophora ovaraie. WAS Meeting, San Antonio, TX.
- Phelps, N. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Vertical transmission of Ovipleistophora ovaraie within the eggs of the cyprinid fish, Notemigonus chrysolucas. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY, June 4-6, page 39.
- Phelps, N.B.D. and A.E. Goodwin. 2007. The microsporidian parasite Ovipleistophora ovariae is vertically transmitted within the eggs of the cyprinid fish, Notemigonus crysoleucas. European Association of Fish Pathologists, Grado Italy, September 18-21.
- Phelps, N. and A. Goodwn. 2007. Validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method for the detection of the microsporidian Ovipleistophora ovaria in cyprinid fishes. Diseases fo Aquatic Organisms 76:215-221.
- Sadler, J. and A. Goodwin. 2007. State fish health inspection requirements: providing protection of pointless paperwork FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY. June 4-6.
- Batts, B., A. Goodwin and J. Winton. 2007. Genetic analyses of the virus formerly known as fathead minnow "Rhabdovirus" (FHMRV) reveals a novel positive-sense Rna virus (FHMNV) belonging to the nidovirales order. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop. Lake Jackson, WY, June 4-6.
- Dorman, L. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bolbophorus sp.) in Arkansas. AFS-FHS Annual Meeting, Lake Jackson, WY, June.
- Dorman, L. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bolbophorus sp.) in Arkansas. CFAR Annual Meeting, Lake Village, AR, October.
- Dorman, L. and A. Goodwin. 2007. Statewide distribution of the catfish trematode (Bolbophorus sp.) in Arkansas. FHS Annual Meeting/Western Fish Disease Workshop, Lake Jackson, WY, June 4-6.
- Goodwin, A. 2007. Fish inspection 101. National aquaculture extension meeting, Cincinnati, OH, May 2-3.
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Progress 09/01/06 to 09/01/07
Outputs
This report covers 4 months of this new project. Fish were sampled from nearly 400 ponds randomly selected from almost all Arkansas catfish farms. In addition to checking for trematodes, we also collected data from each pond including details of bird and parasite management (copper, lime, and black carp), stocking and harvesting strategies, pond construction, disease history, snail species and density, and regional factors like proximity to lakes and rivers, bird numbers, and proximity to other farms. The data from the study are still being analyzed, but trematodes were detected on many farms in Southeast Arkansas. In the Southwest, neither snails nor trematodes were found. In the Northeast, snails were present but there were no trematodes. Based on a preliminary analysis of the data, snail prevalence and trematodes were most strongly correlated with pond age. Proximity to major lakes and rivers was not a clear risk factor, but the distribution of these water bodies
among fish farms makes associations difficult to detect. The research associate position for the epidemiology and commercial baitfish pond feeding studies has been advertised and interviews are underway. A graduate student assistantship position has been advertised for the reproductive efficiency of catfish broodstock objective. Equipment has been purchased and installed in the laboratory in preparation for the spring spawning season trials. The marketing study has been designed and data collection will begin in 2007.
Impacts
Catfish trematodes were detected on many farms where the parasite had gone undetected. Those farms are now instituting control measures.
Publications
- Dorman, L. 2006. Statewide distribution and impact of the catfish trematodes. Aquaculture/Fisheries Field Day, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Presentation and abstract.
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