Progress 02/01/06 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Objectives of this project are: (1) Develop and improve sustainable systems to improve indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings; (2) Quantify animal response to thermal environments and develop improved methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability; and (3) Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal wellbeing. Efforts in Illinois this year have focused on developing measurement techniques of an airflow field using volumetric particle tracking velocimetry (VPTV). A real-time 3-dimentional particle tracking system has been developed to quantify an airflow field using parallel computing and graphic processing unit (GPU). One PhD student graduated. PARTICIPANTS: Yuanhui Zhang, Professor, University of Illinois; Yigang Sun, Senior Research Engineer, University of Illinois; and Doug Barker, PhD Candidate, University of Illinois. TARGET AUDIENCES: A real-time, 3-D volumetric particle tracking velocimetry system has been developed for fluid flow studies. This unique system will be of interest to the scientific community, government regulatory agencies focusing on air quality and animal facilities, and companies focusing on air quality control technologies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The VPTV technology will add a unique capacity by enhancing fundamental fluid dynamics research in areas such as flow visualization, climate change mitigation, chemical and biological defense, sustainable building design, and aerospace engineering. The VPTV instrument will fill a current gap in flow instrumentation capability by enabling the measurement of much larger scale flows than the existing measurement technology such as PIV and point measurement systems. The expected outcomes from this project in the coming year will include algorithms and computing procedures for real-time measurement for >500 flow markers at 250 frames per second, a multi-camera calibration module and real-time streaming modules including image processing and flow marker detection, and temporal tracking in 3D space.
Publications
- Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Barker, D., Ford, S.E. and Johnson, M. 2012. Experimental evaluation of air-side particulate fouling performance of heat exchangers. Transactions of ASHRAE, 118(1):1116-1130.
- Barker, D.J., Lifflander, A., Arya, A.and Zhang, Y. 2012. A parallel algorithm for 3D particle tracking and Lagrangian trajectory reconstruction. Measurement Science and Technology, 23(2): 025301.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This multi-state project is a collective effort to identify and develop technologies to improve the indoor air qualityand thus improve the health and wellbeing of animals and human workers. At the same time, temperature and humidity will be controlled to ensure maximum production. This effort is focused on poultry, swine and dairy buildings in U.S. The Objectives of this project are: (1) Develop and improve sustainable systems to improve indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings; (2) Quantify animal response to thermal environments and develop improved methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability; and (3) Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal wellbeing. We have evaluated measurement procedures for airborne pollutants in confinement animal buildings (include NH3, H2S, and odor) and dust emissions. Efforts in Illinois this year have focused on measurement techniques of an airflow field using volumetric particle tracking velocimetry (VPTV). A real-time 3-dimentional particle tracking system has been developed to quantify an airflow field using parallel computing and graphic processing unit (GPU). PARTICIPANTS: Yuanhui Zhang, Yigang Sun, and Doug Barker. TARGET AUDIENCES: The scientific community, government regulation agencies related to air quality and animal facilities, and industry firms related to air quality control technologies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The VPTV technology will add a unique capacity by enhancing fundamental fluid dynamics research in areas of national interest including flow visualization, climate change mitigation, chemical and biological defense, sustainable building design, and aerospace engineering. The VPTV instrument will fill a current gap in flow instrumentation capability by enabling the measurement of much larger scale flows than the existing measurement technology such as PIV and point measurement systems. The expected outcomes from this project in the coming year 2012 will include algorithms and computing procedures for real-time measurement for >500 flow markers at 250 frames per second, a multi-camera calibration module and real-time streaming modules including image processing, flow marker detection, and temporal tracking in 3D space.
Publications
- Barker, D., Lifflander, J., Arya, A. and Zhang, Y. 2011. A parallel algorithm for 3-D particle tracking and Lagrangian trajectory reconstruction. J. Measurement Science and Technology (In Print).
- Jerez, S.B., Zhang, Y. and Wang, X. 2011. Measurement of particle size distribution in a swine building. Transactions of ASABE, 54(3): 1103 to 1117.
- Tucker, C.S., Kim, H.M., Barker, D.E. and Zhang, Y. 2010. A relief attribute weighting and X-means clustering methodology for top-down product family optimization. J. Engineering Optimization 42(7): 593 to 616.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Objectives of this multi-state project are to: (1) Develop and improve sustainable systems to improve indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings; (2) Quantify animal response to thermal environments and develop improved methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability; and (3) Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being. We have evaluated measurement procedures for airborne pollutants in confinement animal buildings (include NH3, H2S, and odor) and dust emissions. Efforts in Illinois has been focus on measurement techniques and evaluation methods of particulate matter sampling. An isokinetic total suspended particle (TSP) sampling system suitable for livestock facility PM measurement has been developed. This sampler, unlike the existing EPA certified PM samplers that are based on atmospheric particles (typically for PM 10), can effectively sample particle concentration in livestock facilities where the mass median diametera are much larger than 10 microns. A wind tunnel was developed to evaluate PM sampling efficiencies for different types of samplers. PARTICIPANTS: Member Universities of the USDA S-1025 Committee. TARGET AUDIENCES: members of the scientific community, government regulatory agencies related to air quality and animal facilities, and members of industry related to air quality control technologies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The expected outcome from this project will provide a sampling technique and procedure suitable for PM measurement in agricultural operations, with a near 100% sampling efficiency that is superior to the existing sampling instrumentation. This new sampling technique will substantially improve the data quality in agricultural air emission studies. We have developed an automatic isokinetic airborne particle sampler for indoor air quality. The development of high efficiency particle sampling systems has been a major area of research in the past few decades. Airborne particle sampling should be conducted isokinetically, which ensures the representation of the particle concentration and size distribution. Sampling probes designed to obtain isokinetic sampling of non-changing airflows, such as in ducts, have been developed successfully and are widely used in practice. On the other hand, no current design of an isokinetic sampling head, which adjusts itself automatically to a variable airflow, exists. This study presents a prototype of an automatic isokinetic sampler for variable flow velocities. This sampler is capable of automatically adjusting its sampling velocities at the sampling inlet so isokinetic-sampling conditions can be satisfied in real-time and in-situ. The performance of the sampler prototype is evaluated in comparison with isokinetic samplers in a wind tunnel. The authors hypothesize that isokinetic sampling will be the most representative method of air sampling in comparison with existing methods and samplers in use.
Publications
- Xiu, S, Y. Zhang, A. Shahbazi. 2009. Swine manure solids separation and thermochemical conversion to heavy oil. BioResources 4(2): 458-470.
- Jiang, J.B., X. Wang, Y. Sun and Y. Zhang. 2009. Experimental and Numerical Study of Airflows in a Full Scale Room. ASHRAE Transactions 115 (2): 867-886.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We have evaluated measurement procedures for airborne pollutants in confinement animal buildings (include NH3, H2S, and odor) and dust emissions. Efforts in Illinois have focused on measurement techniques and evaluation methods of particulate matter sampling. An isokinetic total suspended particle (TSP) sampling system suitable for livestock facility PM measurement has been developed. This sampler, unlike the existing EPA certified PM samplers that are based on atmospheric particles (typically for PM 10), can effectively sample particle concentration in livestock facilities where the mass median diametera are much larger than 10 microns. A wind tunnel was developed to evaluate PM sampling efficiencies for different types of samplers. PARTICIPANTS: Member Universities of USDA S-1025 Committee. TARGET AUDIENCES: The scientific community, government regulation agencies related to air quality and animal facilities, and industry related to air quality control technologies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
We have developed an automatic isokinetic airborne particle sampler for indoor air quality. The development of high efficiency particle sampling systems has been a major area of research in the past few decades. Ideally, airborne particle sampling should be conducted isokinetically, which ensures the representation of the particle concentration and size distribution. Sampling probes designed to obtain isokinetic sampling of non-changing airflows, such as in ducts, have been developed successfully and are widely used in practice. On the other hand, no current design of an isokinetic sampling head, which adjusts itself automatically to a variable airflow, exists. This study presents a prototype of an automatic isokinetic sampler for variable flow velocities. This sampler is capable of automatically adjusting its sampling velocities at the sampling inlet so isokinetic-sampling conditions can be satisfied in real-time and in-situ. The performance of the sampler prototype is evaluated in comparison with isokinetic samplers in a wind tunnel. The authors hypothesize that isokinetic sampling will be the most representative method of air sampling in comparison with existing methods and samplers in use.
Publications
- D. Li, Zhang, Y., Sun, Y. and Yan, W. 2008. A multi-frame particle tracking algorithm robust against input noise. J. Measurement Science and Technology, 19:1-11.
- Wang, A., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y. and Wang, X. 2008. Experimental study of ventilation effectiveness and air velocity distribution in an aircraft cabin mockup. Building and Environment, 43(3): 337-343.
- Brem, B. and Zhang, Y. 2008. Development of an isokinetic sampler for variable flow velocities. Proceedings, 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.
- Biwole, P.H., Yan, W., Zhang, Y. and Roux, J.J. 2009. A complete 3D particle tracking algorithm and its applications to the indoor airflow study. J. Measurement Science and Technology: 20: 1-13.
- Tucker, C.S., Kim, H.M., Barker, D.E. and Zhang, Y. 2009. A RELIEFF attribute weighting and X-Means clustering methodology for top-down product family optimization. J. Engineering Optimization (Accepted).
- Dong, R., Zhang, Y., Christianson, L.L., Funk, T.L., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Minarick, M. and Yu, G. 2009. Product distribution and implication of hydrothermal conversion of swine manure at low temperatures. Transactions of ASABE, 52(4): 1239-1248.
- Yan, W., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y. and Li. D. 2009. Experimental and CFD study of unsteady airborne pollutant transport within an aircraft cabin mock-up. J. Building and Environment, 44(1): 34-43.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This multi-state project is a collective effort to identify and develop technologies to improve the indoor air quality and thus the health and wellbeing of animals and human workers. At the same time, temperature and humidity will be controlled to ensure the maximum production. This effort is focused on poultry, swine and dairy buildings in U.S. The Objectives of this project are: (1) Develop and improve sustainable systems to improve indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings; (2) Quantify animal response to thermal environments and develop improved methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability; and (3) Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being. We have evaluated measurement procedures for airborne pollutants in confinement animal buildings (include NH3, H2S, and odor) and dust emissions. Efforts in Illinois have been focused on measurement techniques and evaluation methods of particulate matter sampling. An isokinetic total suspended particle (TSP) sampling system suitable for livestock facility PM measurement has been developed. This sampler, unlike the existing EPA certified PM samplers that are based on atmospheric particles (typically for PM 10), can effectively sample particle concentration in livestock facilities where the mass median diametera are much larger than 10 microns. A wind tunnel was developed to evaluate PM sampling efficiencies for different types of samplers. PARTICIPANTS: Member Universities of USDA S-1025 Committee. TARGET AUDIENCES: The scientific community, government regulation agencies related to air quality and animal facilities, and industry related to air quality control technologies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The expected outcome from this project will provide a sampling technique and procedure suitable for PM measurement in agricultural operations, with a near 100% sampling efficiency that is superior to the existing sampling instrumentation. This new sampling technique will substantially improve the data quality in agricultural air emission studies.
Publications
- Brem, B. 2008. Development of an isokinetic air sampler for variable flow velocities. Unpublished MS Thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
- Jacobson, L., Hetchler, B., Schmidt, D.R., Nicolai, R.E., Heber, A.J., Ni, J.-Q., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Parker, D.B., Zhang, Y. and Beasley, D.B. 2008. Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: Odor concentrations. J. Air and Waste Management Association. 58: 806-811.
- Lee, J.M. and Zhang, Y. 2008. Evaluation of gas emissions from animal building dusts using a cylindrical convective chamber. J. Biosystems Engineering. 99: 403-411.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objectives: (1) To investigate the existing sampling methods and sampler performance for particulate matter and quantify their bias when sampling PM from agricultural sources. The evaluation will include the particle cut size and sampling efficiency for large particles; and (2) To measure particle size distributions of particulate matter emitted from concentrated swine, poultry and cattle feeding operations using four state-of-the-art instrumentations: a modified DSP Aerosizer, a Coulter Multisizer, and a Malvern Mastersizer and a Horiba Analyzer. Accomplishments: For Objective 1, we have developed a wind tunnel for sampler evaluation at UIUC, and another modified at Texas A&M, and also modified the DSP sampling head for field data collection using a high rate sheathing flow. For Objective 2 we have identified and agreement in place with 18 farms: 12 swine, 3 poultry and 3 feed lots for PSD data collection in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Texas, developed protocols for
biosecurity for farm visits and standard operation procedures (SOPs) for data collection and analysis, calibrated instrumentation using commercial monodisperse particles (200 μm) and standard test dust (Arizona Road Dust, Model A4), compared the PSD measurement using a DSP aerosizer, a Coulter multisizer, and a Malvern Mastersizer and a Horiba analyzer. Particles collected using our total suspended particle (TSP) sampler definitely covers the large particles fractions (>50 μm) that no other samplers can collect.
PARTICIPANTS: Two PhD students were involved in this project, Sheryll Jerez and Jong Min Lee. Paticipating organizations including Texas A&M, University of Minnesota, Purdue University, NCSU, University of Kentucky, and Iowa State university. Sheryll Jerez finished her PhD and joined the faculty of Stephen F Austin State University. Lee is expected to complete his PhD in 2008.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audiences of this projects are researchers, extension specialists and students.
Impacts
The following activities are in progress: Develop a TSP sampler with capability of isokinetic sampling at different ambient air velocities and flow directions and finalize laboratory evaluation of instrumentation calibration. All instrumentations are ready for use. Continue field data collection and analyze the data, especially the variation and error sources of different PSD measurements. Impact: Establish a preliminary database of particle size distributions for concentrated animal feeding operations, and a protocol to evaluate the performance of PM samplers used in agricultural operations.
Publications
- Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, X. and Riskowski, G.L. 2007. Analysis of airflow in a full-scale room with non-isothermal jet ventilation using PTV techniques. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 414-425.
- Jiang, J., Wang, X. and Zhang, Y.. 2007. Numerical study of air movement in a slot ventilated enclosure. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 408-413.
- Sun, Y. and Zhang, Y. 2007. An overview of room air motion measurement: Technology and application. Journal of HVAC&R research. 13(6): 929-950.
- Jerez, S.B., Zhang, Y. and Wang, X. 2007. Ventilation effectiveness criteria and measurement methods applicable to animal buildings -- A review. ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 113(1): 400-407.
- Sun, H., Zhao, L. and Zhang, Y. 2007. Evaluating RNG k-ε models using PIV data for airflow in animal buildings at different ventilation rates. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 358-365.
- Sun, H., Zhao, L. and Zhang, Y. 2007. Evaluation of RNG k-ε and LES non-isothermal models for indoor airflow using PIV measurement data. Transactions of the ASABE 50(2): 621-631.
- Casey, K.D., Ford, S.E., McClure, J.W., Zhang, Y. and Gates, R.S. 2007. Determining fan performance using FANS: An investigation of performance impacts. J. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(3): 333-338.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Several projects in Illinois are under the umbrella of this multistate project: 1. Testing and On-Farm Application of Odor Reduction Technologies for Swine Facilities: Three emissions reduction technologies are currently being tested on a commercial wean-to-finish facility which consists of 9 identical barns with deep pits. The Good Neighbor System, which consists of a combination of a slurry neutralizer, oil lid, and atomized spray has been applied to two barns and emissions monitoring of the two treated barns and two control barns is currently underway. 2. Quantification of Ventilation Effectiveness for Air Quality Control in Plant and Animal Environments: The existing methods or procedures to determine ventilation effectiveness are primarily for researchers; they usually require sophisticated instrumentation and are labor intensive. 3. Thermochemical Conversion of Swine Manure to Oil: The ultimate goal of this multi-stage research is to develop an environmentally-
and economically-sound method to manage livestock manure efficiently. Livestock manure is a growing problem. TCC is a chemical reforming process of organic polymers, or biomass, in a heated enclosure, typically under no oxygen or very low oxygen conditions. Our research team has adapted TCC to the conversion of swine manure to crude oil. In our first stage of research, we have investigated the feasibility of using the TCC process to convert swine manure into oil using a batch reactor. A systematic investigation of process parameters was conducted. Batch experiment results showed volatile solids to oil conversions of up to 70% and oil heating values ranging from 32,000 to 36,700 kJ/kg. In our second stage of research, we have developed a continuous-mode thermochemical conversion (CTCC) process, which is more applicable for scale-up operations. Our CTCC process, employing the use of a 2-liter continuous-stirred tank reactor, has a capacity of processing up to 48 kg of manure slurry per
day. The optimal condition for oil production was determined where an oil yield of 70% was achieved. An energy balance incorporating the heating value of the oil and energy consumption showed that the CTCC process was a net energy producer.
Impacts
Poultry and livestock production in the U.S. represent major, growing sources of income. For example, 81% of the 7.6 billion broilers, 45% of the 301 million turkeys, and 64% of the 102 million hogs marketed in the U.S. in 2003 were raised in the states participating in this project. The increases in production which have enabled the expansion of poultry and livestock production to such high levels have also magnified the influence of the indoor environments on the productivity and well-being of the animals, comfort and health of workers, air pollution emissions and effects on neighboring communities, and energy and resource use on the farm. Although much current dissatisfaction is driven by concerns about odors, air quality concerns have also focused attention on nitrogen deposition and ammonia emissions, for which animal buildings are a major source. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also recently announced the Animal Feeding Operations (AFOs) Air Quality
Compliance Agreement that may lead to federal regulations on AFO air emissions. The agreement seeks to conduct nationwide monitoring and evaluation of air emissions from AFOs; it will also lead to the development of scientifically credible methodologies for estimating air emissions as recommended in the 2002 report by the National Academy of Sciences. Thus, many of the impediments to adoption of technologies for improving indoor air quality and reducing air pollution emissions are likely to change substantially in the next decade.
Publications
- Wang, A., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y. and Wang, X. 2006. Experimental study of ventilation effectiveness and air velocity distribution in an aircraft cabin mockup. Building and Environment (Accepted).
- Ocfemia, K., Zhang, Y. and Funk, T.L. 2006. Hydrothermal processing of swine manure to oil using a continuous reactor system: Effects of operating parameters on oil yield and quality. Transactions of the ASABE 49 (Accepted).
- Jiang, J.B., Wang, X. and Zhang, Y. 2006. LES modeling of airflow in a scale room. J. of Applied Mechanics (Accepted).
- Jerez, S.B, Zhang, Y., McClure, J., Jacobson, L., Heber, A., Hoff, S., Koziel, J. and Beasley, D.B. 2006. Comparison of measured total suspended particulate matter concentration using tapered element oscillating microbalance and a TSP sampler. J. Air and Waste Management Association. 56:261-270.
- Wang, A., Zhang, Y., Topmiller, J.L., Bennett, J.S. and Dunn, K.H. 2006. Tracer study of airborne disease transmission in an aircraft cabin mockup. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 112 (2).
- Hoff, S.J., Bundy, D.S., Huebner, M.A., Zelle, B.C., Jacobson, L.D., Heber, A.J., Ni, J., Zhang, Y., Koziel, J.A. and Beasley, D.B. 2006. Emission of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor before, and after slurry removal from a deep-pit swine finisher. J. Air and Waste Management Association. 56:550-559.
- Ocfemia, K., Zhang, Y. and Funk, T.L. 2006. Hydrothermal process of swine manure into oil using a continuous reactor system: Development and testing. Transactions of the ASABE: 49(2): 533-541.
- Heber, A.J., Ni, J.-Q., Lim, T.-T., Schmidt, A.M., Koziel, J.A., Tao, P.C., Beasley, D.B., Hoff, S.J., Nicolai, R.E., Jacobson, L.D. and Zhang, Y. 2006. Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: Part 1. Gas concentrations. J.Air and Waste Management Association (In Print).
- Li, B., Ford, S.E., Li, Y. and Zhang, Y. 2006. Development of a fan testing chamber for agricultural and horticultural fans in China. J. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22(1): 115-119.
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