Progress 08/01/06 to 07/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Commercial oyster hatcheries have used MBP broodstock to produce large numbers of seed for the West Coast industry and foreign markets. In 2009, very favorable reports have been received from growers receiving seed from progeny from the Adam x Eve cross that was derived from MBP-selected broodstock. A considerable amount of time from 2007 to 2009 has been spent working with two commercial oyster hatcheries (Whiskey Creek Hatchery, OR, and Taylor Hatchery, WA) to try to solve water-quality problems that have severely impacted larval production. Reduced seed production, coupled with lack of commercial set in Willapa Bay, has resulted in a lack of adequate seed for commercial oyster farmers on the West Coast. Research conducted by MBP resulted in the implementation of a seawater treatment system at the Whiskey Creek Hatchery and the development of strategies to de-gas seawater pumped into the hatchery to prevent gas super-saturation. The involvement of MBP in addressing the seed crisis was necessary because without satisfactory conditions for larval production it is not possible to effectively use selected MBP broodstock. A service contract was developed between Oregon State University and a private company, Austin Creek Inc., located in Netarts Bay, Oregon, to distribute and sell MBP broodstock to commercial hatcheries. Large quantities of broodstock have been sold to industry in 2009 and a portion of the returns from oyster sales will be transferred to MBP to help maintain the program. MBP has worked with industry to develop a broodstock amplification and management plan. PARTICIPANTS: The project has supported two faculty research assistants, two classified technicians and several temporary workers. Level funding over the years has resulted in elimination of salary support for graduate students. MBP works in partnership with numerous industry partners who provide sites for testing oysters as well as logistical support, including Taylor United, Oregon Oyster, Bayshore Rankin, and Goose Point Oysters. MBP also provides opportunities for linkage with other research programs and grants. The USDA-ARS has established a Shellfish Genetics program at HMSC to apply molecular genetic techniques in support of the breeding program. Grants have also been funded by Alaska Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant and NOAA's Oyster Disease Research Program to support research associated with MBP. These grants have provided support for graduate students who use MBP facilities and animals. During the oyster seed crisis in 2007 to the present, MBP has worked closely with the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association to secure funds to address the problem as well as with hatcheries to develop methods to treat seawater to improve its quality for rearing oyster larvae. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) is the West coast oyster industry, although breeding programs on the East coast, U.S. and abroad have also benefited from the results of the program. Outreach to the industry is a major focus of MBP. We achieve this through attendance, presentation and workshops at industry meetings as well as visits to hatcheries and growers. In addition, we prepared brochures, posters and other literature for distribution to industry. MBP has established a web site: http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/mbp/index.html PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The seed crisis has resulted in diversion of MBP's efforts towards trying to solve the seawater quality problems that have impacted two of the major West Coast hatcheries. Inclusion of Kumamoto broodstock in the program will result in some dilution of effort to select Pacific oyster broodstock unless additional funding is acquired
Impacts
Performance data of oysters from the fourth generation of the breeding program (after 3 generations of selection) of the rotational breeding scheme were obtained in 2009 after all cohorts were harvested. Cohorts 18 and 20 showed yields that were significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with those of non-selected controls. The differences between MBP families and non-selected control families were greatest at a test site with higher summer mortality. In 2006, new broodstock of the Kumamoto oyster were obtained from Japan and held in quarantine conditions at the Hatfield Marine Science Center. Existing West Coast Kumamoto broodstock are inbred, resulting in poor performance of offspring. The new Kumamoto broodstock were spawned in 2006 and families of the F1 generation reared to the adult stage and conditioned for spawning. F1 families were spawned in 2008 to produce the F2 generation. All generations have been subjected to an intensive suite of disease exams. No diseases were reported and F2 spat were released from quarantine and planting in Oregon and Washington waters in 2009. In addition, new Pacific broodstock was obtained from southern Japan in 2004 and subjected to similar quarantine and disease-inspection procedures as the new Kumamoto oyster stocks. The hypothesis was that seed from southern Japan would more likely be resistant to summer mortality problems and perhaps herpes virus because this virus in endemic to southern Japan. F2 seed was planted in Oregon waters in 2007 and 2008 together with controls consisting of typical West coast Miyagi oysters and their performances compared.
Publications
- Delaporte, M, Chu F.L, Langdon, C, Moal , J, Lambert, C, Samain, J-F and Soudant, P. 2007. Changes in biochemical and hemocyte parameters of the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas fed T-Iso supplemented with lipid emulsions rich in 20:5n-3. J. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 343:261-275. Camara, M.D., F. Evans, C. Langdon. 2007. Inbreeding effects on growth and survival in a naturalized population of the Pacific oyster (Crasssostrea gigas) revealed using molecular marker-based estimation of parental relatedness. Aquaculture 272 (S), 238-321. Camara, M.D., Evans, S., and Langdon, C. 2008. Parental relatedness and survival of Pacific oysters from a naturalized population. J. Shellfish. Research, 27: 323-336. Camara, M.D., Davis, J.P., Sekino, M., Li, G., Langdon, C.J., Evans, S., Hedgecock, D. 2008. The Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea is neither rare nor threatened by hybridization in the northern Ariake Sea. J. Shellfish. Research, 27: 313-322. Evans, S., Camara, M.D. and C. Langdon. 2008. Heritability of shell pigmentation in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture, 286: 211-216. Stick, D.A., Langdon, C.J., Banks, M.A., Camara, M.D. 2008. Eighteen novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Olympia Oyster, Ostrea conchaphila/lurida. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9: 153-155. Lang, P.L., Bayne, C.J, Camara, M.D., Cunningham, C., Jenny, M.J., and Langdon C.J. Transcriptome profiling of selectively-bred Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas families that differ in tolerance of heat shock. Marine Biotechnology, 11: 650-668.
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Progress 08/01/07 to 07/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Commercial oyster hatcheries have used MBP broodstock to produce large numbers of seed for the West Coast industry and foreign markets. In 2008, a major commercial hatchery on the West Coast (Whiskey Creek hatchery) depended on MBP broodstock to produce seed when seed from non-selected stocks failed in the hatchery due to poor seawater quality conditions. Very favorable reports were received from growers receiving seed from MBP-selected broodstock in 2008 even though seawater conditions were very poor for larval and seed growth. A considerable part of late 2007 and 2008 involved working with two commercial oyster hatcheries (Whiskey Creek Hatchery, OR, and Taylor Hatchery, WA) to try to solve water-quality problems that were severely impacting larval production. Reduced seed production, coupled with lack of commercial set in Willapa Bay, resulted in a lack of adequate seed for commercial oyster farmers on the West Coast. Research conducted by MBP resulted in the implementation of a seawater treatment system at the Whiskey Creek Hatchery and the development of strategies to de-gas seawater pumped into the hatchery to prevent gas super-saturation. The involvement of MBP in addressing the seed crisis was necessary because without satisfactory conditions for larval production it is not possible to effectively use selected MBP broodstock. A service contract was developed between Oregon State University and a private company, Austin Creek Inc., located in Netarts Bay, Oregon, to distribute and sell MBP broodstock to commercial hatcheries. A portion of the returns from oyster sales will be transferred to MBP to help maintain the program. PARTICIPANTS: The project has supported two faculty research assistants, two classified technicians and several temporary workers. Level funding over the years has resulted in elimination of salary support for graduate students. MBP works in partnership with numerous industry partners who provide sites for testing oysters as well as logistical support, including Taylor United, Oregon Oyster, Bayshore Rankin, and Goose Point Oysters. MBP also provides opportunities for linkage with other research programs and grants. The USDA-ARS has established a Shellfish Genetics program at HMSC to apply molecular genetic techniques in support of the breeding program. Grants have also been funded by Alaska Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant and NOAA's Oyster Disease Research Program to support research associated with MBP. These grants have provided support for graduate students who use MBP facilities and animals. During the seed crisis in 2007 and 2008, MBP has worked closely with the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association to secure funds to address the problem. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) is the West coast oyster industry, although breeding programs on the East coast, U.S. and abroad have also benefited from the results of the program. Outreach to the industry is a major focus of MBP. We achieve this through attendance, presentation and workshops at industry meetings as well as visits to hatcheries and growers. In addition, we prepared brochures, posters and other literature for distribution to industry. MBP has established a web site: http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/mbp/index.html PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The seed crisis has resulted in diversion of MBP's efforts towards trying to solve the seawater quality problems that have impacted two of the major West Coast hatcheries. Inclusion of Kumamoto broodstock in the program will result in some dilution of effort to select Pacific oyster broodstock unless additional funding is acquired.
Impacts
In 2006, new broodstock of the Kumamoto oyster were obtained from Japan and held in quarantine conditions at the Hatfield Marine Science Center. Existing West Coast Kumamoto broodstock are thought to be inbred, resulting in poor performance of offspring. The new Kumamoto broodstock were spawned in 2006 and families of the F1 generation reared to the adult stage and conditioned for spawning. F1 families were spawned in 2008 to produce the F2 generation. All generations have been subjected to an intensive suite of disease exams. No diseases were reported and F2 spat can be released from quarantine and planting in Oregon and Washington waters in 2009. In addition, new Pacific broodstock was obtained from southern Japan in 2004 and subjected to similar quarantine and disease-inspection procedures as the new Kumamoto oyster stocks. The hypothesis was that seed from southern Japan would more likely be resistant to summer mortality problems and perhaps herpes virus because this virus in endemic to southern Japan. F2 seed was planted in Oregon waters in 2007 and 2008 together with controls consisting of typical West coast Miyagi oysters and their performances compared. Lastly, performance data of oysters from the first cohort (cohort 18) of the rotational breeding scheme were obtained when this cohort was harvested in 2008. Cohort 18 was planted in both intertidal and subtidal areas of Yaquina estuary. Summer mortality resulted in only 57% survival for sub-tidal oysters while inter-tidal oysters has a higher survival of 74%. Average yields and final body weights of MBP families were significantly higher (p<0.01) for both inter-tidal and subtidal plantings, compared with those of non-selected controls. However, only survival of sub-tidal MBP families was significantly greater than that of non-selected controls, while average survival of inter-tidal families that were not subjected to summer mortality was not significantly different from that of non-selected controls. Clearly, MBP test sites should be chosen so that MBP families are subjected to strong summer mortality selection pressure in order to obtain significant and rapid improvements in resistance.
Publications
- Delaporte, M, Chu F.L, Langdon, C, Moal , J, Lambert, C, Samain, J-F and Soudant, P. 2007. Changes in biochemical and hemocyte parameters of the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas fed T-Iso supplemented with lipid emulsions rich in 20:5n-3. J. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 343:261-275.
- Camara, M.D., F. Evans, C. Langdon. 2007. Inbreeding effects on growth and survival in a naturalized population of the Pacific oyster (Crasssostrea gigas) revealed using molecular marker-based estimation of parental relatedness. Aquaculture 272 (S), 238-321.
- Stick, D.A., Langdon, C.J., Banks, M.A., Camara, M.D. 2008. Eighteen novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Olympia Oyster, Ostrea conchaphila/lurida. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9: 153-155.
- Camara, M.D., Evans, S., and Langdon, C. 2008. Parental relatedness and survival of Pacific oysters from a naturalized population. J. Shellfish. Research, 27: 323-336.
- Camara, M.D., Davis, J.P., Sekino, M., Li, G., Langdon, C.J., Evans, S., Hedgecock, D. 2008. The Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea is neither rare nor threatened by hybridization in the northern Ariake Sea. J. Shellfish. Research, 27: 313-322.
- Evans, S., Camara, M.D. and C. Langdon. 2008. Heritability of shell pigmentation in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture, 286: 211-216.
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Progress 08/01/06 to 07/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Hatch project "Improving yields of oysters through selection" is designed to apply traditional and modern selection techniques to improve yields Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) on the West Coast, U.S. The project is closely aligned to that USDA-funded Special Project "The Molluscan Broodstock Program" (MBP) that was initiated in 1995 and is based at the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport. The breeding program is based on both within and among family selection. Cohorts, consisting of 50 to 60 families, are planted at two or more West coast test-sites. Top-performing families (highest yields) are identified and the top third largest individual oysters are selected from each top family for use as broodstock to produce the next generation. Pedigrees of broodstock are verified by microsatellite analysis. Yields of F2 MBP families from broodstock selected over two generations are compared with those of control families derived from unselected broodstock. Yields of F2
families from MBP-selected broodstock are 41% greater than that of unselected broodstock while the average yield of the top five families is 77% greater than that of unselected industry broodstock. A rotational breeding program has been implemented to avoid inbreeding effects. In addition, we have begun to develop approaches to select for desirable shell shape as well as both shell and mantle color for the half-shell oyster market. Inbred lines of the parents of top-performing families have been produced to supply commercial hatcheries with large numbers of broodstock for production of high quality seed. A repository has been set up in Netarts Bay, Oregon, to rear and hold large numbers of these broodstock oysters for industry. MBP has also begun an effort to revitalize Kumamoto oyster broodstock by acquiring new broodstock from Japan in 2006. The F1 generation was produced in 2007 and will be reared in quarantine to produce the F2 generation which can then be distributed to industry,
assuming that the progeny are disease-free
PARTICIPANTS: The Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) supports a staff of four technicians as well as partial salary support for the PI's. Level funding over the years has resulted in elimination of support for graduate students. The oyster industry provides sites and logistical support for MBP field testing of selected families. MBP works in partnership with the USDA-ARS Shellfish Genetics program based at HMSC. In addition, MBP works on several research projects in collaboration with other funding agencies, including Alaska Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant, USDA-ARS and NOAA's Oyster Disease Research Program. These collaborative research projects support graduate students.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Outreach is a major focus of MBP. It is achieved by numerous means, including attendance, presentations and workshops at industry meetings, production of brochures, posters and other literature as well as support of a web site: http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/mbp/index.html. MBP also interacts with researchers from the US and abroad and has provided advice on the development of oyster breeding programs elsewhere.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No major changes in approach except for the inclusion of an effort to revitalize Kumamoto oyster broodstock through importation of new broodstock from Japan. This effort will have the effect of diluting efforts to improve Pacific oyster broodstock unless additional funding is acquired.
Impacts
Commercial oyster hatcheries have used MBP broodstock to produce large numbers of seed for the West Coast industry and foreign markets. The value of the West coast oyster harvest is reported to be $68 million per year. If the oyster industry used F2 MBP broodstock and obtained 77% improvement in yield, one could expect a significant increase in oyster production. In addition, FAO statistics indicate that the Pacific oyster is the most important global aquaculture species, both in terms of weight and value; therefore, this project will have a major global affect on seafood production. Similar programs on the East coast, USA, and in Australia and New Zealand have adopted new approaches and techniques developed for oyster breeding in this project.
Publications
- Evans, S. and C. Langdon 2006. Effect of dietary restriction during juvenile development on adult performance of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, accepted
- Evans, S. and C. Langdon 2006. Effects of genotype x environment interactions on the selection of broadly adapted Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 261: 522-534.
- Evans, S. and C. Langdon 2006. Direct and correlated responses to selection for individual body weight in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 261: 546-555.
- Matson, S., Evans, F. and C. Langdon 2006. Specific pathogen-free culture of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in a breeding research program: effect of water treatment on growth and survival. Aquaculture. 253: 475-484.
- Delaporte, M, Chu F.L, Langdon, C, Moal , J, Lambert, C, Samain, J-F and Soudant, P. 2007. Changes in biochemical and hemocyte parameters of the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas fed T-Iso supplemented with lipid emulsions rich in 20:5n-3. J. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 343:261-275.
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