Progress 07/01/11 to 06/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Viticulturist, plant physiologist, enologist, winemakers, students, extension specialist Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A poster presentation at the ASEV meeting and two invited talks to growers in Oregon, WA, and CA covered plant physiological and structural aspects involved in inducing various ripening disorders. Additionally, a small poster on shrivel types is widely used in the grape growing regions of the world. This poster entails the diagnostic keys for various ripening disorders to aid viticulturists and growers in the correct identification of all types of shrivel. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through articles, meeting presentations, and seminars. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue studies dealing simulation of SOUR shrivel by other phloem-girdling techniques (cold and hot) and analyze natural and simulated SOUR shrivel with various techniques of microscopy and physiological tools with the aim of designing cultural methods to minimize its incidence in the vineyards.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Until this research was conducted, grape growers and winemakers were not aware of the distinction among different types of ripening disorders afflicting grape berries. With the knowledge gained over the years, it is now possible to maintain fruit quality despite the occurrence of berry shrivel (SOUR shrivel) in the vineyards. Future research will focus on simulating SOUR shrivel by phloem-girdling techniques (cold and hot) and analyze natural and simulated SOUR shrivel with various techniques of microscopy to minimize the incidence of SOUR shrivel by designing cultural methods.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Bondada, B. and M. Keller. 2012a. Not all shrivels are created equal morpho-anatomical and compositional characteristics vary among different shrivel forms that develop during ripening of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. American Journal of Plant Science 3: 879-898. (Cover article)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2016. Nutritional aspects of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) clusters afflicted with SOUR shrivel is related to functionality of its vascular tissues. American Journal of Plant Science 7:194-200.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. Structural and compositional characterization of suppression of uniform ripening in grapevine: A paradoxical ripening disorder of drape berries with no known causative clues. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 39:567581 (Cover Article).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. Ripening disorders Not all berry shrivels are created equal. Wines and Vines, January 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. An Expensive Disorder. Good Fruit Grower. February 2013, pp. 24-25.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Bondada, B. and M. Keller. 2012. Morpho-anatomical symptomatology and osmotic behavior of grape berry shrivel. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137:20-30.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Viticulturist, plant physiologist, enologist, winemakers, students, extension specialist Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A poster presentation at the ASEV meeting and two invited talks to growers in Oregon, WA, and CA covered plant physiological and structural aspects involved in inducing various ripening disorders. Additionally, a small poster on shrivel types is widely used in the grape growing regions of the world. This poster entails the diagnostic keys for various ripening disorders to aid viticulturists and growers in the correct identification of all types of shrivel. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through articles, meeting presentations, and seminars. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue studies dealing simulation of SOUR shrivel by other phloem-girdling techniques (cold and hot) and analyze natural and simulated SOUR shrivel with various techniques of microscopy and physiological tools with the aim of designing cultural methods to minimize its incidence in the vineyards.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Grape growers and winemakers learned about the environmental factors and plant structural aspects that induce various ripening disorders, especially SOUR shrivel. Such knowledge allowed them to identify and deal with these disorders without compromising yield and fruit quality.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2015. Nutritional and functional aspects of vascular tissues of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) clusters afflicted with SOUR shrivel. American Journal of Plant Science.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bondada, B., P. Tessarin, and A. D. Rombola. 2015. Manipulation of phloem structure toward revealing the mechanism of SOUR shrivel. 65th ASEV Annual National Conference, June 15 18, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bondada, B. Identification guide to ripening disorders of grape berries with an emphasis on SOUR shrivel. Cold Mitigation Workshop, Walla Walla, WA, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. July 21st.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2015. SOUR shrivel management - Are we there yet? Sustainable Vineyard Practices, Napa, CA. May 6, 2015.
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Viticulturist, plant physiologist, enologist, winemakers, students, extension specialist Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A small poster on shrivel types is widely used in the grape growing regions of the world. This poster entails the diagnostic keys for various ripening disorders to aid viticulturists and growers in the correct identification of all types of shrivel. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through articles, meeting presentations, and seminars. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Simulate SOUR shrivel by phloem-girdling techniques and analyze natural and simulated SOUR shrivel with various techniques of microscopy and physiological tools with the aim of designing cultural methods to minimize its incidences in the vineyards.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During my Senior Visiting Fellowship Award to Italy, collaborative research was discussed with viticultural scientists in the area of fruit ripening and canopy management practices.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. Structural and Compositional Characterization of Suppression of Uniform Ripening in Grapevine: A Paradoxical Ripening Disorder of Grape Berries with No Known Causative Clues J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 139(5):567581.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. SOUR Shrivel: Killing the berry softly. Invited talk at 2014 Grape Day, Sonoma County, presented by University of California Extension, CA February 19th, 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. Morpho-anatomical and compositional analyses of physiological disorders related to ripening of grape berries. Invited talk presented at University of Piacenza, Italy.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. Physio-anatomical perspective of ripening physiopathies of grape berries. Invited talk presented to University of Bologna, Italy.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. SOUR Shrivel. Annual WAWGG Conference, Kennewick, WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2014. SOUR Shrivel - A paradoxical ripening disorder of grape berries. Annual conference of American Society for Enology and Viticulture, June 22-27th, Austin, TX.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Scientists, Viticulturists, grape growers and winemakers, students. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A small poster on shrivle types is widely used in the grape growing regions of the world. This poster entails the diagnostic keys for various ripening disorders to aid viticulturists and growers in the correct identification of all types of shrivel. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through articles, meeting presentations, and seminars. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue monitoring the incidence of SOUR shrivel and analyze the symptomatology with various techniques of microscopy and physiological tools with the aim of designing cultural methods to minimize its incidences in the vineyards.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Grape growers and winemakers have learned how to distinguish among desirable and undesirable types of shrivel disorders. This allows them to cluster-thin unpleasant bunches without compromising yield and fruit quality.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. and M. Keller. 2013. Structural and Fruit Compositional Anomalies Related to Various Shrivels Types Developing During Ripening of Grape Berries. Acta Horticulturae (Accepted).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. Sink vascular system structural design and function in relation to growth, development, and ripening of fruits. Frontiers in Plant Science (In preparation).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) structural and compositional characterization of SOUR shrivel: a paradoxical ripening disorder of grape berries with no known causative clues. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (In Preparation).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. Ripening disorders Not all berry shrivels are created equal. Wines and Vines, January Issue, pp. 96-98.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. An Expensive Disorder. Good Fruit Grower, February issue, pp. 24-25.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. Berry shrivels Fruit ripening disorders of grape. 106-107. In: Moyer, M. M. and ONeal, S. D. (Eds.). Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW 644.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Structural and Fruit Compositional Anomalies Related to Various Shrivels Types Developing During Ripening of Grape Berries. Presentation at the IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology, April 21-26, La Serena, Chile
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bondada, B. 2013. Berry shrivels - ripening disorders of grape berries. Presentation to the Pennsylvania Quality Assurance Group, Philadelphia, August 6th, 2013.
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: SOUR shrivel, AKA berry shrivel, is a worldwide problem related to ripening of grape berries. Its causes are unknown, which qualifies SOUR shrivel as a physiological disorder. Since SOUR shrivel is a recurring phenomenon, especially in WA where it is observed every year to some degree in both young and established vineyards, its incidence is routinely monitored in commercial vineyards. Considering that it occurs in a wide variety of soils, cultivars, and cultural and environmental conditions, it is not surprising to see a clear, particular pattern of its occurrence in the vineyard. Thus, SOUR shrivel may well distress any vine in a given vineyard planted with any variety. Last year was unusually hot with several weeks of continuous sunlight. This promoted another form of berry shrivel known as berry dehydration, the symptoms of which are totally different from SOUR shrivel. Since SOUR shrivel commonly afflicts Cabernet Sauvignon, the most sought-after variety and wine, commercial vineyards planted with this variety are kept under constant watch during the growing season. However, last year, it was observed for the first time in Grenache, a Rhone variety. While the clusters were afflicted late in the ripening, the overall symptomatology was identical to the Bordeaux variety, Cabernet Sauvignon. Following the affliction, it was either confined to just a single cluster irrespective of its position in the shoot or all clusters in that shoot became symptomatic. Within a cluster, only few distally positioned berries were afflicted. Irrespective of spatial variation in occurrence, all SOUR shrivel berries were flaccid and soft with their skin wrinkled and pulled away from the receptacle forming deep grooves into the flesh reminiscent of a deflated soccer ball. This is the most characteristic feature of SOUR shrivel, which can be used to distinguish it from other disorders such as Bunch Stem Necrosis. The collapsed flesh was responsible for the flaccidity of the berries. Despite this breakdown, the bunch stem remained healthy along with the seeds indicating that SOUR shrivel initiates after veraison. These modifications did not alter the wax (bloom) structure. Even though SOUR shrivel berries have viable seeds, generally they cannot be used for making wine or any other product due to low sugars. Since Grenache clusters were afflicted late in the ripening, they were salvageable for making wine. The general rational course of action to optimally achieve desired fruit and wine quality is to drop the afflicted clusters prior to harvest. PARTICIPANTS: Markus Keller TARGET AUDIENCES: Growers, Viticulturists, Winemakers, Students, Scientists PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Since the clusters afflicted with SOUR shrivel are not ever salvageable, the rational course of action to optimally achieve desired fruit and wine quality is to drop the clusters prior to harvest. However, if it occurs late in the season close to harvest, the grapes can be harvested for making a desired style of wine.
Publications
- Bondada B., M.Keller 2012. Not all shrivels are created equal, morpho-anatomical and compositional characteristics differ among different shrivel types that develop during ripening of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3:879-898.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Under this project, different ripening disorders of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries were analyzed. These included sunburn (SB), prolonged dehydration (PD), late-season bunch stem necrosis (LBSN), and berry shrivel (BS). These disorders manifested as shriveling of the pericarp were analyzed by dissecting their morpho-anatomy, shriveling nature, and composition. Except for healthy and sunburned berries, all disordered berries shriveled, which was distinct in each shrivel form. The PD berries resembled golf balls, the LBSN berries resembled raisins , and the BS berries were flaccid. Despite a distinctive shriveling pattern, the epicuticular wax morphology as upright platelets was similar in all shriveled forms. Unlike the translucent mesocarp of healthy, sunburned, and PD berries, the mesocarp was collapsed in BS and LBSN berries, nevertheless all had well-developed seeds. Healthy berries established optimal composition; conversely the disordered berries were not only compositionally distinct from each other, but also as a whole differed from the healthy berries. The results of this study are of vital interest to viticulturists and grape industry since the analyses of differential shriveled forms not only serve as a guide to correctly identify seemingly similar disorders but also aid them in minimizing fruit quality and yield losses. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers, winemakers, viticulturists PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Now that the attendees learned about the symptoms of various ripening disorders, they are able to make distinctions among these disorders and minimize losses in yield and fruit quality.
Publications
- Bondada, B., and M.Keller. 2011. Morpho-anatomical symptomatology and osmotic behavior of grape berry shrivel. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 137:1-11.
- Bondada, B. 2011. To shrivel or not to shrivel - toward an understanding of ripening related physiological disorders of grape berry. 17th International Symposium of the Group of International Experts of Vitivinicultural Systems for Cooperation Proceedings. August 29th - September 2nd. Asti-Alba, Italy. Pages 473-475.
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Rows of grapevines (Cabernet Sauvignon) with Berry Shrivel background were flagged and observed for incidence of Berry Shrivel on vines in a commercial vineyard. As expected, sugar levels were significantly lower in Berry Shrivel clusters than in healthy clusters, whereas the opposite occurred with respect to acidity. Light microscopy of rachis and peduncle sections from regions with no lateral branches displayed healthy vascular tissues. On the contrary, the phloem cells developed brownish coloration ensuing from necrotic spots that developed primarily on the interior and exterior of rachis axils. The xylem cells were healthy with large vessel elements. In the same vineyard, healthy and BS clusters were sprayed with ABA at weekly intervals. Following the applications, the clusters were harvested and berry samples were prepared for analyzing ABA along with other hormones with chromatography technology (LC, UPLC/MS/MS). PARTICIPANTS: Bhaskar Bondada, Markus Keller TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers and wine makers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The phenomenon of Berry Shrivel is a serious global concern causing losses in yield and fruit quality attributes. Berry Shrivel is a recurring phenomenon, especially in WA where it is observed every year to some degree in both young and mature vineyards. Up to 50% yield loss may occur. Because of its mysterious nature, it is hard to identify its causal factors. Despite its elusive nature, we have made significant progress in elucidating its external symptoms and differentiating it from other shrivel types that are commonly mistaken for Berry Shrivel. We characterized internal symptoms associated with juice and flesh that were not reported in previous seasons. Collectively, these features of Berry Shrivel aid growers from all over the world in culling out Berry Shrivel clusters and dropping at harvest, thereby improving fruit quality.
Publications
- Hall, G.E., B.Bondada, and M.Keller. 2010. Loss of rachis cell viability is associated with ripening disorders in grapes. Journal of Experimental Botany. 61.
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We investigated Berry Shrivel incidences in different vineyards in eastern Washington. The study revealed that Berry Shrivel was not a function of vine age; it occurred in young vines (3-yr old) in a newly planted vineyard. Berry Shrivel berries lacked brush, furthermore, the flesh at the proximal end developed cracks that disconnected the berries from the pedicel. The juice revealed crystals of various shapes in Berry Shrivel berries. The crystals morphology occurred in the form of needle, diamond, rectangles, squares, and elongated flat rods. Both healthy and Berry Shrivel berries showed presence of callose in the phloem tissues. In future studies, different types of callose will be examined to determine whether or not callose deposition occurs in response to Berry Shrivel. PARTICIPANTS: Markus Keller and Geoffrey Hall TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers and wine makers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
It is an on-going study. One of the impacts of this study is that growers are now able to differentiate among different types of shrivel and lessen yield and fruit quality losses.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Berry Shrivel still remains to be a mystery with respect to its inception and causal factors. However, we believe that understanding functional and structural modifications may aid us in pinning down the causal factors. Since the composition of bleeding sap reflects both mineral and water uptake and also the general nutritional status of the plant, the bleeding sap of grapevines with Berry Shrivel background was collected in the spring to determine the nutritional status of the vine and relate it to the nutritional composition of the berries. The sap showed highest levels of Ca, followed by K, Mg, P, S, Na, B, Mn, Zn and Cu. Berries from healthy clusters and clusters afflicted with Berry Shrivel were sampled for nutrient analysis to determine various nutrient levels at the end of the season. On a fruit basis, both macro and micro nutrients were lowest in the berries afflicted with Berry Shrivel followed by healthy appearing berries in the shriveled cluster. The berries of healthy cluster showed the highest levels of all nutrients. This indicated that nutrient deficiency has a role in inducing Berry Shrivel. Different microscopy techniques were employed to examine the xylem and phloem pathways in the cane and the cluster. Scanning electron microscopy revealed early stages of tylosis in one of the xylem vessels of canes afflicted with Berry Shrivel. Tylosis is ballooning of xylem parenchyma cells into the lumen of vessel elements. Tylosis is a wound response, whether or not tylosis is related to Berry Shrivel will be determined in future studies using more cane samples afflicted with Berry Shrivel. So far, no tylosis was observed in the healthy canes. Light microscopy showed that the xylem cells (parenchyma, fibers and vessels) in the peduncle of Berry Shrivel cluster had a wavy appearance. A similar xylem arrangement was not observed in the healthy peduncles. More sample observation is needed to determine whether or not such wavy xylem architecture is related to Berry Shrivel. The xylem in the rachis showed no tylosis. To determine the blockage in the phloem pathway, thin sections were prepared from paraffin embedded tissues and stained with Toluidine Blue. Thereafter, the sections were excited with UV light to determine the presence of callose formation in the sieve plates of phloem cells. Callose fluoresces blue when excited with blue light. Both healthy and Berry Shrivel phloem plates fluoresced blue, but due to the low resolution of the light microscope, it was difficult to ascertain whether the sieve plates had callose or not. In future studies, similar staining techniques will be employed with Confocal microscopy to better resolve the sieve pores. Since the flow in the vascular pathways is influenced by various environmental factors, a thorough examination of its structure and function will lead us to potential causes of Berry Shrivel and possible remedies. PARTICIPANTS: B. Bondada, M. Keller, J. Harbertson TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers and wine makers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The ripening disorder, Berry Shrivel, has become a global problem now causing yield losses and deterioration of fruit quality characteristics. Berry Shrivel occurs to some degree every year. We have been very successful in elucidating its external symptoms and differentiating it from other shrivel types that are commonly mistaken for Berry Shrivel. Growers benefited tremendously from this information; now they drop the Berry Shrivel clusters just before harvest. Prior to this research, they harvested these clusters assuming that Berries with Berry Shrivel were dehydrated berries and, therefore, could be used for winemaking. Even though dropping the clusters causes a reduction in yield, the quality is not compromised. Additionally, we employed various microscopy techniques to understand this phenomenon at the cellular level. We were able to determine the viability of cells and ultrastructural details crucial to understanding the flow of sugars in the phloem pathway. This will lead us to determining potential causal factors of Berry Shrivel, knowing what causes can be used to design management practices and lessen the quality and yield losses. Prevention of Berry Shrivel will restore yield and fruit quality, timely harvest, and eventually wine quality.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
A new physiological disorder known as berry shrivel is causing quite a concern not only to the wine industry in WA but also to wineries worldwide. Studies were conducted to gain an understanding of its symptoms, probable causes and effects on berry composition. The shriveling initially starts as small dimples; thereafter, the whole berry collapses and resembles a deflated soccer ball. The juice is watery and tastes very sour due to low sugar accumulation (8-10 degree Brix) compared to the healthy berries (20-25 degree Brix). Furthermore, shriveling inhibits color development in red varieties. A xylem-mobile dye (basic fuchsin) indicated interruption in xylem transport. The seeds of shriveled berries, were smaller than the healthy seeds, but were viable, with well developed embryos. The functionality of the phloem pathway was examined using a phloem-specific dye. Light microscopy revealed the dye mostly to be present in the xylem of berries, pedicel, rachis, and
peduncle of healthy and unhealthy vines. The phloem dye study will be continued in the next season to further examine the functionality of the phloem.
Impacts
Not much is known about berry shrivel since its description a few years ago. Although, we understand the basic symptoms of berry shrivel, the exact cause is not known. Water stress, crop load, temperature, etc. have been suggested as probable causal factors, which will be examined in future studies. It will take a few year's of research before we gain an understanding of its causal factors.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A new physiological disorder known as berry shrivel is causing quite a concern not only to the wine industry in WA but also to grape growers worldwide. Studies were conducted to gain an understanding of its symptoms, probable causes and effects on berry composition. The shriveling initially starts as small dimples, thereafter, the whole berry collapses and resembles a deflated soccer ball. The juice is watery and tastes very sour due to low sugar accumulation (8-10 degree Brix) compared to the healthy ones (20-25 degree Brix). Furthermore, shriveling inhibits color development in red varieties. A xylem-mobile dye (basic fuchsin) indicated interruption in xylem pathway. The functionality of phloem pathway is being investigated using phloem-specific dye.
Impacts
The exact cause of berry shrivel is not known at this time, however, water stress, cropping load, temperature, etc. have been suggested as probable causal factors, which will be examined in future studies.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
|