Progress 07/01/07 to 06/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for cold chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2007 field season, progeny from over 500 crosses were planted and evaluated. Over 80% of the single hill selections have a chip-processing parent in their pedigree. Based upon the pedigrees of the parents we have identified for breeding cold-chipping potato varieties, there is a diverse genetic base. Our promising chip-processing lines are MSJ147-1, MSJ036-A (scab resistant), MSH228-6 (moderate scab resistance), MSJ126-9Y (moderate scab resistance), MSJ316-A (moderate scab resistance), MSK061-4 (moderate scab resistance), MSK409-1 (scab resistant), MSN238-A (scab resistance), MSL007-B (scab resistance), MSM246-B, MSN191-2Y, MSL292-A, MSR061-1 (scab and PVY resistant) and MSQ070-1 (scab and late blight resistant). Other promising lines include MSQ089-1 (scab resistant), MSQ492-2 (scab and late blight resistant), MSP516-A (scab and late blight resistant), MSR036-5 (scab and late blight resistant), MSR102-3 (scab and late blight resistant), MSR127-2 (scab resistant), MSR041-5 (scab and late blight resistant) and MSR160-2Y (PVY, scab and late blight resistant). Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance,low internal defects, good cooking quality, high marketable yield and resistance to scab and late blight. Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue to improve the frequency of scab resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more russet and yellow-fleshed lines. Potato lines with We have also been spinning off some pigmented skin and tuber flesh lines that may fit some specialty markets. From our breeding efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have a number of yellow-fleshed and red-skinned lines, as well as long, russet type and purple skin selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. We are also selecting for a dual-purpose russet, round white, red-skin, and improved Yukon Gold-type yellow-fleshed potatoes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on-farm trials in 2007, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Farm. Promising tablestock lines include MSI005-20Y, MSN105-1 and MSM171-A. We have a number of tablestock selections with late blight resistance. These are MSL072-C and MSM171-A. MSL211-3 and MSN105-1 has late blight and scab resistance. MSA8254-2BRUS is a russet table selection that has scab resistance, while MSL794-BRUS has late blight resistance. Some newer lines with promise include MSQ176-5 (late blight resistant), MSN230-6RY (scab and late blight resistant), MSM182-1 (PVY and late blight resistant), MSQ440-2 (scab and late blight resistant and MSL268-D (late blight resistant). MSM288-2Y is a yellow flesh selection with scab resistance. Some new pigmented lines are MSS582-1 (purple splash) and Michigan Red and Purple Splash. MSQ558-2RR is a red fleshed chipper and MSQ432-2PP is a purple-fleshed chipper. PARTICIPANTS: Kelly Zarka, Joe Coombs, Dan Zarka, Devin Berry, Jay Estelle, Donna Kells, Willie Kirk, Ray Hammerschmidt, Ed Grafius and Walter Pett are staff and colleagues at Michigan State University. Christian Thill (University of Minnesota), Susie Thompson (North Dakota State University) and Jiwan Palta are co-principal investigators in this research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Other potato breeders are the target audience of the research generated from this project. The potato industry (seed growers, commercial growers and processors) are also the target audience for the varieties released from the breeding efforts. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No Project Modifications information reported.
Impacts
We are planning to release MSJ036-A as Kalkaska in 2008. We are continuing to promote the seed production and testing of Beacon Chipper, a 2005 release. In addition, we are continuing to promote Michigan Purple, Jacqueline Lee for the tablestock markets. Boulder is being commercially grown in Quebec. Commercial seed production has been initiated for MSN105-1, a round white potato for the tablestock market. MSL228-1 (purple splash) is being considered by Gurney's Seed for their home garden catalog (Garden's Alive). Lastly, commercial seed of MSH228-6, MSJ147-1, MSK061-4 and MSJ126-9Y are being produced and we will continue to seek commercial testing of these lines. We have also initiated a focused ribavirin-based virus eradication system to generate virus-free tissue culture lines for the industry. Thirty lines are in ribaviran treatment at this time to remove PVS and PVY from lines. This year 74 new breeding lines are being put into tissue culture.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 07/01/06 to 06/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: MSU grew 80,000 seedlings for evaluation and made over 2000 selections over a 2 year period. At NDSU, grew about 200,000 seedlings from true botanical seed for evaluation. NDSU's primary focus for breeding continues to be cold processing ability (chip and frozen products), late blight, Colorado potato beetle, sugar end, pink rot and Pythium leak, and aphid resistance, and emerging areas for regional producers and industry, including Verticillium wilt, PVY and Fusarium resistance, and enhanced nutritional quality. Early generation selection (EGS) for LB resistance evaluating new hybrid progeny as transplants or seedling tubers shows merit to accelerate EGS for LB resistance by 2 years. In both MSU, UM and NDSU, EGS evaluation of foliar late blight reaction increases the efficiency of early generation by allowing the breeder to quickly remove susceptible clones before further time and resources are invested. For example data collected during the season on disease reaction is used during the current fall selection in breeding fields. A variety by fungicide field study was able to demonstrate that potato lines with partial resistance to late blight combined with 14 day protectant fungicide spray interval were equivalent in late blight reaction as a susceptible cultivar on a 7 day protectant fungicide spray schedule. Early generation selection was conducted on tuber families of 22 crosses. True seed from each cross were also distributed to WI, MN and ND for selection. In Michigan, about 10 selections were made per cross (10% selection intensity). The selections were rated on a 1-5 scale and they will be planted in 2008 for further evaluation and selection. In Michigan, the selection ratings were better for crosses made in Michigan that for crosses made in North Dakota. The opposite was observed in North Dakota. At UM research emphasized the development and evaluation of potato germplasm for improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. UM evaluated ca. 60,000 first year hybrid (SH), and selected 860 Generation 1 (G1), 180 G2, 85 G3, 20 G4, and 35 G5 or greater clones for continuation. Clones advanced beyond G1 were evaluated for resistance to late blight, common scab, Verticillium wilt, potato virus Y, and plant foliar expression to PVY. Minnesota has experienced unprecedented high levels of PVY in seed lots since mid 1990's. We evaluated both SH and G1 for PVY and 48% of the G1 population had PVY. Our ability to detect PVY visually in these materials was no greater than 50% underscoring the necessity to devote future resources to developing a high through-put method for PVY screening. We repeated a study to determine if site specific selection has merit in potato breeding. New hybrid minituber populations were sampled and randomly planted at 2 irrigated and 1 non-irrigated location. Distinct differences were observed across environments which influenced selection decisions within genetically similar populations. We successfully established additional UM clones in vitro and grew 12 more as G1 seed for certification. PARTICIPANTS: Breeders and scientists from Michigan State University, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota and North Dakota State University are participants in the project. We work with are industry groups within our state to establish research priorities and target applied research problems. The information is disseminated through grower meetings, research reports and peer-reviewed publications. TARGET AUDIENCES: Our target audience is the state industry groups. The research conducted can lead to changes in crop management practices. The breeding efforts lead to varieties that can be adopted by the industry. New varieties offer pest resistance combined with market quality. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease and insect resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues. For example, potato is the most important vegetable and horticultural crop produced in North Dakota. Potatoes were harvested on about 40,000 ha in 2007, up slightly from 2006. In 2007, 6,620 ha were accepted for certification by the North Dakota State Seed Department, an increase from 2006. Dakota Crisp was produced on more than 65 ha and Dakota Diamond on nearly 76 ha. Hectarage of advancing selections, AOND95249-1Russ, ND4659-5R and ND5002-3R, increased for all. At MSU new varieties released were Beacon Chipper: chip-processing with early tuber bulking, storability and moderate scab resistance, Kalkaska: a chip processing line with scab resistance and high yield potential, Missaukee: chip processing line with strong foliar resistance to late blight, golden nematode and Verticillium wilt. MN 15620 having red to pink skin and yellow flesh is showing commercial promise due to excellent culinary quality, ability to Fry process from 10C after 10 months, and field tolerance to PVY and PLRV.
Publications
- Crowell, E.F., M.J. McGrath and D.S. Douches. 2007. Accumulation of vitamin E in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Transgenic Res. (on line March 2007).
- Cooper, S.G., D.S. Douches, J.J. Coombs and E.J. Grafius. 2007. Evaluation of Natural and Engineered Resistance Mechanisms in Potato against Colorado Potato Beetle in a No-choice Field Study. J. Econ. Entomol. 100(2): 573-579.
- Rubio-Covarrubias, O.A., D. Douches, R. Hammerschmidt, A. da Rocha and W. Kirk. 2006.. Effect of Photoperiod and Temperature on Resistance against Phytophthora infestans in Susceptible and Resistant Potato Cultivars: Effect on Deposition of Structural Phenolics on the Cell Wall and Resistance to Penetration Amer. J. Potato Res. 83:325-334.
- Thompson, A.L., R.J. Taylor, J.S. Pasche, R.G. Novy and N.C. Gudmestad. 2007. Resistance to Phytophthora erythroseptica and Pythium ultimum in a potato clone derived from S. berthaultii and S. etuberosum. Amer. J. Potato Res. 84:149-160.
- Douches, D.S. J. Coombs, R. Hammerschmidt, W.W. Kirk, C. Long, S. Snapp, B. Kudwa, D. Flannery and T.Bourgoin. 2006. Beacon Chipper: A Round White Chip-Processing Potato Variety. Amer. J. Potato Res. 83:241-247.
- Cooper, S.G., D.S. Douches and E.J. Grafius. 2006 Insecticidal Activity of Avidin Combined with Genetically Engineered and Traditional Host Plant Resistance against Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 99(2): 527-536.
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Progress 07/01/06 to 06/30/07
Outputs
This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. Regionally, 420,000 new hybrid seedlings were evaluated in 2006. Collectively, this is the greatest number of seedling evaluated in the US. Therefore, this affords us a greater opportunity to select and develop superior cultivars. Advancing clones were regionally exchanged and evaluated for production/quality characteristics at 12 locations, and 11 disease resistance traits involving 20 site locations were conducted. This work resulted in the public disclosure and/or release of 18 potato lines since 2001. Late blight: Early generation selection (EGS) for LB resistance evaluating new hybrid progeny as transplants or seedling tubers shows merit to accelerate EGS for LB resistance by 2 years. In MSU, UM, and NDSU, EGS evaluation of foliar late blight reaction increases the efficiency of early generation by allowing the breeder to
quickly remove susceptible clones before further time and resources are invested. Verticillium wilt and early dying: Resistant germplasm was identified to use in breeding programs. The recently released varieties, Boulder and Megachip, exhibited significant tolerance. UM in collaboration with UW, completed characterization of the wild S. polyadenium and potato-S. polyadenium somatic hybrids for resistance to Verticillium. Replicated, multi-location phenotypic tests and laboratory based sap titer assays indicate the wild species is nearly immune to Verticillium. Partial resistance has been transferred to the somatic hybrids. Common Scab: Of 171 advanced selections evaluated, 21 were classified as highly resistant to scab. Of the 293 early generation selections, 112 were classified as highly resistant. Colorado potato beetle: EGS evaluation of foliar resistance to CPB was conducted throughout the region. Defoliation was near zero and no CPB larvae survived in field cage studies on lines
engineered with Bt-cry3A as a resistance factor, whereas avidin lines showed partial resistance. Lines with Bt-cry1Ia1, bred for resistance to potato tuberworm, reduced defoliation by >50%. Cold sweetening resistance: One-hundred and seven advanced potato breeding clones were screened for their ability to sweeten from 3-, 6-, and 8-C storage for seven months at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in E. Grand Forks, MN. UM's ELISA based assay for potato acid invertase is nearing completion. The invertase system has potential in EGS for cold chipping. UW has also developed an effective PCR DNA marker to select materials containing the RB gene. A 100% correlation was found between the presence of this marker and the late blight resistance phenotype. Testing of various breeding materials derived from the potato-Solanum bulbocastanum somatic hybrids is underway. In total, 49 independent lines generated at UW have been tested at UMN. UMN developed transgene-specific markers for RB that
are useful for real time quantification of RB transgene copy numbers and RB transcription levels.
Impacts
The potato germplasm developed from this breeding and genetics research will lead to varietal changes in the industry. New varieties will have improved disease and insect resistance along with improved processing qualities. These traits will result in less inputs needed by the grower to produce and market quality potatoes.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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