Progress 08/15/06 to 08/14/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Mathematical procedures developed to predict ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate concentrations inside swine deep-pit finishing facilities. 2. Mathematical procedures developed to predict ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate emissions from swine deep-pit finishing facilities. Information can be used in air quality gas and particulate dispersion within a community. 3. Practical partial biofiltration research presented at the Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations held in Des Moines, IA May 19-21, 2008. This research resulted in tangible cost estimates for future biofilter installation retrofit considerations. PARTICIPANTS: Participants include Dr. Robert Burns, Dr. Lingshuang Cai, Dr. Jay Harmon, Dr. Steve Hoff, Dr. Ramesh Kanwar, Dr. Jacek Koziel, Dr. Hong Li, and Dr. Hongwei Xin. TARGET AUDIENCES: The intended audience for this research are rural community residents, livestock and poultry producers, commodity groups, NRCS personnel, and legislative members. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.
Impacts
The need to investigate cost-effective management practices or technologies to mitigate such emissions, both at and downwind from the source, is more pressing than ever. The specific objectives of this research project were to; 1) Develop Mobile Emission and Ambient Laboratories (ME/AL) for the purpose of evaluating emission mitigation strategies via the monitoring of aerial emissions and downwind concentrations of odors, noxious gases, greenhouse gases and particulates from CAFOs, 2) Using the developed ME/AL from objective one, evaluate potential cost effective methods to reduce the emissions and downwind concentrations of odors, gases, and particulates from swine finishing and egg laying facilities, and, 3) Conduct outreach activities demonstrating basic scientific principles of air quality and mitigation design and implementation strategies for reducing building and manure storage emissions. Significant progress has been made towards the objectives outlined. Objective one has been completed with the development of six Mobile Laboratories which are now fully operational. Objective two is currently being satisfied where we have active research being conducted at one swine finishing site, one egg-layer facility, and one turkey finishing facility. These sites are being used to investigate novel techniques for biofiltering swine exhaust air, diet and litter effects on ammonia emission from high-rise egg laying facilities, and for quantifying ammonia and particulate emission from turkey finishing facilities. This research will impact and benefit both CAFO producers and rural residents by a) systematically collecting science-based emission inventory data, with and without a mitigation strategy; b) providing unbiased and socially relevant analysis of health-related risks associated with CAFO air emissions; and c) identifying and developing emission mitigation techniques or practices. For example, building exhaust air contains odorous gases, moisture, animal dander, and feed dust particles, and can represent a concentrated odor source. Biofiltering ventilation exhaust air is a strategy that has been proven to be effective. However, for biofilters to be successful, designs must be developed that allow producers to use existing ventilation fan systems, operate at marginal increased costs, and that can be used effectively on a portion of the total exhaust air volume. An important recent impact as a result, in part, of the research conducted with this project was the approval in the state of Iowa for EQIP funding for producers who install biofilters. An on-site demonstration was given to Iowa NRCS personnel in June 2008, following the Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations held in Des Moines, IA May 19-21, 2008. Shortly after this demonstration and discussion the plan for providing EQIP funding was approved. This demonstration and discussion was conducted at the swine biofilter research site established with funding from this project.
Publications
- Hoff, S.J., D.S. Bundy, and J.D. Harmon. 2008. Modeling Receptor Odor Exposure from Swine Production Sources Using CAM. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (in print).
- Hoff, S.J., J.D. Harmon, D.S. Bundy, and B.C. Zelle. 2008. Hydrogen Sulfide Source and Receptor Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide in Communities With and Without Swine Emission Sources: Follow-Up Study. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (in review).
- Hoff, S.J., J.D. Harmon, D.S. Bundy, and B.C. Zelle. 2008. Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Receptor Concentrations in a Community of Multiple Swine Emission Sources: Preliminary Study. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (in print).
- Lo, Y.M., J.A. Koziel, L. Cai, S.J. Hoff, W.S. Jenks, and H. Xin. 2008. Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Swine Manure using Solid Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry.. Journal of Environ. Qual. 37:521-534.
- Sun, G., S.J. Hoff, B.C. Zelle, and M.A. Nelson. 2008 Development and Comparison of Backpropagation and Generalized Regression Neural Network Models to Predict Diurnal and Seasonal Gas and PM10 Concentrations and Emissions from Swine Buildings. Transactions of the ASABE 51(2): 685-694.
- Sun, G., S.J. Hoff, B.C. Zelle, and M.A. Nelson. 2008. Forecasting Daily Source Air Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Radial Basis Function Networks. Journal of the A&WMA (accepted for publication).
- Yang, X., J.A. Koziel, T. Cutler, S. Zhang, J. Zimmerman, S.J. Hoff, W. Jenks, J (Hans) van Leeuwen, J. Harmon, C. Faulhaber, Y. Laor, U. Ravid, R. Armon. 2008. Treatment of livestock odor and pathogens with ultraviolet light. ASABE Paper # 085198. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, RI, June, 2008.
- Zhang, S., L. Cai, E. A. Caraway, J.A. Koziel, D. B. Parker, I. Celen, B. Hetchler, L. Jacobson, D.R. Smith, C.J. Clanton, K.Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, S. Anderson-Bereznicki, A. Heber. 2008. Livestock odorants characterization and quantification with a combination of sorbent tube sampling and thermal desorption - multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry olfactometry. ASABE Paper # 085164. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, RI, June, 2008.
- Koziel, J.A., J. Zimmerman, S. Hoff, H. van Leeuwen, W. Jenks. Research Brief: Simultaneous treatment of odor, VOCs, H2S, NH3, and pathogens with UV light. 2008 Annual Report of the S-1032: Improving the Sustainability of Livestock and Poultry Production in the United States.
- Sun, G., S. Hoff, B. Zelle, and M. Nelson. 2008. Development and Comparison of Backpropagation and Generalized Regression Neural Network Models to Predict Diurnal and Seasonal Gas and PM10 Concentrations and Emissions from Swine Buildings. ASABE Paper No 085100. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence. RI. USA.
- Chen, L., S. Hoff, L. Cai, and J. Koziel. 2008. Assessment of a Two-Stage Wood Chip-Based Biofilter Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. ASABE Paper No 083861. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence. RI. USA.
- Chen, L., S. Hoff, L. Cai, and J. Koziel. 2008. Odor Reduction During Biofiltration as Affected by Air Flow Rate and Media Moisture Content. ASABE Paper No 083859. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence. RI. USA.
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Progress 08/15/06 to 08/14/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Lab-scale studies on feed additives and manure-pile topical treatments for egg-laying facilities transferred to an on-farm test research site. 2. Progress results on feed additives and manure-pile topical treatments for egg-laying facilities were reported through conference or workshop papers/proceedings (ASABE, AWMA, Iowa Egg Industry Symposium). 3. An overview of mitigation strategies, many of which were either developed or refined with this research project, were presented to Iowa legislative members. The information presented will be used to help develop Iowa policy on odor research and mitigation during the 2008 legislative session. 4. An international conference highlighting mitigation strategies for odor and gas emissions from livestock systems has been planned and abstracts are currently being accepted for a conference planned for mid-2008.
PARTICIPANTS: Key project leader participants include Dr. Robert Burns, Dr. Hongwei Xin, Dr. Jay Harmon, Dr. Jacek Koziel, Dr. Hong Li, Dr. Lingshuang Cai, Mr. Brian Zelle, and Dr. Steve Hoff. Several graduate research assistants and research associates participated in this project as well.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The intended audience for this research are rural community residents, livestock and poultry producers, commodity groups, and legislative members.
Impacts
The effect of air emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) continues to be a major issue in the surrounding rural community. The issue arises primarily from odors as a nuisance and secondly a potential health concern from exposure to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and/or particulate matter. The need to investigate cost-effective management practices or technologies to mitigate such emissions, both at and downwind from the source, is more pressing than ever. The specific objectives of this research project representing a continuation of IOW05038, were to; 1) Develop Mobile Emission and Ambient Laboratories (ME/AL) for the purpose of evaluating emission mitigation strategies via the monitoring of aerial emissions and downwind concentrations of odors, noxious gases, greenhouse gases and particulates from CAFOs, 2) Using the developed ME/AL from objective one, evaluate potential cost effective methods to reduce the emissions and downwind concentrations of
odors, gases, and particulates from swine finishing and egg laying facilities, and, 3) Conduct outreach activities demonstrating basic scientific principles of air quality and mitigation design and implementation strategies for reducing building and manure storage emissions. The specific outcomes of this research were as follows: Methods continue to be developed that quantify the specific compounds contributing to offensive odors. Volatile organic compound quantification using sorbent tubes has been developed that will be used to both identify and quantify compounds associated with livestock odor. A strategy of partial biofiltration, developed during project IOW05038, has been further refined to provide a by-pass control system where odor mitigation is used only if a downwind receptor is estimated to receive an odor. This method significantly reduces the operational time of a mitigation strategy thereby reducing operational costs. This strategy was developed for biofiltration but the
concept is applicable to most any mitigation strategy involving barn ventilation air. On-farm field trials of dietary changes to laying hens and topical applications of Zeolite, alum, Ferix 3, and PLT to the litter manure pack have shown a 40 percent reduction in ammonia emission. On-farm field trials of belt-house laying hen facilities versus standard high-rise facilities shows a reduction in ammonia emission nearing 80 percent. The cost of belt-house laying hen facilities however is 50 percent higher than traditional high-rise laying hen facilities. Lab-scale experiments continue on the use of ultraviolet light to treat both odorous compounds and pathogens from barn ventilation air. Research results show significant reductions in many of the principal odorous compounds, in many cases exceeding 97 percent reduction with a one second exposure time. Experimental methods are being developed to test the specific dosage level required to achieve acceptable reductions and the applicability
of this dosage level to on-farm treatment of barn ventilation air.
Publications
- Chen, L., SJ Hoff, JA Koziel, L Cai, B Zelle, G Sun. 2007. Performance Evaluation of a Wood-Chip Based Biofilter Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. ASABE Paper No. 074137. St Joseph, MI.: ASABE.
- Burns, R.T., H. Xin, R. Gates, H. Li, D.G. Overhults and J. Earnest. 2007 Ammonia Emissions from Broiler Houses in the Southeastern United States. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. September 16-19, 2007. Broomfield, Colorado. ASABE Publication Number 701P0907cd.
- Moody, Lara, Hong Li, Robert Burns, Hongwei Xin and Richard Gates. 2007. Southeastern Broiler Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emission Monitoring Quality Assurance Project Plan, Version 1.3. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Zhu, Z., H. Xin, H. Li, R.T. Burns and H. Dong. 2007. Assessment of in-line filter type and condition on ammonia measurement, Transactions of the ASAE 50 (5):(in press).
- Burns, R.T., H. Xin, R. Gates, H. Li, S. Hoff, L. Moody, D. Overhults and J. Earnest. 2007. Southeastern Broiler Gaseous and Particulate Matter Air Emissions Monitoring System Design and Performance. Proceedings of the International ASABE Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. Paper # 074127.
- Cai, L., J.A. Koziel, A.T. Nguyen, Y. Liang, and H. Xin. 2007. Evaluation of zeolite for control of odorants emissions from simulated poultry manure storage. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36(1):184-193.
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