Progress 09/01/06 to 08/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project developed gremplasm and techniques and is helping to revitalize regional grain communities. Germplasm from the program has gone to several public programs throughout the US. We developed twenty elite wheats being considered for variety release that have done well locally. 3rd year yield, disease, and nutrition results are awaiting publication. Samples were submitted to the genotyping and quality and nutritional labs. In 2011, organic trials were grown at three locations in grower's fields. Prior to that, trials were grown in up to 7 fields in eastern, central and western WA. Wheat was milled organically and is being evaluated for quality through laboratory analysis, and a group of various sized commercial bakers. Results indicate unique qualities and flavors. An economic analysis of this system is currently underway and a formal survey is being analyzed to assess the potential market for local organic flour among bakers. The results will be valuable not only for WA, and the northwest but for other communities nationwide trying to reinvent decentralized small grain production and distribution systems outside of the commodity market. Select oral presentations are: Hills, and Jones. Effectiveness of Late Spring Topdressing for Increasing Protein Quantity and Quality in Organic Hard Red Winter Wheat in Western WA at CSSA 2011. Patzek, WA Tilth producer's 2011 Early Season Farm Walk Series: Current Research in Organic Farming; Hills, Panel Member, Issues of Scale: Values, sustainability and prosperity. Kneading Conference West, (2011); Hills, Corbin and Jones. Poster presented at meeting of Food, Agriculture and Human Values Society, Missoula MT (2011); Bringing Grains Back to the Coastal Pacific Northwest. Hills, Talk at Mother Earth News Fair, Puyallup WA (June 4); Jones, Murphy, Matanguihan, Hills, and Endelman. Organic Small Grains for Small Farms: Breeding for Diverse Systems. Poster at USDA Organic Grant Recipients Meeting, Washington DC (2011); Jones, The Redecentralization of Grain Systems in the Coastal Pacific Northwest. Presentation at Food Justice Conference, Eugene OR (2011); Murphy, Hills, Hayes, Jones (2010). Organic grain research in the Pacific Northwest. CSSA Annual Meeting, 2010; Murphy, K., L. Yan, L. Hoagland, S.S. Jones (2010). Genotype x environment interactions for mineral nutrient concentration and yield in organic wheat. Murphy, (2010). Growing wheat east and west of the Cascades. Farmer to Farmer Workshop, Walla Walla, WA, 2010; Murphy, Huber (2009). Organic wheat breeding in Washington State. WA State Borlaug Fellows Program. 2009; Murphy, Jones (2009). Evolutionary participatory breeding in wheat. IFOAM Conference on Organic Plant and Animal Breeding. Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2009; Murphy, Reeves, Jones (2009). Mineral nutrition and end-use quality in organic and conventional wheat. 3rd Int Cong on Food and Nutrition. Quality Low-Input Food Conference, Antalya, Turkey. A bread conference was convened at Mount Vernon in 2011 with 200 bakers, millers and farmers from 12 states and 3 Canadian provinces. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
We expect to have sufficient data from our emergence, weed competitiveness and harrowing tolerance evaluations to develop a morphological ideotype of a wheat well suited to organic production that can be used to guide future breeding efforts nationwide. We have begun the nutrient use efficiency studies to evaluate the efficacy of including prescreening for these traits in early generation breeding lines to increase the efficiency of breeding for low input and organic systems. We are confident that the germplasm developed from this program will result in the release of cultivars especially developed for organic production. This project as a whole will help other public and private breeders evaluate the need for dedicating breeding programs for low input, organic and other alternative cropping systems, and will provide an assessment of the value of publicly developed and maintained germplasm. We repeated two winter wheat trials in 2010-11 to investigate the effects of cultivar and rate of application of a commercially available fertilizer approved for organic production. The area receives approximately 32 inches of rainfall per year, with most falling between October and April. The cultivars planted were two reds, Bauermeister and WA8022, and one white MDM. WA8022 is a breeding line that has not been commercially released, but showed promise for western WA in previous trials. An organic fertilizer was surface applied to all plots at a rate of 30 lbs N/acre in early spring and at rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 lbs N/acre at boot stage. Protein averaged across varieties, increased from 8.9 and 9.7 % at the two sites to 9.7 and 11.2 % for the plots receiving 60 lbs of N at the boot stage. Protein increases were negligible beyond 60 lbs N/acre. There were no significant differences in yield between fertility treatments. Yields at the two sites averaged 87.9 and 60.1 bushels/acre. Two other organic on-farm spring wheat variety trials found that grain yields were on average 70% of that in a conventional trial conducted in Mount Vernon, but test weights were consistently higher. The results from our field study into the effects of Azospirillum inoculation as impacted by wheat cultivar and field management conditions showed that across cultivars, wheat tended to benefit from inoculation in conventional systems, but not in organic systems. Selection conditions also impacted the ability of wheat cultivars to enhance populations of resident beneficial microbial species, as wheat cultivars under organic conditions were the best at suppressing pathogens responsible for apple replant disease. We have made great progress toward providing organic producers within each agro-climatic zone in the small grain producing regions of the PNW the data required to make informed choices among existing cultivars for weed competitiveness, seed-borne diseases, and response to low fertility environments. None of this information was previously available to organic growers. Two PhD students were graduated from this program (Murphy and Dawson) and one post doc was trained and now has a faculty potion at Purdue (Hoagland).
Publications
- Dawson, J.C., K. Murphy, D.R. Huggins, S.S. Jones (2011). Evaluation of winter wheat breeding lines for traits related to nitrogen use under organic management. Organic Agriculture 1: 65-80.
- Miles, C., J. Roozen, S. S. Jones, K. Murphy, and X. Chen. 2009. Growing wheat in western Washington. Washington State University Extension Publication EM022E. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM022E/EM022E.pdf
- Murphy, K., P. Reeves, S.S. Jones. 2008. Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient content in historical and modern U.S. spring wheat cultivars. Euphytica: The International Journal of Plant Breeding 163: 381-390. doi: 10.1007/s10681-008-9681-x.
- Dawson, J.C., K. Murphy, S.S. Jones. 2008. Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low-input systems. Euphytica. Vol. 160, no. 2. pp.143-154.
- Hoagland, L., Murphy, K., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Jones, S. 2008. Improving nutrient uptake in wheat through cultivar specific interaction with Azospirillum. In Proceedings, Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agricultural Research(ISOFAR), Modena, Italy. pp. 526-565.
- Murphy, K., Hoagland, L., Reeves, P., Jones, S. 2008. Effect of cultivar and soil characteristics on nutritional value in organic and conventional wheat. In Proceedings, Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agricultural Research (ISOFAR), Modena, Italy. pp. 614-617.
- Murphy, K., J.C. Dawson, S.S. Jones (2008). Relationship among phenotypic growth traits, yield and weed suppression in spring wheat landraces and modern cultivars. Field Crops Research 105: 107-115.
- Murphy K., K.G. Campbell, S. Lyon, S.S. Jones (2007). Evidence for varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crops Research 102: 172-177.
- Murphy, K., S. Jones (2007). Genetic assessment of the role of breeding wheat for organic systems. In Wheat Production in Stressed Environments: Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, H.T. Buck, J.E. Nisi and N. Salomon, eds; Springer; pp. 217-222.
- Murphy, K., S. Jones (2007). Nutritional value of spring wheat: A comparison of historical and modern varieties. WSU Extension Bulletin. Sustaining the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp 7-8. http://csanr.wsu.edu/whatsnew/SPNW-v5-n2.pdf#page=7
- Hills, K.M., J. Goldberger and S.S. Jones.(2011). Rebuilding the Grain Chain: Stories from the coastal Pacific Northwest. Rural Connections. Sept. 2011.
- Lammerts van Bueren,T., S.S. Jones, L. Tamm, K. Murphy, J.R. Myers, C. Leifert, M.M. Messmer (2010). The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences (in press) doi:10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001.
- Murphy, K., S. Jones, C. Miles (2009). Wheat variety trials in Western Washington. Tilth Producers Quarterly, Spring, 2009.
- Matanguihan, G.J.B., K. Murphy, S.S. Jones (2011). Control of common bunt in organic wheat. Plant Disease 95:92-103.
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Progress 09/01/09 to 08/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We developed twenty hard red and soft white wheats that we are considering for germplasm or variety release. These underwent continued evaluation in 2010. Third year yield, disease, and nutrition results from this project are awaiting publication. We are submitting these samples to the genotyping lab, quality lab and nutritional lab for analysis. In 2010, soft white and hard red organic spring wheat trials were grown at six locations in farmers' fields and at Mount Vernon, WA. Three organic spring wheat sites were continued in Western WA in farmers' fields. Wheat from the trials was milled by an organic mill and is currently being evaluated for baking quality not only through laboratory analysis, but also through testing by cooperating artisan bakers and a decentralized group of home bakers. An economic analysis of this organic management system is currently underway. In addition, a survey is being created to assess the potential market for local organic whole wheat and white flour among artisan bakers in Northwestern WA and the needs of the bakers. The results of this research will be valuable not only for Washington, but for other communities nationwide that are trying to reinvent decentralized small grain production and distribution systems outside of the commodity market. Oral presentations are: Murphy, K., K. Hills, P. Hayes, S.S. Jones (2010). Organic grain research in the Pacific Northwest. CSSA-ASA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Nov. 3, 2010; Murphy, K., L. Yan, L. Hoagland, S.S. Jones (2010). Genotype x environment interactions for mineral nutrient concentration and yield in organic wheat. CSSA-ASA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Nov. 1, 2010; Murphy, K. (2010). Growing wheat east and west of the Cascades. Farmer to Farmer Workshop, Walla Walla, WA, March 6, 2010; Murphy, K., N. Huber (2009). Small scale grain production. Washington Tilth Producers Annual Conference. Yakima, WA, Nov. 15, 2009; Murphy, K. (2009). Organic wheat breeding in Washington State. Washington State Borlaug Fellows Program. Pullman, WA, Sept. 20, 2009; Murphy, K., S.S. Jones (2009). Evolutionary participatory breeding in wheat. IFOAM Conference on Organic Plant and Animal Breeding. Santa Fe, New Mexico, August 27, 2009; Murphy, K., P. Reeves, S.S. Jones (2009). Mineral nutrition and end-use quality in organic and conventional wheat. 3rd International Congress on Food and Nutrition. Quality Low-Input Food Conference, Antalya, Turkey, April 6, 2009. Hoagland, L., Mazzola, M, Murphy, K., Jones, S., 2010. Wheat cultivar selection for biological remediation of apple replant disease. International Horticulture Congress, Lisbon, Portugal. The following participants are collaborators of this project with Dr. Stephen Jones, Washington State University: Stephen Machado, Oregon State University; Yan Lin, USDA ARS, North Dakota Human Nutrition Research Center; Lori Hoagland, Purdue; Kevin Murphy, WSU; Nash Huber, Dungeness Organic Farm; Erick Haakensen, Jubilee Farm; Melissa Barker, Evergreen State College Farm; Wilbur Bishop, Ebey Road Farm; Woody Deryckx, Mt. Baker Organic Seed Growers Association; Keith Kisler, Finn River Farm. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
We expect to have sufficient data from our emergence, weed competitiveness and harrowing tolerance evaluations to develop a morphological ideotype of a wheat well suited to organic production that can be used to guide future breeding efforts nationwide. We have begun the nutrient use efficiency studies to evaluate the efficacy of including prescreening for these traits in early generation breeding lines to increase the efficiency of breeding for low input and organic systems. We are confident that the germplasm developed from this program will result in the release of cultivars especially developed for organic production. This project as a whole will help other public and private breeders evaluate the efficacy of dedicating breeding programs for low input, organic and other alternative cropping systems, and will provide an assessment of the value of publicly developed and maintained germplasm. Two winter wheat trials were planted in October 2009 to investigate the effects of cultivar and rate of application of a commercially available fertilizer approved for organic production. The area receives approximately 32 inches of rainfall per year, with most falling between October and April. The cultivars planted were all hard winter wheat and included two reds (Bauermeister and WA8022) and one white (MDM). WA8022 is a breeding line that has not been commercially released, but showed promise for western WA in previous trials. An organic fertilizer was surface applied to all plots at a rate of 30 lbs N/acre in early spring and at rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 lbs N/acre at boot stage. Protein, averaged across varieties, increased from 8.9 and 9.7 % at the two sites to 9.7 and 11.2 % for the plots receiving 60 lbs of N at the boot stage. Protein increases were negligible beyond 60 lbs N/acre. There were no significant differences in yield between fertility treatments. Yields at the two sites averaged 87.9 and 60.1 bushels/acre. Two other organic on-farm spring wheat variety trials found that grain yields were on average 70% of that in a conventional trial conducted at the WSU NWREC in Mount Vernon, but test weights were consistently higher. The results from our field study into the effects of Azospirillum inoculation as impacted by wheat cultivar and field management conditions showed that across cultivars, wheat tended to benefit from inoculation in conventional systems, but not in organic systems. Selection conditions also impacted the ability of wheat cultivars to enhance populations of resident beneficial microbial species, yet wheat cultivars under organic conditions were the best at suppressing pathogens responsible for apple replant disease. We have made great progress toward providing organic producers within each agro-climatic zone in the small grain producing regions of the PNW the data required to make informed choices among existing cultivars for weed competitiveness, seed-borne diseases, and response to low fertility environments. None of this information was previously available to organic growers who were basing their decisions strictly on the current variety testing system in the PNW.
Publications
- Matanguihan, G.J.B., K. Murphy, S.S. Jones (2011). Control of common bunt in organic wheat. Plant Disease (in press) xx: xxx-xxx;
- Lammerts van Bueren,T., S.S. Jones, L. Tamm, K. Murphy, J.R. Myers, C. Leifert, M.M. Messmer (2010). The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences (in press) doi:10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001
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Progress 09/01/08 to 08/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Progress made toward outputs include multiple grain workshops, talks, and field days for growers, extension agents, consumers and bakers from WA, OR and Canada throughout 2009. In 2009, soft white and hard red organic winter wheat trials were grown at six locations in farmers' fields and one at Mount Vernon, WA. Three organic spring wheat sites were established in Western WA in farmers' fields. Second year yield, disease, and nutrition results from this project are awaiting publication. We identified 20 each of hard red and soft white wheats in 2008 that we are considering for germplasm or variety release. These underwent continued evaluation in 2009. We are submitting these samples to the genotyping lab, quality lab and nutritional lab for analysis. We published a popular press article in Washington Tilth Producers Quarterly titled: 'Wheat Varieties in Western Washington'. Dr. Kevin Murphy and Dr. Lori Hoagland, both postdoctoral fellows in the program, have attended and given oral presentations at numerous conferences, workshops and meetings. Numerous PhD students also attended conferences and gave oral presentations. The list of oral presentations are: Murphy, K., N. Huber, S. Jones (2009) "Small scale grain production." Washington Tilth Producers Annual Conference. Yakima, WA, Nov. 15, 2009. Murphy, K. (2009). "Organic wheat breeding in Washington State." Washington State Borlaug Fellows Program. Pullman, WA, Sept. 20, 2009. Murphy, K., S. Jones (2009). "Evolutionary participatory breeding in wheat." IFOAM Conference on Organic Plant and Animal Breeding. Santa Fe, New Mexico, August 27, 2009. Murphy, K., S. Jones (2009). "Mineral nutrition and end-use quality in organic and conventional wheat." 3rd International Congress on Food and Nutrition. Quality Low-Input Food Conference, Antalya, Turkey, April 6, 2009. Matanguihan, J. 2009 XVIth Biennial Workshop on Smut Fungi, June 11-13, in Beltsville, Maryland. "The return of an ancient foe: common bunt in organic wheat". Matanguihan, J. 2009 APS Annual Meeting, August 1-5, Portland, Oregon. Poster entitled: "Genetic diversity of Tilletia caries isolates from wheat in Washington State." PARTICIPANTS: The following participants are collaborators of this project with Dr. Stephen Jones- Washington State University (WSU). Stephen Machado, Oregon State University; Yan Lin, USDA ARS, North Dakota Human Nutrition Research Center; Lori Hoagland, WSU; Kevin Murphy, WSU; Nash Huber, Dungeness Organic Farm; Erick and Wendy Haakensen, Jubilee Farm; Melissa Barker, Evergreen State College Farm; Wilbur Bishop, Ebey Road Farm; Woody Deryckx, Mt. Baker Organic Seed Growers Association; Keith Kisler, Finn River Farm. TARGET AUDIENCES: Our target audiences for this research are anyone associated with organic agricultural systems in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) that have the potential to benefit organic farming, such as breeding programs, and wheat producers who are transitioning to organic production. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
We have made great progress toward providing organic producers within each agro-climatic zone in the small grain producing regions of the PNW the data required to make informed choices among existing cultivars for weed competitiveness, seed-borne diseases, and response to low fertility environments. None of this information is currently available to organic growers who are now basing their decisions strictly on the current variety testing system in the PNW. We expect that we will have sufficient data from the emergence, weed competitiveness and harrowing tolerance evaluations that we will use to develop a morphological ideotype of a wheat well suited to organic production that can be used to guide future breeding efforts nationwide. We have begun the nutrient use efficiency studies to evaluate the efficacy of including prescreening for these traits in early generation breeding lines to increase the efficiency of breeding for low input and organic systems. We are confident that the germplasm developed from this program will result in the release of cultivars especially developed for organic production. This project as a whole will help other public and private breeders evaluate the efficacy of dedicating breeding programs for low input, organic and other alternative cropping systems, and will provide an assessment of the value of publicly developed and maintained germplasm.
Publications
- Murphy, K., S. Jones, C. Miles (2009). Wheat variety trials in Western Washington. Tilth Producers Quarterly, Spring, 2009.
- Miles, C., J. Roozen, S. S. Jones, K. Murphy, and X. Chen. 2009. Growing wheat in western Washington. Washington State University Extension Publication EM022E. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM022E/EM022E.pdf
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Progress 09/01/07 to 08/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Progress made toward outputs include a grain workshop for 25 growers from WA and Canada in March of 2008; a field day in August of 2008 at Nash Huber's Dungeness Farm, 30 growers, extension agents, and bakers were in attendance from WA, OR, BC. In September of 2008, Softwhite, Hard Red, organic winter wheat trials were established, six locations in farmers fields and one at Mount Vernon, WA. Three organic spring wheat sites were established in Western WA in farmers' fields. The first yield, disease, and nutrition results from this project are awaiting publication. An acre of organic wheat was sown at Lind, WA, over 400 entries, 1000 plots. Organic winter wheat was also sown on 3.5 acres at Spillman Farm, Pullman, WA. Over 400 head rows, 400 plots and a bulk population were generated. We identified 20 each of hard red and softwhite wheats that we are considering for germplasm or variety release. We are submitting these samples to the genotyping lab, quality lab and nutritional lab for analysis. An advanced softwhite nursery was established in St. Andrews, WA. We also published a popular press article on the Rodale Institute on-line version titled: Seeking Beneficial Genetic Diversity in the Field. PARTICIPANTS: The following participants are collaborators of this project with Dr. Stephen Jones- Washington State University (WSU). Stephen Machado, Oregon State University; Yan Lin, USDA ARS, North Dakota Human Nutrition Research Center; Lori Hoagland, WSU; Kevin Murphy, WSU; Nash Huber, Dungeness Organic Farm; Erick and Wendy Haakensen, Jubilee Farm; Melissa Barker, Evergreen State College Farm; Wilbur Bishop, Ebey Road Farm; Woody Deryckx, Mt. Baker Organic Seed Growers Association; Keith Kisler, Finn River Farm. Dr. Kevin Murphy and Dr. Lori Hoagland, both postdoctoral fellows in the program have attended and given oral presentations at numerous conferences, workshops and meetings. Numerous PhD students also attended conferences and gave oral presentations. The list of conferences are: The Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research, Modena, Italy, June 18-20, 2008. The Organic Seed Growers Conference,February 14-15, 2008, Salem, Oregon. Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; February 17-21, 2008. The list of oral presenations are: Murphy, K. (2008).Multi-disciplinary research for sustainable farming systems. Montana State University Seminar. Bozeman, MT, March 28, 2008. Murphy, K. (2008). Participatory research in integrated cropping systems. Northwest Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University Seminar. Kalispell, MT, March 27, 2008. Murphy, K., L. Hoagland, J. Dawson, S. Jones (2008). Selecting, growing, and marketing value-added wheat varieties in organic cropping rotations. Organic Seed Alliance Seed Growers Conference. Salem, OR, February 14-15, 2008. Murphy, K., P. Reeves, L. Hoagland, S.S. Jones (2008). Exploiting cropping system x cultivar interactions for nutritional value in wheat. CSSA-ASA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Houston, TX, October 6, 2008. Hoagland, L., K. Murphy, L. Carpenter-Boggs, S.S. Jones (2008). Improving nutrient uptake in organic dryland wheat cropping systems through cultivar specific interaction with Azospirillum. CSSA-ASA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Houston, TX, October 6, 2008. Murphy, K., L. Hoagland, P. Reeves, S.S. Jones (2008). Effect of cultivar and soil characteristics on nutritional value in organic and conventional wheat. Quality Low-Input Food Conference, June 20, 2008, Modena, Italy. Hoagland, L., K. Murphy, L. Carpenter-Boggs, S.S. Jones (2008). Improving nutrient uptake in wheat through cultivar specific interaction with Azospirillum. Organic World Congress, June 20, 2008, Modena, Italy. Murphy, K., J. Dawson, S.S. Jones (2008). Breeding for nitrogen use efficiency in organic wheat systems. Organic World Congress, June 20, 2008, Modena, Italy. Jones, S., K. Murphy (2008). Strategies for plant breeding in the public interest. Organic Seed Alliance Seed Growers Conference. Salem, OR, February 14-15, 2008. Murphy, K. (2008). Participatory extension and research for sustainable farming systems. WSU Extension Seminar. Puyallup, WA, January 29, 2008. TARGET AUDIENCES: Our target audiences for this research are anyone associated with organic agricultural systems in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) that have the potential to benefit organic farming, such as breeding programs, and wheat producers who are transitioning to organic production. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
We have made great progress toward providing organic producers within each agro-climatic zone in the small grain producing regions of the PNW the data required to make informed choices among existing cultivars for weed competitiveness, seed-borne diseases, and response to low fertility environments. None of this information is currently available to organic growers who are now basing their decisions strictly on the current variety testing system in the PNW. We expect that we will have sufficient data from the emergence, weed competitiveness and harrowing tolerance evaluations that we will be use to develop a morphological ideotype of a wheat well suited to organic production that can be used to guide future breeding efforts nationwide. We have begun the nutrient use efficiency studies to evaluate the efficacy of including prescreening for these traits in early generation breeding lines to increase the efficiency of breeding for low input and organic systems. We are confident that the germplasm developed from this program will result in the release of cultivars especially developed for organic production. This project as a whole will help other public and private breeders evaluate the efficacy of dedicating breeding programs for low input, organic and other alternative cropping systems, and will provide an assessment of the value of publicly developed and maintained germplasm.
Publications
- Hoagland, L., Murphy, K., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Jones, S. 2008. Improving nutrient uptake in wheat through cultivar specific interaction with Azospirillum. In Proceedings, Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agricultural Research(ISOFAR), Modena, Italy. pp. 526-565.
- Murphy, K., Hoagland, L., Reeves, P., Jones, S. 2008. Effect of cultivar and soil characteristics on nutritional value in organic and conventional wheat. In Proceedings, Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agricultural Research (ISOFAR), Modena, Italy. pp. 614-617.
- Murphy, K., P. Reeves, S.S. Jones. 2008. Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient content in historical and modern U.S. spring wheat cultivars. Euphytica: The International Journal of Plant Breeding 163: 381-390. doi: 10.1007/s10681-008-9681-x
- Dawson, J.C., K. Murphy, S.S. Jones. 2008. Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low-input systems. Euphytica. Vol. 160, no. 2. pp.143-154.
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Progress 09/01/06 to 08/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Presentations: Murphy, K (2007). Multi-disciplinary research for organic systems: Integrating plant breeding, agronomy and soil science. University of Maine Research Seminar. Orono, ME, November 27, 2007. Murphy, K (2007). Participatory plant breeding for sustainable farming systems. University of Maine Extension Seminar. Orono, ME, November 27, 2007. Murphy, K., J. Dawson, P. Reeves, S. Jones (2007). Heritability and genotype x environment interactions of mineral nutrient concentration in wheat grown in organic systems. European Association for Plant Breeding Research (EUCARPIA) Symposium. Plant breeding for organic and sustainable, low-input agriculture: dealing with genotype-environment interactions. Wageningen, Netherlands, November 9, 2007. Dawson, J., K. Murphy, S. Jones (2007). Plant breeding for organic systems: Wheat in the inland Pacific Northwest. CSSA-ASA-SSSA Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA, November 6, 2007. Jones, S., K. Murphy (2007). Long-term breeding
strategies for sustainable cropping systems. American Society of Horticultural Science (ASHS) Annual Conference. Scottsdale, AZ, July 18, 2007. Murphy, K. (2007). Breeding wheat for enhanced nutritional value. Washington State Unviersity (WSU) Departmental Crop Science Seminar. Pullman, WA, April 12, 2007.
PARTICIPANTS: PI: Dr. Stephen Jones, Professor and Wheat Breeder Co-PI: Kevin Murphy, Organic and Perennial Wheat breeder Two PhD Students and two Post-Doctoral Research Associates
TARGET AUDIENCES: Wheat Growers of the Pacific Northwest
Impacts
Our previous results (submitted in the 2006 progress report and published in Field Crops Research 2007) suggested that the highest yielding varieties in conventional systems are not the highest yielding varieties in organic systems. To identify the traits most responsible for yield in organic systems, we continued to evaluate varieties for weed suppression, allelopathic root exudates, coleoptile length and disease resistance. We identified varieties with high weed suppression ability (in press, Field Crops Research 2008), and associated allelopathic root exudates and plant height with the ability to suppress the target weed species, Chenopodium album (lambsquarters). We determined the gene action of, and best generation to select for, coleoptile length in wheat, depending on the parents involved. This should have a significant impact on the emergence consistency of organic wheat in low rainfall regions of WA State. In 2006 we completed a study that identified wheat
varieties with high levels of mineral nutrients (currently in review at Euphytica). Here we report the preliminary results of a new study that tests the differences in nutritional value between organic and conventional wheat. We evaluated 25 advanced lines in organic and conventional systems in Pullman and Lind for mineral content of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn). Our data suggests that organic systems have increased levels of Cu, Mg, Mn, P and Zn and conventional systems had higher levels of Ca. No difference was found for Fe content. Soil analyses suggest that the increase organic matter and pH in the organic systems may play a significant role in the higher nutritional value in the organic grain.
Publications
- Murphy, K., J.C. Dawson, S.S. Jones (2008). Relationship among phenotypic growth traits, yield and weed suppression in spring wheat landraces and modern cultivars. Field Crops Research 105: 107-115.
- Murphy K., K.G. Campbell, S. Lyon, S.S. Jones (2007). Evidence for varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crops Research 102: 172-177.
- Murphy, K., S. Jones (2007). Genetic assessment of the role of breeding wheat for organic systems. In Wheat Production in Stressed Environments: Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, H.T. Buck, J.E. Nisi and N. Salomon, eds; Springer; pp. 217-222.
- Murphy, K., S. Jones (2007). Nutritional value of spring wheat: A comparison of historical and modern varieties. WSU Extension Bulletin. Sustaining the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp 7-8. http://csanr.wsu.edu/whatsnew/SPNW-v5-n2.pdf#page=7
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