Source: NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV submitted to NRP
FOOD SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT, ND
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
SPECIAL GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0206890
Grant No.
2006-34475-17127
Cumulative Award Amt.
$1,317,014.00
Proposal No.
2006-06092
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Aug 1, 2006
Project End Date
Jul 31, 2009
Grant Year
2006
Program Code
[TE]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV
1310 BOLLEY DR
FARGO,ND 58105-5750
Performing Department
VETERINARY & MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Non Technical Summary
Annually, millions of people in the US suffer from foodborne illness, resulting in thousands of deaths. The purpose of these projects are to develop and test models designed to predict risk of pathogen contamination, and to develop improved quality sensors, with the ultimate goal of enhancing food safety.
Animal Health Component
35%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
35%
Applied
35%
Developmental
30%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3114099117010%
7123299110030%
7123299117010%
7123299301010%
7123299303010%
7123299307010%
7123399110010%
7123450110010%
Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins;

Subject Of Investigation
4099 - Microorganisms, general/other; 3299 - Poultry, general/other; 3450 - Milk; 3399 - Beef cattle, general/other;

Field Of Science
3070 - Psychology; 1100 - Bacteriology; 3010 - Economics; 1170 - Epidemiology; 3030 - Information and communication;
Goals / Objectives
A. Risk Assessment Objective 1 Evaluate Salmonella contamination associated with farm production and carryover; evaluate consumer exposure in domestic homes and the effect of portion size on consumer exposure to Salmonella. Objective 2 Food Safety Risk and Economic Optimality in Ready to Eat Turkey Products Objective 3 Evaluate strategies for communication comprehension, efficiency, and compliance related to risk in food processing consumption. Objective 4 Evaluate how psychological and emotional factors contribute to food safety risk. Objective 5 Risk Assessment of Salmonella contamination of different turkey meat products including organic, fresh, frozen, and ready to eat products from US Midwestern retail outlets, and different turkey meat products consumed by specific risk groups. Objective 6 Merging and Data Analysis (Drs. Logue, Nganje, Sellnow, Hinsz and Khaitsa) data collected from the five objectives will be merged and included in the risk model to address issues of data gaps and new research which will enhance the project. B. Risk Assessment for Pathogens of Food Safety Concern in Milk and Powdered Milk Products. Objective 1 Assess the potential for raw milk as a source of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula, and then examine isolates for relatedness to outbreak isolates that have been documented in the United States. Objective 2 Assess the potential for milk and milk products as a source of other members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and as a source of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Objective 3 Assess the potential for milk and milk products as a source of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. C. Intelligent Quality Sensors for Food Safety Objective 1: Identification of liquid metabolites associated with meat contaminated with Salmonella. Objective 2: Characterization of liquid metabolites using Raman Spectroscopy. Objective 3: Fabrication and evaluation of different sensing materials for detecting specific indicator gaseous compounds associated with meat contamination due to Salmonella. Objective 4: Investigate on developing pattern recognition techniques for enhancing the performances of our electronic nose modules. Objective 5: Evaluate the performance of integrated electronic nose module in field-conditions.
Project Methods
1) Studies will investigate Salmonella in turkeys from entry into rearing barns to slaughter. Molecular analysis will further define the pathotype of the organism and the transfer between flock rotations. Domestic exposure of consumers to Salmonella in homes will be evaluated. 2) The empirical model will include optimal intervention strategy at the retail (consumer) level. The associated risks, costs and benefits of alternative mitigation strategies (e.g., generic and augmented HACCP) for Salmonella are evaluated jointly. 3) Studies will test potential risk communication messages that contain varying strategies related to culture, learning styles, public outrage, and message source in order to determine message receptivity. The messages will be tested with diverse publics, including general American macro-culture and underserved populations. We will test differences in message receptivity, and develop strategies for adapting risk messages to meet the needs of various audiences. 4) Studies will test whether the activation of the disgust emotion heightens perceptions and judgments of risk and diminishes willingness to approach and interact with foods appearing to have properties associated with contamination. Food handlers and preparers reports of key practices will be assessed. 5) Different turkey meat products including organic, fresh, frozen, and ready to eat products from retail outlets will be randomly sampled and tested for the presence of Salmonella. 6) Data and information from all studies will be merged and reported in a range of media. B. Risk Assessment for Pathogens of Food Safety Concern in Milk and Powdered Milk Products. Initial Approach to All Objectives: Assess the potential for milk and milk products as a source of Enterobacter sakazakii, other members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and M. avium subsp. Paratuberculosis on raw milk samples. Culturing procedures for E. sakazakii and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis have been optimized with newly developed and commercially available media. An improved method for isolation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bulk tank milk samples will be implemented. C. Intelligent Quality Sensors 1) Representative meat samples will be analyzed using HPLC technique to determine their constituents and identify indicator metabolites. 2) The identified metabolites (compounds) will be characterized using SERS (surface enhanced) Raman spectroscopy. 3) Detectors will be fabricated based on their novel sensing characteristics to provide additional sensitivity to the indicator compounds. 4) We will use the responses of different electronic nose modules to determine probability density functions (pdf), which will be used to generate additional numbers of simulated data sets which will be used to develop and evaluate classification or prediction models using neural networks techniques. 5) The framework for integrated prototype electronic nose will be developed. The integrated nose modules will then be further evaluated for discriminating Salmonella contaminated meat samples.

Progress 08/01/06 to 07/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This final report will summarize some of the impacts and outcomes of the project. Many outputs were generated for this project including new technologies for the detection of pathogens, using sensor (electronic nose based) equipment, new studies have emerged on the isolation, detection and characterization of Salmonella in poultry production and new perspectives on consumer behavior as well as insight into the nature of human attitudes to food safety from a psychological, economic and communication perspective. As our project has multidisciplinary aspect the results of this research have been presented in a number of formats for a large range of audiences. These include fellow researchers at professional meetings of the disciplines involved in the project - communication, psychology, microbiology and food safety and animal health, engineering and economics. Results of the research have also been presented to stake holder groups such as regulatory authorities (USDA; Human health etc); to producers and processors of meat and poultry and animal foods and to fellow researchers and colleagues with similar interests. The format of the presentations have taken many different aspects including poster and oral presentations, round table discussions, visits to research sites and regulatory agencies where discussions were held as well as typical professional presentations for the specific discipline involved. Finally, the research of the group has been presented in a number of formats including research papers (both refereed and non refereed); white papers, book chapters, group publications and reports. A majority of these reports and outputs are discipline specific but address broad issues in food safety and human health. Some of the significant outputs of this research is the training and mentoring of the next generation of food safety experts, this has occurred at all levels including undergraduates, graduate and postdoctoral researchers. This research has resulted in the publication of eight PhD thesis and 5 MS degrees PARTICIPANTS: PI Catherine M. Logue CoPIs: Suranjan Panigrahi, Maragret Khaitsa, Verlin Hinsz, William Nganje, Dragan Milovich, Tim Sellnow. Collaborators: Gary Nickell, E. Park, S. Venette, M. Seeger, C. Hall, C. Doetkott, J. Glower, Robert Littlefield. Post docs: J. Oloya, Mohamed Fakhr, M. P. Bhattarjee, R. Kegode. Graduate Students: Chantal Nde, Aneesa Noormohamed, J. Novak, S Veil, J. Rierson, P. Mohapatra, L. Khot, S. Sankaran, J. Amamcharla. S. Bhattacharaya, J. FritzHuspen, E. Mokake, S. Sasanya, M. Mahero, Renee Magnan, Dana Wallace, Jared Ladbury, Andrea Rooney, Kevin Betts. Undergraduates: B. Mercier, J. Axtmann, L. Mowry, Mary Blume, Alice Schwarnweber, Chris Sjol, Laura Luick, Tim Kronebusch TARGET AUDIENCES: Audiences for this research were scientists of the specific disciplines - Microbiology, Animal Disease and Health, Epidemiology, Communications, Psychology, Agricultrual Economics and Agricultural Engineering. Additional target audiences include stakeholders, producers, processors, consumers, regulatory authorities eg USDA FSIS; and FDA PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The engineers developed a portable sensor for Salmonella. Novel sensors for products of Salmonella biological activity were developed for acetic acid and alcohols. The sensors include Zinc oxide-ferric oxide nano-structured composite for butanol - LDL of 26 ppm. Olfactory transduction based on biomimetic protein for acetic acid and alcohols - LDL less than 5 ppm using a QCM system. The psychologists assessed experimentally activating motives among participants to influence judgments of risk for food-borne contamination. Psychological traits motivating individuals to care about food safety and act to avoid contamination using conscientiousness. Models of food safety motivation generalized to other domains and populations including food handlers/preparers in the home. Human operator/processor/agent involved in food handling is a critical choice point in preventing contamination. Food processors and handlers were willing and able to be part of the solution - HACCP systems may need to take advantage of these workers. The economists examined cost-effectiveness of alternative food safety policy intervention. Major outcomes: Development of VaR models to assist industry in quantifying food safety risks in monetary terms. Development of frameworks to model multiple risk factors and evaluate cost-effectiveness of policy intervention to avoid offsetting behavior. Stochastic optimization models to assist policy makers evaluate cost-effectiveness of food safety measures. Framework to assess human factor risk in turkey processing and a framework to assess cost-effective risk mitigation strategies for intentional food contamination. The communications group assessed risk messages and message testing. Highlights include: Evaluating how individuals respond to risk communication messages about food contamination or adulteration (intentional). How risk communication messages are efficient, comprehendible, and promote compliance and how diverse publics, including general American macro-culture and underserved populations are impacted by culture, learning styles, public outrage, and message source on message receptivity. The epidemiologists assessed Salmonella occurrence and antimicrobial resistant strains in retail meat finding Salmonella prevalence in raw and ready to eat meats of 2.2% with detection of multidrug resistant strains. The prevalence of Salmonella in production animals and humans found S. Typhimurium was predominant followed by S. Newport. PFGE analysis confirmed similar pulse types in animals and human isolates. The microbiologists assessed Salmonella, antimicrobial resistance, class 1 integrons and the effects of defeathering and PFGE to identify strains contaminating carcasses. Salmonella recovered from turkey showed a higher prevalence of genotypic than phenotypic expression of drug resistance for tetracycline and streptomycin. A multiplex PCR to detect pathogenic Salmonella found all isolates recovered capable of causing disease, with 100% prevalence for genes associated with host recognition and tissue invasion. A plasmid borne Yersinia HPI was detected in Salmonella senftenberg and the genome sequenced.

Publications

  • Fakhr, M., McEvoy, J.M., Sherwood, J.S. and Logue, C.M. 2006 Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ-Check real-time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated retail turkey meats. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 43:1:78-83.
  • Skyberg, J.A., Logue, C.M. and Nolan, L.K. 2006 Virulence Genotyping of Salmonella spp. with Multiplex PCR. Avian Diseases 50:1:77-81
  • Balasubramanian, S., Panigrahi, S., Logue, C.M., Gu, H., and Marchello, M. 2009 Neural networks-integrated metal oxide-based artificial olfactory system for meat spoilage identification. Journal of Food Engineering 91:1:91-98.
  • Balasubramanian, S., Panigrahi, S., Logue, C.M., Doetkott, C., and Marchello, M. 2008 Independent Component Analysis-Processed Electronic Nose Data for Predicting Salmonella Typhimurium populations in Contaminated Beef. Food Control 19:236-246
  • Nganje, W., Lewis, A., and Wilson, W. 2008 Optimal Investment in Mitigating Agro-terrorism Risk, Book Chapter, Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland security, Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1-19.
  • Betts, K.R., and Hinsz, V. B. 2009. College-aged food service workers: Knowledge and behaviors regarding safe food practices. To appear in Youth Employment, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
  • Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., and Seeger, M.W. 2007. Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Sellnow, T.L., Ulmer, R.R., Seeger, M.W., and Veil, S.R. 2009. Terrorism as chaos: A chaos model for managing random acts of terror. In D.H. O Hair, and R.L. Heath Eds. Community preparedness and response to terrorism: Communication and the media. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Khaitsa, M.L., Bauer, M.L., Gibbs, P.S., and Lardy, G.P. 2003. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from North Dakota cattle. Unified Beef Cattle and Range Research Report: Agricultural Experiment Station, Department. Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University.
  • Khaitsa, M.L., Mantz, A., and Doetkott, D. 2004. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in North Dakota State University (NDSU) Dairy Cattle and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of the Salmonella isolates. In: Proceedings of the 38th Annual North Dakota Dairy Convention. Mandan, ND. Nov.18-19, 2004. pp 32-35.
  • Siaplay, M., Nganje, W.E., and Kaitibie, S. 2005 Value-at-Risk and Food Safety Losses in Turkey Processing. Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report No. 557, North Dakota State University, March.
  • Nganje, W., Miljkovic, D., and Onyango, B. 2007 Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Policies, Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report No. 612, North Dakota State University, September.
  • Novak. J. M. 2006 Risk communication in high reliability organizations: Democratic communication as the bridge between mindfulness and mindlessness. Doctoral dissertation. North Dakota State University, Fargo.
  • Reierson, J. 2009 Critical and cultural implications of risk and crisis communication: Lessons for crisis renewal from three diverse cases. Dissertation. North Dakota State University, Fargo.
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., Farah, F. M., McDonald, L. R., and Sellnow, T. L. 2006 10 tips for risk and crisis communicators when working and conducting research with Native and New Americans. Fargo, ND: NDSU Institute for Regional Studies.
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., Farah, F. M., McDonald, L. R., and Sellnow, T. L. 2006 10 tips for risk and crisis communicators when working and conducting research with Native and New Americans. Fargo, ND: NDSU Institute for Regional Studies.
  • Khaitsa, M.L., Bauer, M.L., Gibbs, P.S., and Lardy, G.P. 2003. Risk assessment of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella fecal shedding in North Dakota feedlot cattle. Unified Beef Cattle and Range Research Report: Agricultural Experiment Station, Department. Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University.
  • Chantal Nde, PhD Candidate 2007, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, The Great Plains Institute of Food Safety, Food Safety Program - Risk Assessment and Analysis of Foodborne Pathogens in a Poultry Production Facility
  • Punyatoya (Guni) Mohapatra, 2009 Development and Evaluation of gustatory and olfactory sensors for detection of Salmonella contamination in packaged meat. PhD Candidate, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering.
  • Lav Khot, PhD Candidate 2009, Portable, integrated olfactory sensor system for food safety applications. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering.
  • Sindhuja Sankaran, PhD Candidate 2009, Development and evaluation of novel sensing materials for detecting contamination in food. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering.
  • Jayendra Amamcharla, PhD Candidate, 2008, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering.
  • MS Degrees Reierson, J. L. 2006. Complexities of renewal: Ten years later-the case of Odwalla. Masters thesis. North Dakota State University, Fargo.
  • Hinsz, V.B., Nickell, G.S., and Park, E.S. 2007. The role of work habits in the motivation of food safety behaviors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 105-114.
  • Lyonga, A. N., Nganje, W. E., Sellnow, T. L., Venette, S. J., and Kaitibie, S. 2006 Characterizing human factor risks in food processing. Food Protection Trends, 25, 593-600.
  • Novak, J. M., Sellnow, T. L., Venette, S. J., and Nganje, W. E. 2006 Perceptions of risk communication messages: Applications in a food processing environment. Food Protection Trends, 26, 236-243.
  • Seeger, M. W. 2006 Best practices in crisis communication: An expert panel process. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34:3: 232-244.
  • Tumuhairwe, E., R. Magel, M. Bhandary, M.L. Khaitsa. 2007. Salmonellosis Outbreaks in Humans in the United States, 1990-2003: The Contribution of Turkey as a Vehicle. J. Food Protection Trends, 27:5:300-306.
  • M. L. Khaitsa, R. B. Kegode, D. K. Doetkott. 2007. Occurrence of Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella species in Raw and Ready to Eat Turkey Meat Products from Retail Outlets in the Midwestern United States. J. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease, 4:4:517-525.
  • J. Oloya, M. Theis, M., D. Doetkott, N. Dyer, P. Gibbs, M.L. Khaitsa, 2007. Evaluation of Salmonella Occurrence in Domestic Animals and Humans in North Dakota 2000-2005. J. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 4:4:551-563.
  • R. B. Kegode, D. K. Doetkott, I.V. Wesley, M. L. Khaitsa. 2008. Occurrence of Campylobacter species, Salmonella species, and generic Escherichia coli in meat products from retail outlets in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Food Safety 28:111-125
  • Tumuhairwe, E., R. Magel, M. Bhandary, M.L. Khaitsa, 2008. Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in Humans in ND: 386 cases (2000-2005). J. Food Protection Trends, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2008, Pages 304-313.
  • Richards, T., Nganje, W., Ram, A. 2009 Hysteresis and Investment in Food Safety. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Accepted for Publication.
  • Nganje, W., Richards, T., Bravo, Hu, N., Kagan, A., Acharya, R., and Edwards, M. 2009 Food Safety and Defense Risks in U.S. Mexico Produce Trade, Choices, 24:2:1-8.
  • Onyango, B., Miljkovic, D., Hallman, W., Nganje, W., Coundry, S., and Cuite, C. 2009 Food Recalls and Food Safety Perceptions: The September 2006 Spinach Recall Case, Journal of Agribusiness, In Press.
  • Miljkovic, D., Nganje, W., and Onyango, B. 2009 Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Regulation. Journal of Food Safety, 29: 49-58.
  • Nganje, W., Bier, V., Han, H., and Zack, L. 2008 Models of Interdependent Security along the Milk Supply Chain American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90: 5:1265-1271.
  • Miljkovic, D., Nganje, W., and Ndembe, E. 2008 Offsetting Behaviour: Consumers Response to Food Safety Policies Choices, 3rd Quarter 2008 23:3:1-7.
  • Nganje, W., Dahl, B., Wilson, W., Siaplay, M., and Lewis, A. 2007 Valuing Private Sector Incentives to Invest in Food Security Measures: Quantifying the Risk Premium for RFEM. Journal of International Agricultural Trade and Development. 3:2: 199-216.
  • Nganje, W., Kaitibie, S., and Sorin, A. 2007 HACCP Implementation and Economic Optimality in Turkey Processing. Agribusiness, An International Journal, Volume 23: 2.
  • Lyonga, A., Nganje, W., Sellnow, T., Kaitibie, S., and Venette, S. 2006 Human Factor Risk in Turkey Processing and High Reliability Culture. Food Protection Trends, Vol. 26:7:593-600.
  • Nganje, W., E., Siaplay. M., Kaitibie, S., and Acquah, E. 2006 Predicting Food Safety Losses in Turkey Processing and Economic Incentives of HACCP Intervention. Agribusiness, An International Journal, Vol. 22:4:475-489.
  • Nganje, W., and Lehrke, L. 2006 Evaluating Cost-Effective Food Safety Risk Reduction Strategies, FSRRN Journal, 2: 3:1-5.
  • Miljkovic, D., Nganje, W., and Onyango, B. 2009 Food Safety: Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Regulation, Journal of Food Safety 29:1: 49-58.
  • Miljkovic, D., Nganje, W., and Ndembe, E. 2008 Offsetting Behavior: Consumers' Response to New Food Safety Policies Choices 23:3: 40-43.
  • Nde, C.W., Fakhr, M.K., and Logue, C.M. 2008 Comparison of conventional culture, PCR (invA) and the real time PCR iQ-Check kit as detection tools for Salmonella in naturally contaminated pre-market and retail turkey. Journal of Food Protection 71:386-391
  • Logue, C.M., and Nde, C.W. 2007 Salmonella contamination of Turkey from Processing to Final Product - a Process to Product Perspective. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 4:505-515.
  • Nde, C.W., Sherwood, J.S., and Logue, C.M. 2007 Cross contamination of turkey carcasses by Salmonella spp. during defeathering. Poultry Science 86:162-167
  • Fakhr, M.K., Sherwood, J.S., Thorsness, J., and Logue, C.M. 2006 Molecular characterization and antibiotic Resistance profiling of Salmonella Isolated from Retail Turkey Meat products. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 3:4:366-374.
  • Nde, C.W., Sherwood, J.S., Doetkott, C., and Logue, C.M. 2006 Prevalence and Molecular Profiles of Salmonella spp. Collected at a Commercial Turkey Processing Plant. Journal of Food Protection 69:8:1794-1801.
  • Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L. and Ulmer, R. R. 2006. Distinguishing characteristics of renewal in post crisis communication. National Communication Association, San Antonio, TX.
  • Aneesa Noormohamed MS Candidate 2009, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences - Antimicrobial resistance of pathogens from healthy and sick animals - The role of integrons.
  • Ndembe Mokake, E. 2008 Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Regulation Masters thesis North Dakota State University
  • Littlefield, R. S., and Cowden, K. 2006. Rethinking the single spokesperson model of crisis communication: Recognizing the need to address multiple publics. Public Relations Division of the National Communication Association, San Antonio, Texas.
  • Veil, S. R. 2006. Anthrax in agriculture: Organizational learning in a high-risk environment. Paper presented during the Crisis Communication Pre-conference at the National Communication Association Conference, San Antonio, TX.
  • Seeger, M. W., and Sellnow, T. L. 2007 Mediated pre-event public education. Department of Homeland Security Risk Communication/Perception Research Meeting. Maryland.
  • Cho, H., Veil, S., Venette, S., Rowan, K., Botan, C., Sellnow, T., Littlefield, R. Samoilenko, S., Penchalapadu, P., Farnsworth, K. 2007. Who is responsible for local emergency preparedness - Formative research with U.S. emergency manager directors. Instructional and Developmental Division of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA.
  • Venette, S. J. and Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K. J., Wolf, K.E. and Sellnow, T. L. 2008. Problem-based learning as experiential education: Lessons learned. National Communication Association Conference, San Diego, CA.
  • Beauchamp, K. A. and Littlefield, R. S. 2009. Maple Leaf Foods: Timely responses during a food-related crisis. National Communication Association Conference, Chicago, IL.
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K. J., Novak, J. M., Ulmer, R. R., and Curry, N. J. 2009. Spokesperson credibility: Ethos and identification of food related crisis and emergency risk messages by culturally diverse groups. National Communication Association Conference, Chicago, IL.
  • Sellnow, T. L., Venette, S. J., Littlefield, R. S., and Sellnow, D.D. 2007. Risk communication as an intervention/mitigation strategy. Risk Analysis for Homeland Security and Defense: Theory and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM.
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., MacDonald, L. R. 2006. Working with multicultural populations. National Center for Food Protection and Defense, Washington, DC.
  • Sellnow, T. L., and Littlefield, R. S. 2006. Fear, learning, and communication. College of Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences, NDSU, Fargo, ND.
  • Sellnow, T. L., Flood, A., Littlefield, R. S., and Seeger, M. W. 2009. Risk communication as an intervention strategy. Third Annual DHS University Summit.
  • Littlefield, R.S., Cowden, K., MacDonald, L.R. 2007. Communicating responsibly with Native Americans about crisis and risk. Public Relations Division of Central States Communication Association Convention, Minneapolis, MN.
  • Sellnow, T. L., Littlefield, R.S., Hueston, W., and Cowden, K. 2007. Understanding risk and crisis messaging and use of spokespersons with Native and New American populations. The Department of Homeland Security Centers for Excellence Program of the Science and Technology Directorate. Annual University Network Summit on Research and Education, Washington, D.C.
  • Littlefield, R. S. 2008. Culture-centered risk communication: An unconventional approach. National Communication Association Conference, San Diego, CA.
  • Sellnow, T. L., Littlefield, R. S., Vidoloff, K. G., and Webb, E. 2008. Public communication in response to terrorist hoaxes: Risk communication as interacting arguments. National Communication Association Conference, San Diego, CA.
  • Sellnow, T., Venette, S., and Veil, S. 2006. Ready, Set, Plan. Crisis Response Project, Kansas City, MO.
  • Littlefield, R. S. 2007. Addressing risk and crisis communication among vulnerable populations. ND Department of Public Health Risk Communication Conference, Bismarck, ND.
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., Beauchamp, K. 2007. Learning styles and risk communication: A preliminary report of project findings. NCFPD, Washington, DC.
  • Cowden, K. 2008. Perceptions of risk and crisis among vulnerable populations. Science and Technology Stakeholders conference in Washington, D.C.
  • Cowden, K. J. and Littlefield, R. S. 2008. Perceptions of risk and crisis among vulnerable populations. Forum on Emergency Pre-event Communication co-sponsored by the National Communication Association and the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, San Diego, CA.
  • Cowden, K., Littlefield, R. S., and Beauchamp, K. 2008. Aversion to risk messages: Challenges for food contamination alerts directed toward Native American populations. PR Division of the Central States Communication Association, Madison, WI.
  • Curry, N. J. 2008. How do cultural groups identify with and respond to the credibility of different spokespeople presenting similar risk and crisis messages. The National Center for Food Protection and Defense Annual Meeting, Chaska, MN.
  • Littlefield, R. and Cowden, K. 2008. 10 tips for health professionals when interacting about risk and crisis with Native and New Americans. Dakota Conference on Rural and Public Health.
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., Wolf, K., Beauchamp, K., and Stowman, S. 2008. Overview of the risk and crisis communication project. NDSU Department of Communication.
  • Novak, J. M. 2008 Foodborne crisis messages: Middle Eastern / Arab American perceptions of the official alerts. Central States Communication Association Annual Convention, Madison, WI.
  • Venette, S. 2008. The 10 best practices of risk and crisis communication: Effects of information needs on message variables. Central States Communication Association Annual Convention, Madison, WI.
  • Wolf, K. 2008. Risk and crisis communication messages testing instrument. National Center for Food Protection and Defense Annual Meeting, Chaska, MN.
  • Triebold, I., Khaitsa, M.L., Goplin, J., Nganje, W., Gibbs, P.G., Dyer, N. 2005. Syndromic Surveillance in North Dakota: A gastrointestinal illness Case Study. 3rd International Rushmore Conference on Enteric Diseases, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA.
  • Tumuhairwe, E., M.L. Khaitsa, R. Magel, M. Bhandary. 2005. Reports of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the United States, 1990-2003: The Role of Turkey Meat as the Vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Rushmore Conference on Enteric Diseases, Rapid City, SD.
  • Mohapatra, P. and Panigrahi, S. 2009 Surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy based technique for detecting individual compounds associated with Salmonella contamination in packaged beef. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting 2009, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2009.
  • Mohapatra, P., Panigrahi, S., Logue, C.M., and Sherwood, J.S. 2008 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy based sensor for pathogen detection in food products. In ASABE Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI.
  • Triebold, I., Khaitsa, M.L., Goplin, J., Nganje, W., Gibbs, P.S., Dyer, N. 2005 Syndromic Surveillance in North Dakota: A gastrointestinal illness Case Study. In: Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. St Louis, MO.
  • Tumuhairwe, E., Khaitsa, M.L., Magel, R., Bhandary, M. 2005 Reports of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the United States, 1990-2003: The Role of Turkey Meat as the Vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. St Louis, MO.
  • Ulmer, R., Wolf, K., and Reierson, J. and Littlefield, R. S. 2008. Exploring African American responses to foodborne crisis messages. Central States Communication Association Annual Convention, Madison, WI.
  • Venette, S. J. 2008. Best practices for communicating risk and crisis messages to the media: Overcoming the constraints of message filtering. Los Alamos National Labs Risk Symposium - Effective risk communication: Tools, theory and application, Santa Fe, NM.
  • Venette, S. 2008. Exploring the applications of the 10 best practices of risk and crisis communication to messages affecting the safety and security of the American food system: Explaining message variables affecting the responses of diverse publics. Central States Communication Association Annual Convention Madison, WI.
  • Kegode, R. B, Khaitsa, M.L., Doetkott, D.K. 2005 Presence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter species, Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in meat products from US Midwestern retail outlets. In: Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. St Louis, MO.
  • Triebold, I., Khaitsa, M.L., Nganje, W., Goplin, J., Gibbs, P.S., and Dyer, N. 2006 Evaluating syndromic surveillance in North Dakota using a gastrointestinal illness case study. Annual Meeting and Exposition of American Public Health Association, Boston, MA.
  • Kegode, R.B., Khaitsa, M.L., Doetkott, D.K. 2006 Occurrence of Salmonella species in raw and ready to eat turkey meat products from retail outlets in the Midwestern United States. In: Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL
  • Oloya, J., Theis, M., Doetkott, D., Dyer, N., Gibbs, P.S., Khaitsa, M.L. 2007 Evaluation of Salmonella Occurrence in Domestic Animals and Humans in North Dakota (2000-2005). In: Proceedings of the 88th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL.
  • Oloya, J., M. Theis, M., Doetkott, D., Dyer, N., Gibbs, P.S., Khaitsa, M.L. 2008 Genotypic Similarites and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates in Humans and Animals in North Dakota. The 95th Annual Meeting of International Association for Food Protection, Columbus, OH.
  • Mowry, L., Doetkott, D.K., Khaitsa, M.L. 2008 The Association of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class-1 Integrons in Salmonella spp. isolated from various meat products. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS). Orlando, FL.
  • Mowry, L., Doetkott, D.K., Khaitsa, M.L. 2008 The role of Class-1 Integrons in antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from various meat products. In: Proceedings of the 89th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL.
  • Kegode, R. B, Khaitsa, M.L., Doetkott, D.K. 2006 Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter and Salmonella species in meat products from US Midwestern retail outlets. In: Proceedings of the Integrated Risk Studies: Gate to Plate Conference. Fargo, ND.
  • Nganje, W. 2006 Using VaR Analyze the Benefits of PR/HACCP for Meats and Poultry. American Agricultural Economic Association, Long Beach, CA.
  • Braun, D., Miljkovic, D. 2009 Controlling Avoidance of Food Safety Regulations in Meat Packing Industry, IAMA Annual Symposium, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Onyango, B., Rimal, A., Miljkovic, D. and Hallman, W. 2009 Food Safety Risk Perceptions as a Tool for Market Segmentation - The US Poultry meat Market, SAEA Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
  • Nganje, W., Miljkovic, D. and Onyango, B. 2007 Is there any Evidence of Dominant Offsetting Behavior in Food Safety AAEA Annual Meetings, Portland, OR.
  • Blume, M.P., Hinsz, V.B., and Nickell, G.S. 2007. Dispositional disgust as a motivating emotion in food safety. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
  • Lawrence, D.M., Hinsz, V.B., and Nickell, G.S. 2007. Optimistic bias and food safety: Getting sick from home cooking or the street fair Association for Psychological Science, Washington, D.C.
  • Park, E.S., Hinsz, V.B., and Nickell, G.S. 2007. Regulatory fit theory at work: The relationship between regulatory focus and food safety behaviors. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
  • Magnan, R.E., Hinsz, V.B., Lawrence, D.M., and Ladbury, J.L. 2008 Disgusting images can spoil intentions to consume meats. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM.
  • Triebold, I., Khaitsa, M.L., Goplin, J., Nganje, W., Gibbs, P.S., Dyer, N. 2006 Evaluating Syndromic Surveillance in North Dakota using a gastrointestinal illness Case Study. In: Proceedings of the Integrated Risk Studies: Gate to Plate Conference, Fargo, ND.
  • Tumuhairwe, E., Khaitsa, M.L., Magel, R., Bhandary, M. 2006 Evaluation of Non-typhoidal Salmonellosis Outbreaks in Humans in the US, 1990-2003: How Turkey Meat Ranks as the Vehicle. In: Proceedings of the Integrated Risk Studies: Gate to Plate Conference, Fargo, ND.
  • Tumuhairwe, E., Khaitsa, M.L., Magel, R., Bhandary, M. 2006 Evaluation of Non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in Humans in North Dakota (2000-2005): How Turkey Meat Ranks as the Vehicle. In: Proceedings of the Integrated Risk Studies: Gate to Plate Conference, Fargo, ND.
  • Nickell, G.S., and Hinsz, V.B. 2008 Conscientiousness moderates the relationship of an organizational climate of food safety with food safety behavior. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Francisco, CA.
  • Magnan, R.E., Wallace, D.M., Ladbury, J.L., and Hinsz, V.B. 2009 Priming subliminal disgust increases willingness to consume meat. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Tampa, FL.
  • Hinsz, V.B., Wallace, D.M., Nickell, G.S., and Rooney, A.N. 2009 Reasoned and irrational reactions to a potential food contamination incident. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Tampa, FL.
  • Panigrahi, S., Sankaran, S., and Khot, L.R. 2008. Evaluation of metal-oxide-based nanostructured sensing material for detection of compounds associated with meat contamination. Annual Conference of Institute of Biological Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC. Sankaran, S., and Panigrahi, S. 2009 Biomimetic olfactory sensing for detection of volatile organic compound associated with Salmonella contamination in meat, Annual Conference of Institute of Biological Engineering, Santa Clara, CA.


Progress 08/01/07 to 07/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs from this project have included oral and visual presentations of the research at both professional and non-professional meetings as a means to share our data. The groups we have aimed this material are professional researchers, some focus groups for message testing and groups of minorities. We have also shared this research with policy makers and economic groups. Some examples of presntations are included below Noormohamed, A., and Logue, C.M. (2008) Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and E. coli strains from healthy and sick animals. Accepted for CRWAD Annual General Meeting 10/08 Kaldhone, P., Nayak, R., Lynne, A.M., White, D.G., Logue, C.M. and Foley, S.L. (2007) Characterization of Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from turkey associated sources. Abstract and presentation, American Society for Microbiology North Central Branch Meeting October 5-6, Marshfield WI. J. Oloya, M. Theis, D. Doetkott, N. Dyer, P. Gibbs, M. L. Khaitsa. 2008. Genotypic Similarites and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates in Humans and Animals in North Dakota. The 95th Annual Meeting of International Association for Food Protection, Columbus, Ohio, August 3-6, 2008. Lisa Mowry, D. K. Doetkott, M. L. Khaitsa. 2008. The Association of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class-1 Integrons in Salmonella spp. isolated from various meat products. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS). Orlando, FL, November 5 - 8, 2008. Ndembe, Elvis, William Nganje, and Dragan Miljkovic: Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Policies in Vegetable Preparation and Consumption, WERA-72 Annual Meetings, June 18-19, 2008, St. Clara, CA. Ndembe, Elvis, William Nganje, and Dragan Miljkovic: Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Policies in Vegetable Preparation and Consumption, Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report No. 620, North Dakota State University, April 2008. Littlefield, R. S. (2007, August). Addressing risk and crisis communication among vulnerable populations. ND Department of Public Health Risk Communication Conference, Bismarck, ND. Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., Beauchamp, K. (2007, October 23). Learning styles and risk communication: A preliminary report of project findings. Working paper presented for the NCFPD, Washington, DC. Magnan, R.E., Hinsz, V.B., Lawrence, D.M., and Ladbury, J.L. (2008). Disgusting Images Can Spoil Intentions to Consume Meats. Presented at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM. Nickell, G.S., and Hinsz, V.B. (2008). Conscientiousness moderates the impact of an organizational climate of safety in food processing. Presented in a symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Francisco. PARTICIPANTS: Catherine M. Logue PI worked on microbiological studies; Margaret Khaitsa coPI; worked on the epidemiological studies Suranjan Panigrah co-PI worked on the enginering and sensor development Verlin Hinsz coPI; worked on the psychological studies Cliff Hall worked on sensor studies with Panigrahi Jake Glover worked on sensor studies with Panigrahi Robert Littlefield and Tim Sellnow worked on communications projects W Nganje and D. Milovic worked on the economic aspects of risk Partnerships with organizations include other Univerisities - Iowa State, Cornell, Penn State, Univerisity of Minnseota Moorhead, National Center for Food Protection and Defense, University of Arizona, University of Kentucky TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include professinal researchers in microbiology, animal disesae and health, psychologists, regulatory and economics experts, communication experts and minorities and underserved groups within the population. We have also aimed material at local and national stakeholders, the public and consumers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The microbiologsists and epidemiologists have evaluated pathogens in production animals and meats and the traits associated with pathogenesis and disease, as well as resistance traits and mechanisms; thus broadening our understanding of food pathogen contaminants. Our psychologists have evaluated messages and understanding of making food safer at various levels and images that promote safer food preparation or the motivation to enhance our food production to be safer. Our communications experts have assessed messages for groups and minoroties in improving food safety and understanding of risk. Our engineers have continued to assess new sensing materials with a focus in improving the sensitivity and specifity of materials and technologies for enhancing the detection of pathogens in meat and other foodstuffs. These technologies will allow us to develop rapid methods for accurate and sensitive detection of a range of pathogens. Such technologies have been designed around multi array type sensors which allow many aspects to be detected simultaneously thus enhancing our capabiliites in pathogen detection.

Publications

  • Onyango, Benjamin, Dragan Miljkovic, William Hallman, William Nganje, Sarah Coundry, and Cara Cuite: Food Recalls and Food Safety Perceptions: The September 2006 Spinach Recall Case, Journal of Agribusiness, Accepted for Publication on October 3, 2008, In Press.
  • Miljkovic, Dragan, William Nganje, and Elvis Ndembe: Offsetting Behavior: Consumers' Response to New Food Safety Policies, Choices, Accepted for Publication on June 17, 2008, In Press.
  • Miljkovic, Dragan, William Nganje, and Benjamin Onyango: Food Safety Offsetting Behavior and the Benefits of Food Safety Regulation, Journal of Food Safety, Accepted for Publication on January 2, 2008, In Press.
  • Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Novak, J. M. (2008). Applied communication ethics: A summary and critique of the research literature. In L. Frey and K. Cissna (Eds.), Handbook of applied communication research.
  • Kaldhone, P., Nayak, R., Lynne, A.M., White, D.G., Logue, C.M., and Foley, S.L. (2008) Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from turkey associated sources. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74:16:5038-5046.
  • Bhattacharjee, P., Panigrahi, S., Lin, D., Logue, C.M., Sherwood, J.S., Doetkott, C., Marchello, M. (2008) Study of headspace gases associated with Salmonella contamination of sterile beef in vials using HS-SPME/GC-MS. Submitted to American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Accepted 02/08
  • Petermann, S.R., Sherwood, J.S. and Logue, C.M. (2008) The Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island is Present in Salmonella enterica Subspecies I Isolated from Turkeys. Microbial Pathogenesis 45:110-111.
  • Nde, C.W., Fakhr, M.K., and Logue, C.M. (2008) Comparison of conventional culture, PCR (invA) and the real time PCR iQ-CheckTM kit as detection tools for Salmonella in naturally contaminated pre-market and retail turkey. Journal of Food Protection 71:386-391
  • Nde, C.W., Logue, C.M. (2008) The Distribution of Class I Integrons, Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence Characterization of Salmonella spp. Collected at a Commercial Turkey Processing Plant. Journal of Applied Microbiology 104:215-223
  • C.M. Logue and L.K. Nolan (2008) Chapter 21: Molecular Analysis of Bacteria and Toxins. In The Safety of Meat and Processed Meat (Springer NY) Food Microbiology and Food Safety Series.
  • Tumuhairwe, E., R. Magel, M. Bhandary, M.L. Khaitsa, 2008. Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in Humans in ND 386 cases (2000-2005). J. Food Protection Trends, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2008: 304 - 313
  • Khaitsa, M.L., J. Oloya, D. K. Doetkott, R.B. Kegode. 2008. Antimicrobial resistance and association with Class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated from raw and ready to eat Turkey meat products. Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 71, No. 8, 2008, Pages 1679 - 1684.
  • Oloya, D. Doetkott, M.L. Khaitsa. Antimicrobial drug resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from domestic animals, humans and meat products. J. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease, - Manuscript ID FPD-2008-0134, Submitted May 21, 2008, Accepted September 21, 2008. In press.
  • Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W., and Littlefield, R. S. (2008) Effective risk communication: A message-centered approach. New York: NY: Springer.
  • Littlefield, R. S. (2008). Moving to culture-centered risk communication: A rationale for rethinking the single-spokesperson model. A white paper submitted by the Risk Communication Group to the National Center for Food Protection and Defense, Minneapolis, MN. (A case study is used to report the use of cultural agents in the communication on foodborne risks.)
  • Littlefield, R. S., Cowden, K., Hueston, W. (2007). Crisis and risk communication: 10 tips for public health professionals when communicating with native and new Americans. Fargo, ND: Institute for Regional Studies.
  • Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W., & Sellnow, T. L. (2007). Post Crisis Communication and Renewal: Expanding the Parameters of Post Crisis Discourse. Public Relations Review, 33, 130-134.
  • Veil, S. R. (2007). Crisis communication and agrosecurity: Organizational learning in a high-risk environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. (Advisor: T. L. Sellnow)
  • Bhattacharya, S. (2007). Maximizing involvement in critical decision-making: Message testing in pre-crisis context. Masters thesis. North Dakota State University, Fargo. (Co-advisors: R. S. Littlefield & S. J. Venette)
  • FritzHuspen, J. M. T. (2007). Food safety, risk and crisis communication among Sudanese refugees: From the frying pan to the fire Masters thesis. North Dakota State University, Fargo. (Advisor: R. S. Littlefield)
  • Vidoloff, K. (2007). Where there is smoke, is there fire Learning about hoax terrorist threats from New Zealands Operation Waiheke. Masters thesis. North Dakota State University, Fargo. (Advisor: T. L. Sellnow)
  • Hinsz, V.B. (2008). The social context of work motivation: A social psychological perspective. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. Pritchard (Eds.) Work motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 553-568). New York: Routledge.
  • Nickell, G.S., & Hinsz, V.B. (2008). Eliciting food production workers beliefs about factors that contribute to potential contamination. To appear in Food Processing: Methods, Techniques, and Trends. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
  • Wallace, D.M., & Hinsz, V.B. (2008). Optimistic bias and food contamination: A barrier to safe food. To appear in Food Processing: Methods, Techniques, and Trends. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
  • Hinsz, V.B., & Nickell, G.S. (2008). Food processing workers can be the first line of defense against intentional contamination. To appear in Food Processing: Methods, Techniques, and Trends. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.


Progress 08/01/06 to 07/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The microbiologists have explored Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry production and assessing risks using rapid methods for the detection of Salmonella in turkey and comparative genetics for analysis of Campylobacter. Papers and presentations have been generated. Our psychologists have explored the role that psychological factors have on perceptions and judgments of risk as well as serve as a motivation to prevent unsafe activities with food. Presentations have been generated. Our risk communications experts evaluated individual responses to risk communication messages about food contamination or adulteration (unintentional and unintentional) by testing risk communication messages to determine the degree to which the messages are efficient, comprehendible, and promote compliance. Papers and presentations were generated. Our economists have developed stochastic optimization and stochastic dominance models to evaluate food safety risk mitigation strategies at retail facilities using real option models to evaluate where investments will reduce intentional contamination risks in the food supply chain. From this they have developed models to test the existence of off-setting behavior in food safety policy/information delivery and evaluated incentives and efficient policy design to mitigate foodborne pathogen outbreaks. Presentations and papers were generated. New projects have focused Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacteriaceae, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and milk products from supermarket and raw milk samples of North Dakota dairies. Our epidemiologists have studied the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella shedding at the time of slaughter in cattle in North Dakota. They are measuring the efficacy and cost effectiveness of an intervention strategy to reduce shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle pre-harvest and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in raw ground beef. Papers and presentations were generated. Our agricultural engineers have investigated different sensing materials for indicator compounds associated with Salmonella contamination of packaged meat. A configuration for an integrated electronic nose system has been developed. Experiments have been conducted to characterize liquid metabolites in Salmonella contaminated meat using LC-MS. Parallel work has investigated strategies for small datasets associated with a typical biological study including mega-trend diffusion (MTD) and functional virtual population (FVP) techniques for data domain expansion and synthetic sample generation. Artificial neural networks were used for classifications. A presentation was generated. PARTICIPANTS: Catherine M. Logue PI Associate Professor of Microbiology; Chantal W. Nde - Graduate Researcher; Mohamed K. Fakhr Post Doctoral Researcher; Margaret L. Khaitsa - Assistant Professor of Epidemiology; Redempta Kegode - Graduate Researcher; James Oloya - Post Doctoral Researcher; William E. Nganje - Associate Professor of Agribusiness and Applied Economics; Simeon Kaitibie - Post Doctoral Researcher; Alexandre Sorin - Graduate Researcher; Linda Lehrke - Graduate Researcher; Agnes Lyonga - Graduate Researcher; Timothy L. Sellnow - Professor of Communication; Steven Venette - Post Doctoral Researcher; Julie Novak - Graduate Researcher; Verlin Hinsz - Professor of Psychology; Gary Nickell - Professor of Psychology - Research Associate TARGET AUDIENCES: Policy makers and Regulators - eg. USDA FSIS, FDA; State and Federal Regulators; Researchers in Microbiology; Researchers in Epidemiology; Researchers in Food Safety and Risk; Researchers in Psychology; Researchers in Communication; Researchers in Engineering; Researchers in Economics and Agribusiness; Producers and Processors; Consumer groups; Food safety advocates;

Impacts
Microbiologists assessed rapid methods for the detection of Salmonella in turkey and comparative genetics for analysis of Campylobacter, and examined the prevalence of virulence and resistance genes in Salmonella associated with poultry to understand their distribution in the food chain. The psychologists examined experimental activation of motives among participants and its influence on judgments of risk for food-borne contamination and found motives influenced judgments of contamination. The study examined how psychological traits motivate individuals to care more about food safety and act to avoid contamination. The trait of conscientiousness of food handlers and preparers was assessed; those with higher levels of conscientiousness had more positive opinions about following food safety practices and being more likely to engage in such behaviors. The communications team surveyed diverse public groups including general American macro-culture and underserved populations to explore the impact of culture, learning styles, public outrage, and message source on message receptivity. The economists developed real option models (Tomato Garden Models) to: a)evaluate where investments reduce intentional contamination risks in the food supply chain, b) test the existence of off-setting behavior in food safety policy/information delivery and c)examine the effect of incentives and efficient policy design to mitigate foodborne pathogen outbreaks. Enterobacter sakazakii has not been detected in milk to date. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of fecal coliforms (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter spp. non-sakazakii), indicate many possess therapeutic level resistance to tetracycline, cephalothin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid. The epidemiologists investigated E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella shedding at time of slaughter in North Dakota cattle, and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. They are measuring the efficacy and cost effectiveness of an intervention strategy to reduce shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle pre-harvest and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in raw ground beef. The agricultural engineers investigated sensing materials for indicator compounds associated with Salmonella in packaged meat. Composite polymers were made using conducting polymers and carbon black particles and deposited on interdigitated gold electrodes to develop sensor heads. The heads were used for sensing ethanol and acetic acid. Polyvinylphenol and Polyethylenimine showed best sensitivity. Ongoing work is validating sensitivities at low ppm levels. A configuration for an integrated electronic nose system has been developed; design of the sensing chamber, sampling devices is complete. Experiments characterizing liquid metabolites of Salmonella contaminated meat using LC-MS found liquid samples are complex; investigations are determining non-volatile constituents. Parallel work investigating strategies for small dataset analysis using mega-trend diffusion (MTD) and functional virtual population (FVP) techniques for data domain expansion and synthetic sample generation is ongoing.

Publications

  • Sellnow, T.L., Ulmer, R.R., Seeger, M.W., and Veil, S.R. 2007. Terrorism as chaos: A chaos model for managing random acts of terror. In D.H. O Hair, and R.L. Heath (Eds.). Community preparedness and response to terrorism: Communication and the media. Praeger: Westport, CT. Book chapter.
  • Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Novak, J. M. 2007. Applied Communication Ethics: A Summary and Critique of the Research Literature. In L. Frey and K. Cissna (Eds.). Handbook of applied communication research. Book chapter.
  • Blume, M.P., Hinsz, V.B., and Nickell, G.S. 2007. Dispositional disgust as a motivating emotion in food safety. Abstr. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
  • Lawrence, D.M., Hinsz, V.B., and Nickell, G.S. 2007. Optimistic bias and food safety: Getting sick from home cooking or the street fair. Abstr. Association for Psychological Science, Washington, D.C.
  • Fakhr, M.K. and Logue, C.M. 2007. Sequence variation in the outer membrane protein encoding gene cmeC, conferring multidrug resistance among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from different hosts. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45:3381-3383.
  • Khaitsa, ML, R. Kegode, M. L. Bauer, P. S. Gibbs, G. P. Lardy and D. Doetkott. 2007. A longitudinal study of Salmonella shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in North Dakota feedlot cattle. J Food Prot. 70:2:476-481.
  • Nganje, William, Simeon Kaitibie, and Alexandre Sorin. 2007. HACCP Implementation and Economic Optimality in Turkey Processing. Agribusiness, An International Journal Volume 23, No. 2.
  • Nganje, William and Linda Lehrke. 2007. Evaluating Cost-Effective Food Safety Risk Reduction Strategies, FSRRN Journal, Vol II,: 3:1-5, 06.
  • Agnes Lyonga, William Nganje, Timothy Sellnow, Simeon Kaitibie and Steven Vennette. 2007. Human Factor Risk in Turkey Processing and High Reliability Culture. Food Protection Trends 26(7):593-600.