ROBERT L. GILBERTSON MYCOLOGICAL HERBARIUM

• Sponsoring Institution: State Agricultural Experiment Station
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: STATE
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0206895
• Project Start Date: Jul 1, 2006
• Project End Date: Jan 1, 2025
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
888 N EUCLID AVE
TUCSON,AZ 85719-4824

Performing Department
Plant Science

Non Technical Summary
Fungi represent the most economically important plant pathogens and are of tremendous ecological importance in all terrestrial ecosystems. Reference collections (mycological herbaria) are needed as tools for the identification of fungi, the study of their phenology, the recognition of their geographic ranges, and the inference of their host specificity. The purposes of this project are (1) to support the expansion and maintenance of fungal diversity collections, (2) to foster the development of virtual collections, and (3) to improve accessibility of physical and virtual collections for academic, extension, and public users at the Robert L. Gilbertson Mycolological Herbarium at the University of Arizona.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
136	4020	1102	100%

Knowledge Area
136 - Conservation of Biological Diversity;

Subject Of Investigation
4020 - Fungi;

Field Of Science
1102 - Mycology;

Keywords

fungi

biodiversity

herbarium

specimens

basidiomycota

ascomycota

zygomycota

chytridiomycota

glomeromycota

systematics

arizona

Goals / Objectives
The Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium houses ca. 40,000 accessioned specimens of fungi and fungus-like organisms of ecological and economic importance. Holdings include plant pathogenic fungi, lichens, and wood-rotting fungi, as well as mycorrhizal and otherwise symbiotic species. The collection provides a much-needed reference for academic researchers, extension agents, diagnostic laboratories, ecologists, horticultural agencies, and the general public, and serves each of these groups in distinct ways. The Mycological Herbarium seeks to provide a geographically and phylogenetically diverse representation of fungal biodiversity, with special attention to the mycota of Arizona; to organize that biodiversity in a manner accessible to intra- and extra-University users, including via the Internet; to promote the integration of biodiversity collections with genetics, molecular biology, and genomics, especially via genotyping of type specimens; to assist in the identification of fungi for diverse users, including homeowners, emergency medical personnel, and horticulturalists; to educate visitors regarding the mycota of Arizona and other areas, and the economic importance of fungi; to house, organize, and make available a significant library of books relevant to mycology, plant pathology, and related fields; to expand our collection, including both new collections and the accessioning of ca. 30,000 existing but unaccessioned specimens; and to provide a research environment conducive to publishable work regarding fungal systematics, ecology, plant pathology, and related areas.

Project Methods
To achieve these objectives, the Mycological Herbarium staff will: -Maintain and protect accessioned specimens in the fungal collection; -Accession previous collections that are not yet identified; -Continue field collections and inter-Herbarium specimen exchanges; -Develop and expand an on-line specimen database; -Develop and expand a website for the Mycological Herbarium; -Designate types and provide digital images of types on the Internet; -Digitally archive the photographic collection of the Mycological Herbarium; -Catalog, and develop a searchable database for, the mycology literature collection; -Publicize the collection via tours, virtual media, and news releases; -Genotype all type specimens using standard ribosomal DNA markers; and -Interact with biodiversity initiatives, such as the Arizona Mycota Project, to highlight our collection and to positively interact with the public.

Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Our target audiences are peer biological collections; academic scientists focusing on ecology and systematics; government agencies and public partners for whom fungal identifications are needed, including Poison Control; and students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We provided training for a UArizona undergraduate,a post-baccalaureate curatorial assistant, and a technician. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We contributed to diverse publications on fungal diversity and updated (with a full overhaul) our Mycological Herbarium website (www.gilbertsonherbarium.net). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue as above.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We identified an average of 1.5 fungi per month for Arizona Poison Control, typically under urgent circumstances, or for other stakeholders. We accessioned more than 200 new macrofungal specimens through novel partnerships with local collectors and provided DNA sequences for new species, facilitating new species descriptions for the state of Arizona. We added more than 5000 new cultures to the living collection, along with all relevant metadata. We handled loans of specimens with partners nationally and globally. We trained an undergraduate supported a part-time curatorial assistant and technician. We supported publications on fungal diversity and systematics here at the University of Arizona and among our academic and government partners. We maintained and protected the Gilbertson collection, uploading more than 5000 new records, 5000 DNA sequences, and new photos to national databases.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Healy, R.A., A.E. Arnold, G. Bonito, Y.-L. Huang, B. Lemmond, D.H. Pfister, M.E. Smith. 2022. Endophytism and endolichenism in Pezizomycetes: the exception or the rule? New Phytologist 233:1974-1983.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Arnold, A.E. and D.C. Sandberg. 2021. Clohesyomyces symbioticus sp. nov., a fungal endophyte associated with roots of water smartweed (Persicaria amphibia). Plant and Fungal Systematics 66:201-210.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Arnold, A.E., A.H. Harrington!, Y.-L. Huang, J. M. URen, N.C. Massimo, V. Knight-Connoni, P. Inderbitzin. 2021. Coniochaeta elegans sp. nov., C. montana sp. nov., and C. nivea sp. nov.: three new species of endophytes with distinctive morphology and functional traits. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.005003.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Our target audiences are peer biological collections;academic scientists focusing on ecology and systematics;government agencies and public partners for whom fungal identifications are needed, including Poison Control; and students. Changes/Problems:We were closed for approximately 4 months due to the pandemic. We provided work at home to keep our team active during that time. We are working at reduced hours, but a high level of productivity by our team has achieved our annual goals. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We provided training for a UArizona undergraduate and a post-baccalaureate curatorial assistant. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We discussed the collection at the annual meeting of the Mycological Society of America and contributed to diverse publications on fungal diversity. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue as above.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We identified an average of 1 fungus per month for Arizona Poison Control, typically under urgent circumstances. We accessioned more than 100 new macrofungal specimens through novel partnerships with local collectors and provided DNA sequences for new species, facilitating new species descriptions for the state ofArizona. We added more than 5000 new cultures to the living collection, along with all relevant metadata. We handled loans of specimens with partners nationally and globally.We trained undergraduates and supported a part-time curatorial assistant.We supported publications on fungal diversity and systematics here at the University of Arizona and among our academic and government partners.We maintained and protected the Gilbertson collection, uploading more than 5000 new records, 5000 DNA sequences, and 5000 new photos to national databases.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2021 Citation: Bowman, E.A. and A.E. Arnold. In revision. Drivers and implications of distance decay differ for ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungi across an anciently fragmented landscape. ISMEJ.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2021 Citation: Zalamea, P.-C., C. Sarmiento, A.E. Arnold, A.S. Davis, A. Ferrer, J.W. Dalling. 2021. Closely related tree species support distinctive communities of seed-associated fungi in a lowland tropical forest. Journal of Ecology, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: URen, J.M., F. Lutzoni, J. Miadlikowska, N.B. Zimmerman, I. Carbone, G. May, A.E. Arnold. 2019. Host availability drives distributions of fungal endophytes in the imperiled boreal realm. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1430-1437.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Our target audiences are peer biological collections;academic scientists focusing on ecology and systematics;government agencies and public partners for whom fungal identifications are needed, including Poison Control; and students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We provided training for a UArizona undergraduate and a post-baccalaureate curatorial assistant. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We highlighted the collection to public partners and students in presentations and tours. We discussed the collection at the annual meeting of the Mycological Society of America. We contributed to diverse publications on fungal diversity. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue above activities.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We identified an average of 1 fungus per month for Poison Control, typically under urgent circumstances. We accessioned new specimens through novel partnerships with local collectors. We presented information about the collection to pharmacists/toxicologists for fungal identifications. We participated in field collections with the Arizona Mushroom Society. We handled loans of specimens with partners nationally and globally. We trained undergraduates and supported a part-time curatorial assistant. We gave tours of the collection for UArizona students and members of the public. We supported publications on fungal diversity and systematics. We hosted 2 visits by the fungal identification staff of the USDA APHIS PPQ team from Nogales. We maintained and protected the Gilbertson collection.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Daru, B.H., E.A. Bowman, D. Pfister, A.E. Arnold. 2018. Capturing the diversity of endophytic symbionts from herbarium specimens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 374: e1.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shaffer, J.P., P.-C. Zalamea, C. Sarmiento, R.E. Gallery, J.W. Dalling, A.S. Davis, D.A. Baltrus, A.E. Arnold. 2018. Context-dependent and variable effects of endohyphal bacteria on interactions between fungi and seeds. Fungal Ecology 36: 117-127.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zalamea, P.-C., J.W. Dalling, C. Sarmiento, A.E. Arnold, C. Delevich, M.A. Berbow, A. Ndobegang, S. Gripenberg, A.S. Davis. 2018. Dormancy-defense syndromes and trade-offs between physical and chemical defenses in seeds. Ecology DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2419.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bowman, E.A., A.E. Arnold. 2018. Distributions of ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungi associated with Pinus ponderosa along a spatially constrained elevation gradient. American Journal of Botany 105: 687-699.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:In the reporting period we have: -Hosted tours of the mycological herbarium for veterans' groups, high school classes, undergraduate courses, students in the USDA AgDiscovery program, and the public, reaching more than 300 students and life-long learners. -Participated in outreach activities, such as the Tucson Festival of Books. -Presented the mycological collection to undergraduate clubs at the UA, including the Microbiology Club. -Highlighted the importance of the herbarium for undergraduate and graduate courses by integrating the collections into core content (four classes, >200 students). -Developed new partnerships with the Arizona Mushroom Society. -Continued to georeference and database our collection while transferring all materials to archival storage. Records have been released to the online Mycoportal database, a clearing house for mycological herbarium records worldwide. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?- Training opportunities for high school intern - Training opportunities for post-baccalaureate curatorial assistant - Training opportunities for undergraduates and graduate students How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?- Release of specimen data in Mycoportal.org - Publication (Harrington et al. 2019) - Presentations by Arnold, intramural and extramural - Public interaction and student engagement via tours What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue as above.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? -Databasing and photographing of type specimens continued. -Engaged public, students, and partner stakeholders, including Poison Control, AgDiscovery, and diverse graduate and undergraduate students, high school students, and members of the public. -Continued efforts to transfer all materials to safe, archival storage. -Provided internship opportunities for high school and college students. -Supported specimen loans to global partners. -Fostered publication of herbarium-related data.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harrington, A.H., M. Del Olmo-Ruiz, J.M. URen, K. Garcia, D. Pignatta, N. Wespe, D.C. Sandberg, M. Hoffman!, Y.-L. Huang, A.E. Arnold. 2019. Coniochaeta endophytica sp. nov., a foliar endophyte from healthy tissue of Platycladus orientalis. Plant and Fungal Systematics 64: 6579.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Dozens of members of the Arizona public, high school students, and undergraduates have toured the Mycological Herbarium in the reporting period. We have engaged the public further through the Tucson Festival of Books and Arnold's outreach activities with local high schools. We have submitted >10,000 database records to mycoportal.org, making the collection available worldwide. Arnold has published two papers based on materials in the biodiversity holdings of the collection. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided training for a curatorial assistant and diverse undergraduates (including a female, first-generation student and a STEM minority student). The curatorial assistant was able to travel for professional development through NSF funds. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Tours, publications, and public engagement. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue as above.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? • Databasing of specimens was completed. • Types and other key specimens have been photo-documented. • Collections data have been made available to the public through mycoportal.org • Students have been trained as volunteers.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Huang, Y.-L., E.A. Bowman, N.C. Massimo, N.P. Garber, J.M. URen, D.C. Sandberg, A.E. Arnold. 2018. Using collections data to infer biogeographic, environmental, and host structure in communities of endophytic fungi. Mycologia, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Padumadasa, C., Y.-M. Xu, E.M. Kithsiri Wijeratne, P. Espinosa, J.M. URen, A.E. Arnold, A.A.L. Gunatilaka. 2018. Cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic metabolites from Teratosphaeria sp. FL2137, a fungus associated with Pinus clausa. Journal of Natural Products 81: 616-624.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include students at the University of Arizona, high school students and teachers in Tucson, the public, government partners, non-governmental partners, and academic collaborators on a regional, national, and international scale. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?• Curatorial training was provided in house for 1 staff member and 4 undergraduates (two female) • Staff participated in off-site training for specimen digitization supported by NSF How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?• Multiple public tours and engagements What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?• We will continue in all above efforts.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? • Posted >25,000 records to MycoPortal • Provided curatorial training to four undergraduates and one staff member • Provided identification of mushrooms and other fungi (typically 4/month) for public and particular stakeholders • Provided numerous tours for the public, students, and stakeholders, reaching >200 people • Hosted high school workshops on fungal biodiversity and conservation reaching >100 high school students from two minority-serving high schools • Accessioned novel specimens to expand collection • Extended efforts to maintain and safeguard collection through repackaging and safe storage • Established new connections with Arizona Mushroom Society and hosted evening talk for members • Worked on subcontract for two NSF grants relevant to digitizing specimens • Staff presented public talks for Master Gardeners and related extension groups

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chagnon, P.-L., J.M. URen, F. Lutzoni, J. Miadlikowska, and A.E. Arnold. 2016. Interaction type influences ecological network structure more than local abiotic conditions: evidence from fungal symbionts at a continental scale. Oecologia 180: 181-191.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: URen, J.M., J. Miadlikowska, N. Zimmerman, F. Lutzoni, J. Stajich, A.E. Arnold. 2016. Contributions of North American endophytes to the phylogeny, ecology, and taxonomy of the Xylariaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 98: 210-232.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: URen, J.M. and A.E. Arnold. 2016. Diversity, taxonomic composition, and functional aspects of fungal communities in living, senescent, and fallen leaves at five sites across North America. PeerJ, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Del Olmo-Ruiz!, M. and A.E. Arnold. 2016. Community structure of fern-affiliated endophytes in three neo-tropical forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shaffer!, J.S., C. Sarmiento, P.-C. Zalamea, R.E. Gallery, A.S. Davis, D.A. Baltrus, A.E. Arnold. 2016. Diversity, specificity, and phylogenetic relationships of endohyphal bacteria in fungi that inhabit tropical seeds and leaves. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, in press.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include the public, stakeholders at the local/state/federal levels, research colleagues, students, and curators of other biodiversity collections. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A curatorial assistant position has been formalized and this person has gained proficiency in databasing, data organization, and biodiversity collections management. Undergraduate assistants contribute to each effort while gaining valuable job experience. A postdoctoral fellow gained experience in biodiversity informatics. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have published journal articles based on fungi in the broad collection, updated records on national databases, and engaged visitors. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue all of these efforts over the coming year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In the reporting period we greatly expanded our activities with regard to safely maintaining the collection, repackaging and relabeling over 8000 specimens. We accessioned/databased and shared data to MycoPortal (national effort in biodiversity databasing for fungi) for over 7000 isolates. We shared the Teaching Collection with faculty in multiple university courses. We welcomed hundreds of students, stakeholders, and members of the public through diverse public outreach events and tours.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Xu, Y., B.P. Bashyal, M.X. Liu, P. Espinosa-Artiles, J.M. URen, A.E. Arnold, and A.A.L. Gunatilaka. 2015. Cytotoxic cytochalasins and other metabolites from Xylariaceae sp. FL0390, a fungal endophyte of Spanish moss. Natural Products Communications, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Xu, Y., J. Mafezoli, M.C.F. Oliveira, J.M. URen, A.E. Arnold, and A.A.L. Gunatilaka. 2015. Anteaglonialides AF, Spironaphtho-1,8-dioxincyclohexa-?-butyrolactones and Palmarumycins CE1CE3 from Anteaglonium sp. FL0768, a fungal endophyte of sand spikemoss, Selaginella arenicola. Journal of Natural Products, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Huang, Y.-L., M.M.N. Devan, J.M. URen, S.H. Furr, and A.E. Arnold. 2015. Pervasive effects of wildfire on foliar endophyte communities in montane forest trees. Microbial Ecology, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wei, H., Y. Xu, P., Espinosa-Artiles, M.X. Liu, J.-G. Luo, J.M. URen, A.E. Arnold, and A.A.L. Gunatilaka. Sesquiterpenes and other constituents of Xylaria sp. NC1214, a fungal endophyte of the moss Hypnum sp. Phytochemistry, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wijeratne, E.M.K., Y. Xu, A.E. Arnold, A.A.L. Gunatilaka. 2015. Pulvinulin A, graminin C, and cis-gregatin B--new natural furanones from Pulvinula sp. 11120, a fungal endophyte of Cupressus arizonica. Natural Product Communications 10: 107-111.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sousa, J., M. Aguilar-Perez, A.E. Arnold, N. Rios, P.D. Coley, T.A. Kursar, and L. Cubilla-Rios. 2015. Chemical constituents and their antibacterial activity from the tropical endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. F2934. Accepted pending minor revision, Journal of Applied Microbiology.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kithsiri Wijeratne, E.M., G.M.K.B. Gunaherath, V.M. Chapla, J. Tillotson, F. de la Cruz, M. Kang, J. URen, A.R. Araujo, A.E. Arnold, E. Chapman, and AA.L. Gunatilaka. 2015. Oxaspirol B with p97 inhibitory activity and other oxaspirols from Lecythophora sp. FL1375 and FL1031, endolichenic fungal strains inhabiting Parmotrema tinctorum and Cladonia evansii. Journal of Natural Products, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Massimo, N., M.M.N. Devan#, K.R. Arendt, M. Wilch, J.M. Riddle, S.H. Furr, C. Steen, J.M. URen, D.C. Sandberg, A.E. Arnold. 2015. Fungal endophytes of desert plants: infrequent in culture, but diverse and distinctive symbionts. Microbial Ecology DOI 10.1007/s00248-014-0563-6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chen, K.H., J. Miadlikowska, K. Molnar, A.E. Arnold, J.M. URen, E. Gaya, C. Gueidan, F. Lutzoni. 2015. Phylogenetic analyses of eurotiomycetous endophytes reveal their close affinities to Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, and a new order  Phaeomoniellales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 85: 117-130.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Curatorial training was provided for three undergraduates (each part-time) How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue present level of activity

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 20 user days/month Tours/engagement for over 400 students, members of the public, and stakeholders Public outreach through FunFest, Plant Sciences Family Fun Night, high school outreach, and courses

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Sandberg, D.C., L.J. Battista, A.E. Arnold. 2014. Fungal endophytes of aquatic macrophytes: diverse host-generalists characterized by tissue preferences and geographic structure. Microbial Ecology 67: 735-747.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Massimo, N., M.M.N. Devan, K.R. Arendt, M. Wilch, J.M. Riddle, S.H. Furr, C. Steen, J.M. URen, D.C. Sandberg, A.E. Arnold. 2015. Fungal endophytes of desert plants: infrequent in culture, but diverse and distinctive symbionts. Microbial Ecology, in press.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: URen, J.M., J.M. Riddle, J.T. Monacell, I. Carbone, J. Miadlikowska, A.E. Arnold. 2014. Tissue storage and primer selection influence pyrosequencing-based inferences of diversity and community structure of endophytic fungi. Molecular Ecology Resources 14:1032-1048
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Del Olmo, M. and A.E. Arnold. 2014. Interannual variation and host affiliations of endophytic fungi associated with ferns at La Selva, Costa Rica. Mycologia 106: 8-21

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience includes the public, through tours of the facility; local and national stakeholders, through identification of fungal specimens; undergraduate and graduate students, through tours and educational activities; high school students, through outreach activities; and peers, through specimen loans. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Curatorial training has been provided for one half-time postdoc (curatorial assistant) and three undergraduates (each part-time) How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through tours and descriptions of Herbarium in research talks What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue present level of activity

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Extensive databasing of existing collection Repackaging in safe, archival units of over 9,000 specimens Sharing of research material nationally and globally through specimen loans Abatement of major pest outbreak Hosting of visiting researchers/postdocs (>20 user days/month) Identification of an average of one specimen per week for the public, stakeholders, students, agencies Submission of grants to enhance funding in Herbarium (National Science Foundation, national initiatives) Acquisition of grant funds to digitally reference macrofungi Tours/engagement for over 400 students, members of the public, and stakeholders

Publications

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2012 I supported >500 user-days by researchers, students, and visitors; led >125 visitors and students on Herbarium tours; supported instruction through herbarium tours or specimen loans for >140 students in four UA classes; and provided curatorial and Herbarium-based research training to four undergraduates and two members of the community. I developed a new specimen database and am overseeing the full repackaging, relabeling, and reorganization of >40,000 specimens. I identified >25 specimens of fungi for the public, oversaw 47 specimen loans, and initiated three new research collaborations with private and public entities. PARTICIPANTS: Anne Elizabeth Arnold, Trevor Mock, Joseph Myers, Cole Steen, Sandy Wolf TARGET AUDIENCES: Students, public, stakeholders PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The Mycological Herbarium reached the public through tours, assisted in course projects, provided students with a venue for professional training, and served the greater community through specimen exchange and identification.

Publications

• No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Efforts in 2011 focused on (1) enhancing accessibility of the Mycological Herbarium's holdings and data to researchers and to the public, (2) enhancing the quality, scope, and safe storage of our collections, and (3) improving our institutional infrastructure for the collection. Outputs included (1) participation in a consortium-level effort with herbaria across the US to garner funding for imaging type specimens, recording field notes, and sharing database records; (2) upon successful funding of that consortium through the National Science Foundation, sharing our newly completed collections database with the data-portal development team; (3) sharing specimens with collaborating researchers at local, regional, national, and international scales; (4) hosting visiting researchers; (5) completing installation of a new method for automatically generating specimen labels and relabeling and reboxing specimens that were not properly stored in archival-quality materials; (6) increasing access to and holdings in our teaching collection; (7) identification of specimens for the public, state and federal agencies, and university partners; (8) presentations on the Herbarium in local seminar series; (9) engaging the public in tours of the Herbarium; and (10) participating in outreach through the Herbarium. The quality and scope of our collections was enhanced by further improvement of packaging, re-organization, and integration of unprotected specimens into the core collection, and specimen exchange with national and international partner institutions. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS: Participants included undergraduate employees Brittany Wohl, Courtney Klopper, Chan Jung, and Emily Hendershot, and part-time curatorial assistants Kayla Arendt, Christie Moss, and Jana U'Ren. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Outcomes in 2011 include reorganization of the collection in new cabinets and compactors in the Mycological Herbarium; citations of the Herbarium in at least 5 publications; training of undergraduates in curatorial activities; engagement of the public with the Herbarium through tours and informal lectures; and release of our database records and teaching collection database.

Publications

• No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Efforts in 2009 focused on (1) enhancing accessibility of the Mycological Herbarium to researchers and the public, (2) enhancing the quality and scope of our collections, and (3) improving our institutional infrastructure for the collection. Outputs included significant advances in our database efforts, with our collection of ca. 40,000 specimens now fully databased, localized, and revised, and the database approaching the final steps of quality control; development of a teaching collection; leadership of multiple field excursions to collect speciments; identification of specimens for the public; expansion of our photographic database; and continued leadership of numerous class- and public tours of the facility. The quality and scope of our collections was enhanced by improvement of packaging, re-organization, integration of unprotected specimens into the core collection, and specimen exchange with national and international partner institutions. Improvements to our institutional infrastructure included development of a microscopy facility on site, reorganization of our library and reprint collection in safe storage, enhancement of our work space via major reorganization, and implementation of a major grant from NSF for compactors and new cabinet installation. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included Fabiola Santos Rodriguez, a MS student; Brittany Wohl, an undergraduate employee; Dustin Sandberg, Darren Stensrud, and Max Xiong, volunteers; and Mali Gunatilaka, a part-time curatorial assistant. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Outcomes in 2009 include the installation of new cabinets and compactors in the Mycological Herbarium, now doubling our capacity to hold and protect specimens, citations of the Herbarium in at least 8 publications, training of an undergraduate in curatorial activities, and major reevaluation of our work space, now restructured to permit more straightfoward access by visiting researchers.

Publications

• No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: As Curator, I maintain and expand our outstanding collection of fungi and fungus-like organisms, provide educational tours to members of the UA community and the public, and identify specimens on demand for local, state, and federal agencies and individuals. In 2007, I (1) expanded our specimen database, which now includes records for >67% of our accessioned specimens (ca. 24,000 specimens databased to date); (2) developed a searchable database of 1200 photographs of identified fungi for teaching and research (now online); (3) developed a teaching collection of 418 specimens, available to UA faculty (now online); (4) accessioned 1550 new specimens; (5) identified 12 fungal specimens on request for the Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The Arizona Republic, the Tohono O'Odham Nation, Sabino High School, local non-profits, county extension agents, and individuals; (6) coordinated 68 specimen loans to other institutions, 38 gifts of specimens to the UA, five requests for mycological data, 77 user-days, 13 tours, and three visits by UA classes; (7) contributed to 13 publications that cite or acknowledge the Mycological Herbarium (an increase from 2-4 per year in the five years preceding 2007). Additional activities included hosting visiting researchers (three), leading a group of UA graduate students on a full-day collecting trip in the Santa Catalina Mountains, providing training in curatorial activities for three female students, supporting the research of a graduate student (female) whose work will yield hundreds of new accessions for our collection, continuing our insect abatement efforts, and submitting a Biological Research Collections grant proposal to the National Science Foundation (currently in review; PI, Michelle McMahon). PARTICIPANTS: Primary members of the Mycological Herbarium staff are Dr. A. Elizabeth Arnold, Curator; Ms. Janneth Fabiola Santos Rodriguez, half-time curatorial assistant; Ms. Melissa Kohmetscher, student assistant and University of Arizona undergraduate; and Ms. Rebecca Porter, student assistant and Duke University undergraduate. Building from her experience in the Mycological Herbarium, Ms. Santos will enroll in the Plant Pathology graduate program in the fall. During her employment, she benefited by taking graduate-level courses in our department and engaged in weekly discussions of the primary literature with the curator and associated graduate students. Ms. Porter similarly used her position in the Herbarium as a jumping-off point toward a laboratory-oriented position that is an excellent fit for her interests. All three assistants in the Herbarium received training regarding fungal systematics and taxonomy, databasing methods, and other curatorial activities.

Impacts
Activities in the mycological herbarium contributed directly to the growth of our knowledge base regarding the diversity of fungi in Arizona and at a global scale.

Publications

• Arnold, A.E., D.A. Henk, R.L. Eells, F. Lutzoni, and R. Vilgalys. 2007. Diversity and phylogenetic affinities of foliar fungal endophytes in loblolly pine inferred by culturing and environmental PCR. Mycologia 99: 185-206.
• Arnold, A.E. 2007. Understanding the diversity of foliar fungal endophytes: progress, challenges, and frontiers. Fungal Biology Reviews 21: 51-66.
• Gallery, R., J.W. Dalling, and A.E. Arnold. 2007. Diversity, host affinity, and distribution of seed-infecting fungi: A case study with neotropical Cecropia. Ecology 88: 582-588.
• Gallery, R.E., J.W. Dalling, B. Wolfe, and A.E. Arnold. 2007. Role of seed-infecting fungi in the recruitment limitation of neotropical pioneer species. Chapter 23 in Seed dispersal: Theory and its application in a changing world. Eds. A. Dennis, R. Green, E. Schupp and D. Westcott. CABI Press. pp. 479-498. Reprint available on request.
• Arnold, A.E., J. Miadlikowska, K.L. Higgins, S.D. Sarvate, P. Gugger, A. Way, V. Hofstetter, F. Kauff, and F. Lutzoni. 2008. Hyperdiverse fungal endophytes and endolichenic fungi elucidate the evolution of major ecological modes in the Ascomycota. Systematic Biology, in revision.
• Feldman, T.S., H. O'Brien, and A.E. Arnold. 2008. Moth dispersal of mycoparasites and endophytes associated with Claviceps paspali and the grass Paspalum (Poaceae). Microbial Ecology, in press.
• Kluger, C., C. Weeks-Galindo, R. Gallery, E. Sanchez, J.W. Dalling, and A.E. Arnold. 2008. Prevalent host-generalism among fungi associated with seeds of four neotropical pioneer species. Journal of Tropical Ecology, in press.
• Jimenez-Romero, C., E. Ortega-Barria, A.E. Arnold, and L. Cubilla-Rios. 2008. Activity against Plasmodium falciparum of lactones isolated from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. Pharmaceutical Biology, in press.
• Arnold, A.E. Nonpathogenic, cryptic fungi shape plant communities in tropical forests. 2008. Tropical Forest Community Ecology. (S. Schnitzer and W. Carson, eds.) Blackwell Scientific, Inc., in press.
• Hoffman, M. and A.E. Arnold. 2008. Geography and host identity interact to shape communities of endophytic fungi in cupressaceous trees. Mycological Research 112: 331-344.
• Kithsiri Wijeratne, E.M., P.A. Paranagama, M.T. Marron, M.K. Gunatilaka, A.E. Arnold, and A.A.L. Gunatilaka. 2008. Sesquiterpene quinines and related metabolites from Phyllosticta spinarum, a fungal strain endophytic in Platycladus orientalis in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Natural Products 71: 218-222.
• Nakasone, K. 2007. Morphological and molecular studies on Resinisium s. str. Canadian Journal of Botany 85:420-436.
• Arnold, A.E. and F. Lutzoni. 2007. Diversity and host range of foliar fungal endophytes: Are tropical leaves biodiversity hotspots? Ecology 88: 541-549.